



@article {2357,
	title = {Bone ingrowth in macroporous Bonelike                    {\textregistered} for orthopaedic applications
},
	journal = {Acta BiomaterialiaActa Biomater.},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 13Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.06.009PubMed ID: 17716960Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Bone SubstitutesTradenames: BonelikeReferences: Akamatsu, Y., Koshino, T., Saito, T., Wada, J., Changes in osteosclerosis of the osteoarthritic knee after high tibial osteotomy (1997) Clin Orthop, 334, pp. 207-214;Coventry, M.B., Ilstrup, D.M., Wallrichs, S.L., Proximal tibial osteotomy. A critical long-term study of eighty-seven cases (1993) J Bone Joint Surg, 75 -A, pp. 196-201; 
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Hernigou, P., Ma, W., Open wedge tibial osteotomy with acrylic bone cement as bone substitute (2001) Knee, 8, pp. 103-110; 
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Prado da Silva, M.H., Lemos, A.F., Gibson, I.R., Ferreira, J.M.F., Santos, J.D., Porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite materials produced with different organic additives (2002) J Non-Cryst Solids, 304, pp. 286-292; 
Prado da Silva, M.H., Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Production of porous biomaterials based on glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (2002) Key Eng Mater, 230-232, pp. 483-486; 
Rocha, J., Lemos, A., Agathopoulos, S., Val{\'e}rio, P., Kannan, S., Oktar, F., Scaffolds for bone restoration from cuttlefish (2005) Bone, 37 (6), pp. 850-857; 
Sepulveda, P., Binner, J.G.P., Processing of cellular ceramics by foaming and in situ polymerization of organic monomers (1999) J Eur Ceram Soc, 19 (12), pp. 2059-2066; 
Ozgur Engin, N., Cuneyt Tas, A., Manufacture of macroporous calcium hydroxyapatite bioceramics (1999) J Eur Ceram Soc, 19 (13-14), pp. 2569-2572; 
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Komlev Vladimir, S., Barinov Serguei, M., Koplik Elena, V., A method to fabricate porous spherical hydroxyapatite granules intended for time-controlled drug release (2002) Biomaterials, 23 (16), pp. 3449-3454; 
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Tadic, D., Beckmann, F., Schwarz, K., Epple, M., A novel method to produce hydroxyapatite objects with interconnecting porosity that avoids sintering (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 3335-3340; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., Influence of characteristics of the starting hydroxyapatite powders and of deagglomeration procedure, on rheological behaviour of the suspensions (2004) Mater Sci Forum, 455-456, pp. 361-365; 
Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., Porous bioactive calcium carbonate implants processed by starch consolidation (2000) J Mat Sci Eng C, C11, pp. 35-40; 
Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., Combining foaming and starch consolidation methods to develop macroporous HA implants (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254-256, pp. 1041-1044; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., New method for the incorporation of soluble bioactive glasses to reinforce porous HA structures (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254-256, pp. 1033-1036; 
Gauthiera, O., Boulerb, J.M., Aguadoa, E., Piletb, P., Daculsi, G., Macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: influence of macropore diameter and macroporosity percentage on bone ingrowth (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 133-139; 
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Rubin, P.A., Popham, J.K., Bilyk, J.R., Shore, J.W., Comparison of fibrovascular ingrowth into hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene orbital implants (1994) Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 10 (2), pp. 96-103; 
Hing, K.A., Annaz, B., Saeed, S., Revell, P.A., Buckland, T., Microporosity enhances bioactivity of synthetic bone graft substitutes (2005) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 16, pp. 467-475; 
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Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bonfield, W., Revell, P.A., Quantification of bone ingrowth within bone-derived porous hydroxyapatite implants of varying density (1999) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 10, pp. 663-670; 
Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bonfield, W., Revell, P.A., Biomechanical assessment of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite (1997) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 8, pp. 731-736; 
Ayers, R.A., Wolford, L.M., Bateman, T.A., Ferguson, V.L., Simske, S.J., Quantification of bone ingrowth into porous block hydroxyapatite in humans (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 47, pp. 54-59; 
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Eggli, P.S., Muller, W., Schenk, R.K., Porous hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate cylinders with two different pore size ranges implanted in the cancellous bone of rabbits - A comparative histomorphometric and histologic study of bony ingrowth and implant substitution (1988) Clin Orthop Relat Res, 232, pp. 127-138; 
