



@article {2582,
	title = {In vitro testing of surface-modified biomaterials},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 16Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1008896106994Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Praca Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal; email: eleitao@fsl.ho.man.ac.ukChemicals/CAS: calcium, 7440-70-2; carbon, 7440-44-0; nitrogen, 7727-37-9; stainless steel, 12597-68-1Tradenames: 316 L, aubert and duval; Thermanox; Ti-5Al-2.5Fe, deutsch titan; Ti-6Al-4V, deutsch titanManufacturers: aubert and duval; deutsch titanReferences: Kirkpatrick, C.J., Mittermayer, C., (1990) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1, p. 9;Van Loon, J., (1995), PhD thesis, University of Leiden, The NetherlandsLi, P., De Groot, K., (1991) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2, p. 125; 
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},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {543 - 548},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	abstract = {The influence of surface modification treatments such as ion implantation and sputter coating on an in vitro rat bone-marrow cell culture was studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. 316 L stainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were nitrogen ion-implanted with three fluences: 10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ion cm
},
	keywords = {animal cell, animal tissue, article, biomaterial, Biomaterials, bone marrow culture, Calcium, Carbon, Cell culture, cell suspension, collagen fiber, extracellular matrix, implantation, in vitro study, In vitro testing, Ion implantation, male, materials testing, mineralization, morphology, nitrogen, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, Scanning electron microscopy, Sputtering, Stainless steel, Titanium alloys, Titanium aluminum iron alloy, Titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, X ray analysis, X ray microanalysis},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032170120\&partnerID=40\&md5=c39e91f7fc339fc95c225903e26f0ba5},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2611,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion implanted Ti-5Al-2.5Fe immersed in HBSS
},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 21Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB - Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Pra{\c c}a do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050, Porto, PortugalReferences: Tengvall, P., Lundstr{\"o}m, I., (1992) Clinical Mater., 9, pp. 115-134;Seah, K.H.W., Chen, X., (1993) Corros. Sci., 34 (11), pp. 1841-1851; 
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Orr, R.D., De Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.E., (1992) Cells and Mater., 2 (3), pp. 241-245; 
Klein, C.A.P.T., Patka, P., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., De Groot, K., (1994) Biomater., 15, pp. 146-150
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {377 - 383},
	abstract = {The electrochemical behaviour of nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-5Al-2.5Fe was studied in HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution, by open-circuit potential vs time and cyclic polarization techniques. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. All ion-implanted surfaces showed higher corrosion resistance than the non-implanted ones. The corrosion potential of the ion-implanted samples was more noble and their passivation current was lower than the non-implanted ones. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy showed that the immersion of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe in HBSS produces a Ca- and P-rich surface layer. {\textcopyright} 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {A. titanium alloys, B. EIS, B. XPS, C. passive films, Corrosion resistance, Cyclic polarization technique, Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Ion implantation, nitrogen, Open circuit potential technique, Passivation, Passive films, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031079659\&partnerID=40\&md5=25add0bc42e8e86ba9168bc4700a1124},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2606,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion-implanted 316L stainless steel
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 32Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018532900458Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Seah, K.H.W., Chen, X., (1993) Corros. Sci., 34, pp. 1841-1851;Fraker, A.C., Ruff, A.W., Sung, P., Van Orden, A.C., Speck, K.M., (1983) Titanium Alloys in Surgical Implants, pp. 206-219. , ASTM STP 796, edited by H. A. Luckey and F. Kublei Jr; 
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Rauschenbach, B., Kolitsch, A., Hohmuth, K., (1983) Phys. Status Solidi (A), 80, pp. 471-482; 
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Leit{\~a}o, E., S{\'a}, C., Silva, R.A., Barbosa, M.A., Ali, H., (1995) Corros. Sci., 37, pp. 1861-1866; 
Barbosa, M.A., (1989) Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, 7, pp. 567-590; 
Rauschenbach, B., Kolitsch, A., (1983) Phys. Status Solidi (A), 80, pp. 211-222; 
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Klein, C.A.P.T., Patka, P., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., De Groot, K., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 146-150
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {365 - 368},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of 316L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence improves the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel.
The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of 316L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10
                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence improves the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel.
