



@conference {2251,
	title = {Novel TiN-based dry EEG electrodes: Influence of electrode shape and number on contact impedance and signal quality},
	booktitle = {IFMBE ProceedingsIFMBE Proc.},
	series = {12th Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, MEDICON 2010},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Conference code: 81753Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1007/978-3-642-13039-7_105Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fiedler, P.; Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Gustav-Kirchhoff Str. 2, Ilmenau, Germany; email: patrique.fiedler@tu-ilmenau.deReferences: Taheri, B.A., Knight, R.T., Smith, R.L., A dry electrode for EEG recording (1994) Electroen Clin Neuro, 90, pp. 376-383;Searle, A., Kirkup, L., A direct comparison of wet, dry and insulating bioelectric recording electrodes (2000) Physiol Meas, 21, pp. 271-283; 
Ng, W.C., Seet, H.L., Lee, K.S., Micro-spike EEG electrode and vacuum-casting technology for mass production (2009) J Mater Process Tech, 209, pp. 4434-4438; 
Vaz, F., Ferreira, J., Ribeiro, E., Influence of nitrogen content on the structural, mechanical and electrical properties of TiN thin films (2005) Surf Coat Tech, 191, pp. 317-323; 
Cunha, L.T., Pedrosa, P., Tavares, C.J., The role of composition, morphology and crystalline structure in the electrochemical behavior of TiNx thin films for dry electrode sensor materials (2009) Electro-Chim Acta, 55, pp. 59-67; 
Jasper, H.H., The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation (1958) Electroen Clin Neuro, 10, pp. 371-375; 
Haueisen, J., Leistritz, L., S{\"u}sse, T., Identifying mutual information transfer in the brain with diffenential-algebraic modeling: Evidence for fast oscillatory coupling between cortical somatosensory areas 3b and 1 (2007) NeuroImage, 37, pp. 130-136; 
Graichen, U., Witte, H., Haueisen, J., Analysis of induced components in electroencephalograms using a multiple correlation method (2009) BioMed Eng OnLine, 8, p. 21
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {418 - 421},
	address = {Chalkidiki},
	abstract = {Usability of conventional wet electrodes for electroencephalography (EEG) is depending on a set of requirements, including time consuming and complex preparation of the skin of a subject, thus limiting possible application. A new class of "dry" electrodes without the need for electrolyte gels or pastes is being investigated. The dry application scenario of these novel electrodes requires a stable and reliable contact with the subject{\textquoteright}s skin. In order to develop an electrode shape with large contact surface for low electrode-skin impedance while also ensuring a sufficient hair layer penetration, several studies were performed. In this paper a distinct titanium electrode substrate shape for titanium nitride (TiN) coated electrodes was analyzed regarding influences of the number of interconnected electrodes and contact surface on electrodeskin impedance and biosignal quality. As a result 10 interconnected TiN pins had the lowest impedance values of 14 to 55 kΩ (depending on signal frequency) in comparison to 2 to 44 kΩ using conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes. Also the mean average deviation (MAD) of 5 seconds long EEG episodes were computed. The lowest MADs of 2.00 to 2.25 μV were determined using three interconnected TiN pins. In comparison to MADs of 2.13 to 2.54 μV, using a second set of Ag/AgCl electrodes, this leads to the conclusion that most of the error was related to spatial distance. This first step in optimization of electrode shape for dry TiN based electrodes showed very promising results and enable their use for EEG acquisition. {\textcopyright} 2010 International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering.},
	keywords = {Ag/AgCl, Application scenario, Average deviation, Biochemical engineering, Bioelectric phenomena, bioelectric signals, biomedical electrodes, Biosignals, Coated electrodes, Coated wire electrodes, Contact impedance, Contact surface, electrochemical characterization, Electrochemical characterizations, Electrode shape, Electrode-skin impedance, Electrodes, electroencephalography, Electrophysiology, Medical computing, Signal frequencies, Signal quality, Spatial distance, Titanium, Titanium electrodes, Titanium nitride},
	isbn = {16800737 (ISSN); 9783642130380 (ISBN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957573144\&partnerID=40\&md5=faee85fb614e1ce7ac4960fb98e1b8e1},
	author = {Fiedler, P. and Brodkorb, S. and Fonseca, C. and Vaz, F. and Zanow, F. and Haueisen, J.}
}