Kuhne, J.H., Bartl, R., Frisch, B., Hammer, C., Jansson, V., Zimmer, M., Bone formation in coralline hydroxyapatite. Effects of pore size studied in rabbits (1994) Acta Orthop Scand, 65 (3), pp. 246-252; 
Holmes, R., Mooney, V., Bucholz, R., Tencer, A., A coralline hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute. Preliminary report (1984) Clin Orthop Relat Res, 188, pp. 252-262; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Structural insights of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites by Rietveld refinement (2000) Biomaterials, 21 (18), pp. 1905-1910; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39 (2), pp. 244-251; 
Santos JD, Hastings G, Knowles JC. Sintered hydroxyapatite compositions and method for the preparation thereof. Worldwide Application (PCT), Patent No. 1 189 851, 1999Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: fracture toughness and hardness dependence on microstructural characteristics (1999) Biomaterials, 20 (21), pp. 2085-2090; 
Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: Secondary phase proportions and densification effects on biaxial bending strength (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 48 (5), pp. 734-740; 
Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Serro, A.P., Saramago, B., Hydrophobicity, Surface tension and Zeta potential measurements of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 370-375; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Direct and Indirect effects of P 2O 5 - glass reinforced - hydroxyapatite composites and growth and function of osteoblast-like cells (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1165-1172; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Push-out testing and histological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites implanted in the tibiae of rabbits (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 463-469; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M.H., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., HA and Double layer HA-P 2O 5/CaO Glass coatings: influence of chemical composition on human bone marrow cells osteoblastic behaviour (2001) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 12, pp. 629-638; 
Gutierres, M., Hussain, N.S., Afonso, A., Almeida, L., Cabral, T., Lopes, M.A., Biological behaviour of Bonelike {\textregistered} graft implanted in the tibia of humans (2005) Key Eng Mater, 17, pp. 1041-1044; 
Duarte, F., Santos, J.D., Afonso, A., Medical applications of Bonelike {\textregistered} in maxillofacial surgery (2004) Adv Mater Forum, pp. 370-373; 
Lobato, J.V., Hussain, N.S., Botelho, C.M., Titanium dental implants coated with Bonelike {\textregistered}: clinical case report (2006) Thin Solid Films, 515, p. 279; 
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Coventry, M.B., Current concepts review. Upper tibia osteotomy for osteoarthritis (1985) J Bone Joint Surg Am, 67 A, pp. 1136-1140
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {370 - 377},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological behaviour of porous scaffold structures of Bonelike                        {\textregistered} which is suitable for either direct clinical use or tissue engineering applications. Porous cylindrical specimens 8 {\texttimes} 10 mm were implanted in the lateral aspect of the tibia of 13 patients (mean age 54 years), during osteotomy surgery for the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Implanted cylinders were retrieved at the same time as the removal of the blade plates at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Scanning electron microscopy and histological evaluations were performed to observe the biological responses of human bone tissue to porous Bonelike
                        {\textregistered}. The penetration depth was determined for all implantation periods, and after 6 months it was already possible to see new bone in the centre of the implanted cylinders, which gives 100\% of penetration depth for all implantations periods except for 3 months when bone could only be seen in the peripherical region. Regarding the percentage of the area covered by new bone calculated from two-dimensional histological sections, values of 53 {\textpm} 15, 76 {\textpm} 12 and 88 {\textpm} 9\% were achieved for 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. Due to its structural features porous Bonelike
                        {\textregistered} permitted effective vascularization and bone ingrowth, and therefore was fully osteointegrated as shown in the histological surveys. A slow biomaterial degradation with implantation time is envisaged since the material has displayed surface degradation. Bonelike
                        {\textregistered} scaffolds show potential for complete ingrowth of osseous tissue and restoration of vascularization throughout the defected site. {\textcopyright} 2007.