},
	keywords = {article, balanced salt solution, Composition effects, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Cyclic polarization technique, Electrochemical corrosion, electrochemistry, implantation, Ion implantation, limb prosthesis, nitrogen, Polarization, priority journal, prosthesis failure, Simulated physiological solutions, Solutions, Stainless steel, Stainless steel 316L, Surface Properties, Surface treatment, time},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031172794\&partnerID=40\&md5=9e1c626433826a9739f6a007e215a88f},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2610,
	title = {Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of nitrogen- and carbon-sputter coated 316 L stainless steel},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 9Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB - Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Pra{\c c}a do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050, Porto, PortugalReferences: Gristina, A.G., Naylor, P., Myrvik, Q., (1988) Medical Progress Through Technology, 14, pp. 205-224;Gomi, K., Davies, J.E., (1993) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 27, pp. 429-431; 
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Hazan, R., Oron, U., (1993) J. of Orthopaedic Res., 11, pp. 655-663; 
De Bruijn, J.D., Flach, J.S., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Davies, J.E., (1993) Cells and Mater., 3, pp. 2115-2127; 
R{\"o}stlund, T., Thomsen, P., Bjursten, L.M., Ericson, L.E., (1990) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 24, pp. 847-860; 
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Leit{\~a}o, E., S{\'a}, C., Silva, R.A., Barbosa, M.A., Ali, H., (1995) Corros. Sci., 37, pp. 1861-1866; 
Garrido, A., Leit{\~a}o, E., (1992) IMPFRA-electrochemical Impedance Software, , internal publication; 
(1993) Project BRITE/EURAM n{\textdegree}0477 Internal Report; 
Barbosa, M.A., (1991) Bioceramics, 4, pp. 325-333. , Edited by W. Bonfield, G.W. Hastings and K.E. Tanner; 
Sousa, S.R., Barbosa, M.A., (1993) Clinical Materials, 14, pp. 287-294
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {333 - 338},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen and carbon sputter coatings on the electrochemical behaviour of 316 L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best coating. Coatings with different thicknesses and structures were tested. The results showed that thicker sputter coatings produce surfaces with higher charge transfer resistance and lower interface capacities. This indicates that these materials probably owe their high corrosion resistance to the formation of more protective films. {\textcopyright} 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {A. Stainless steel, B. EIS, C. passive films, Carbon, Charge transfer, Coatings, Composition effects, Corrosion resistance, electrochemistry, Films, Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution, nitrogen, Passive films, Protective coatings, sodium chloride, Spectroscopy, Sputter deposition, Stainless steel, Surface phenomena},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031080418\&partnerID=40\&md5=8768ca67f5fad93ace86c90323473352},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2603,
	title = {Influence of substrate material and surface finishing on the morphology of the calcium-phosphate coating},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. BIOMED. MATER. RES.},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 11Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199707)36:1<85::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-IPubMed ID: 9212392Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB, FEUP, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; alpha-tricalcium phosphate; Aluminum, 7429-90-5; Biocompatible Materials; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, 7757-93-9; Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; Iron, 7439-89-6; Isotonic Solutions; monocalcium phosphate; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1; tetracalcium phosphate; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Fujishiro, Y., Sato, T., Okuwaki, A., Coating of hydroxyapatite on metal plates using thermal dissociation of calcium-EDTA chelate in phosphate solutions under hydrothermal conditions (1995) Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 172-176;Shirkhanzadeh, M., Calcium phosphate coatings prepared by electrocrystallization from aqueous electrolytes (1995) J. Mater, Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 90-93; 
De Groot, K., Ceramics of calcium phosphates (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, p. 100. , K. de Groot (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
Leit{\~a}o, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., In vitro calcification of orthopaedic implant materials (1995) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 849-852; 
Ducheyne, P., Radin, S., Ishikawa, K., The rate of calcium phosphate precipitation on metal and ceramics, and the relationship to bioactivity (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 213-218. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Heathcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Li, P., (1993) In Vitro and in Vivo Calcium Phosphate Induction on Gel Oxides, , Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University; 
Kokubo, T., Bioactivity of glasses and glass ceramics (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 31-46. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Healthcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Kokubo, T., Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatitepolymer composites prepared by biomimetic process: Improvement of adhesion of apatite to polymer by glow-discharge treatment (1993) Bioceramics, 6, pp. 327-332. , P. Ducheyne and D. Christiansen (eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom; 
Hanawa, T., Titanium and its oxide film: A substrate for forming apatite (1991) Proceedings of the Bone Biomaterial Interface Workshop, pp. 49-61. , Toronto, Dec., 1990, J. E. Davies (ed.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Calcium phosphate naturally formed on titanium in electrolyte solution (1991) Biomaterials, 12, pp. 767-774; 
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Radin, S.R., Ducheyne, P., The effect of calcium phosphate ceramic composition and structure on in vivo behavior. II. Precipitation (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, pp. 35-45
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {85 - 90},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti- 6A1-4V, Ti-A1-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-A1-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Al-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Al-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.
},
	keywords = {Alloys, Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphate coatings, Calcium phosphates, Coatings, Finishing, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Implants (surgical), Iron, Isotonic Solutions, materials testing, metal implantation, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, morphology, Phosphates, Stainless steel, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface testing, Surface treatment, Time Factors, Titanium, Titanium alloys, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031195147\&partnerID=40\&md5=07a9f4ca9de83fbb3c66a25cfea71228},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2604,
	title = {XPS characterization of surface films formed on surface-modified implant materials after cell culture},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018505621839Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Praca Coronel Pacheco 7, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Schmidt, H., Exner, H.E., R{\"u}ck, D.M., Angert, N., Fink, U., Advances in material science and implant orthopaedic surgery (1995) NATO-ASI Series E: Applied Science, 24, pp. 207-221. , edited by R. Kossowsky and N. Kossowsky;Leit{\~a}o, E., S{\'a}, C., Silva, R.A., Barbosa, M.A., Ali, H., (1995) Corros. Sci., 37, p. 1861; 
Howlett, C.R., Zreiqat, H., O{\textquoteright}Dell, R., Noorman, J., Evans, P., Dalton, B.A., Mcfarland, C., Steele, J.G., (1994) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 5, p. 715; 
Gomi, K., Davies, J.E., (1993) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 27, p. 429; 
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Martin, J.Y., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T.W., Schraub, D.M., Simpson, J., Lankford Jr., J., Dean, D.D., Boyan, B.D., (1995) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 29, p. 389; 
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Davies, J.E., Ottensmeyer, P., Shen, X., Hashimoto, M., Peel, S.A.F., (1991) Proceedings of the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Workshop, p. 214. , December 1990, edited by J. E. Davies Univ. Toronto Press; 
De Brujin, J.D., Klein, C.P.A.T., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1993) Cells and Mater., 3, p. 407; 
Orr, R.D., De Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.D., (1992) Cells and Mater., 2, p. 241; 
Harmand, M.-F., Naji, A., Gonfrier, P., (1994) Clin. Mater., 15, p. 281; 
M{\'a}niatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., (1988) Cell Tissue Res., 254, p. 317; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., (1991) Biomaterials, 12, p. 767; 
Hanawa, T., (1991) Proceedings of the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Workshop, p. 4961. , December 1990, edited by J. E. Davies Univ. Toronto Press; 
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Lausmaa, J., Kasemo, B., Mattsson, H., (1990) Appl. Surface Sci., 44, p. 133; 
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Sundgren, J.-E., Bod{\"o}, P., Lundstr{\"o}m, I., (1986) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 110, p. 9; 
Leitao, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., (1995) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, p. 849; 
Leit{\~a}o, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., , in press; 
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},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {423 - 426},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-6AI-4V, Ti-5AI-2.5Fe and 316 L stainless steel and nitrogen or carbon sputter-coated samples were inoculated with rat bone marrow. The interface between the cell layer and the substrata was studied by X-ray photo-electron spectrometry and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ca and P were detected on all materials after in vitro cell culture. Titanium appears to be present mainly in the form of TiO                        2.
Nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-5Al-2.5Fe and 316 L stainless steel and nitrogen or carbon sputter-coated samples were inoculated with rat bone marrow. The interface between the cell layer and the substrata was studied by X-ray photo-electron spectrometry and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ca and P were detected on all materials after in vitro cell culture. Titanium appears to be present mainly in the form of TiO
                        2.
},
	keywords = {Animal cell culture, Animalia, article, Bone, bone marrow, Calcium, Carbon, Cell culture, implant, Implants (surgical), Interfaces (materials), Ion implantation, nitrogen, phosphorus, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, Surface films, surface property, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys, Titanium dioxide, X ray spectrometry},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031194230\&partnerID=40\&md5=38633ecb076a75d73f9fb1bfc40bc0cf},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2632,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion implanted Ti-6A1-4V immersed in HBSS
},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 37Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Praca do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {1861 - 1866},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing better the surface prior to biological testing and to choose the most appropriate nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence produced the lowest corrosion rate under passive conditions. The highest fluence originated a large increase in the corrosion rate and inhibited the formation of a calcium- and phosphate-rich layer on the electrode surface. {\textcopyright} 1995.
},
	keywords = {Biological testing, Characterization, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Cyclic polarization technique, Electrochemical behaviour, electrochemistry, Hank balanced salt solution, Ion implantation, materials testing, Nitrogen ion implanted titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, Nitrogen-ion fluence, Open circuit potential, Passivation, Polarization, Simulated physiological solution, Solutions, Surface modification, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029403524\&partnerID=40\&md5=4726589b20b429b97686cee3106fed88},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Sa, C. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A. and Ali, H.}
}