},
	keywords = {adult, aged, article, biomaterial, bone defect, Bone graft, bone growth, Bone Regeneration, Bone Substitutes, bone tissue, Bonelike, clinical article, controlled study, Female, histology, human, human tissue, Humans, implant, knee osteoarthritis, male, materials testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Middle Aged, molecular scaffold, Orthopaedic, orthopedics, Osseointegration, Osteoarthritis, osteotomy, porosity, Porous materials, priority journal, Prostheses and Implants, Scanning electron microscopy, tibia, Time Factors, Tissue engineering, tissue section, vascularization, {\textregistered}},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38949142954\&partnerID=40\&md5=ab5a278b6d421b9e8e96f9397b7c54e1},
	author = {Gutierres, M. and Lopes, M.A. and Sooraj Hussain, N. and Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F. and Afonso, A. and Cabral, A.T. and Almeida, L. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@book {2430,
	title = {A method for simultaneously precipitating and dispersing nano-sized calcium phosphate suspensions},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {284-286},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Ceramic and Glass Engineering Department, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: de Groot, K., (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, London, UK; 
Liu, H.S., Chin, T.S., Lai, L.S., Chiu, S.Y., Chung, K.H., Chang, C.S., Lui, M.T., (1997) Ceramics International, 23, p. 19; 
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Berndt, C.C., Haddad, G.N., Farmer, A.J.D., Gross, K.A., (1990) Mater. Forum, 14 (3), p. 161; 
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Orlovskii, V.P., Komlev, V.S., Barinov, S.M., (2002) Inorganic Materials, 38 (10), p. 973; 
Murry, M.G.S., wang, J., Pontom, C.B., Marquis, P.M., (1995) J. Mater. Sci, 30, p. 3061
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {67 - 70},
	abstract = {Stable and relatively concentrated aqueous suspensions of nano-sized stoichiometric hydroxyapatite could be prepared by a precipitation method in the presence of suitable surface active agent (SAA). The method includes the precipitation, vacuum filtration and washing of the precipitated powders, followed by re-dispersion. It could be concluded that the added amount of the SAA should be enough to cover the primary particles surface, and that washing should be better carried out using a SAA solution. The method developed enables the precipitation of the powders and the preparation of suspensions, while significantly shortening the overall time required for colloidal processing consuming.},
	keywords = {calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Colloidal processing, Colloids, hydroxyapatite, Precipitated powders, precipitation, Precipitation (chemical), rheology, Stoichiometry, Surface active agents, Vacuum filtration, Washing},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249009928\&partnerID=40\&md5=812ea199ac82188b178e5958b2ed4f05},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Rebelo, A.H.S. and Rocha, J.H.G. and Ferreira, J.M.F.}
}
@book {2434,
	title = {Method for tailoring and control the morphology, size and porosity of calcium phosphate granules},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {284-286},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Ceramic and Glass Engineering Department, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: de Groot, K., (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, London, UK; 
Elliot, J.C., (1994) Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates. Studies in Organic Chemistry, 18. , Elsevier Science, Netherlands; 
Paul, W., Sharma, C.P., (1999) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med, 10, p. 383; 
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res, 26, p. 885; 
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Lamprecht, A., Shafer, U., Lehr, C., (2000) AAPS PharmSciTech, 3 (1), p. 17. , article; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2004) Materials Science Forum, 455-456, p. 361
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {309 - 312},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the calcium-phosphate material with composition closest to that of human bone, what makes it suitable for osseous implant purposes, namely as fillers, spacers and bone grafts substitutes. This study is aimed at the development of a method to produce porous spherical hydroxyapatite granules. The process involves the spraying of a suspension with different amounts of a setting agent to a setting media. The tailor and the control of the morphology, size and porosity of the granules were attained by adjusting the nozzle diameter, the pressure of air flow and the distance between the nozzle and the setting media.},
	keywords = {Air flow, Bioceramics, Bioceramlcs, Bone grafts substitutes, calcium phosphate, Granular materials, Granules, Human bone, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite granules, Porous materials, Porous structures, Starch},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34248995545\&partnerID=40\&md5=794aa135258ec1886f40ee45b01c56de},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Rocha, J.H.G. and Ventura, J.M. and Ferreira, J.M.F.}
}
@book {2494,
	title = {Combining Foaming and Starch Consolidation Methods to Develop Macroporous Hydroxyapatite Implants},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 10Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Depto. de Engenharia Cer{\^a}mica, CICEO, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: De Groot, K., (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, London, UK; 
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 885; 
Minnear, W.P., (1992) Processing of Foamed Ceramics, Ceramic Transactions, Forming Science and Technology for Ceramics Vol. 26, 26. , ed. M.J. Cima, The American Ceramic Society, USA; 
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Graule, T.J., Baader, F.H., Gauckler, L.J., (1994) Cfi/Ber. DKH., 71, p. 317; 
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Rives, R.D., U. S. Patent 4113480 (1976)Lycfeldt, O., Brandt, J., Lesca, S., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (14-15), p. 2551; 
Olhero, S.M., Tar{\`\i}, G., Coimbra, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (4), p. 423; 
Lycfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum, , in press
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1041 - 1044},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the calcium-phosphate material with composition closest to that of bone, what makes it suitable for osseous implant purposes. This material was used to produce macroporous structures with pores larger than 100 μm, which are believed to be suitable for allowing bone ingrowth. The macroporous structures were generated and consolidated by combining foaming and starch consolidation methods. The porous structures could be tailored according to the final application by varying the proportion of different foaming agents, foam-bath concentrate (FBC) and sodium lauril sulphate (SLS). Playing with these proportions it was also possible to improve foam stability and model the size of pores and pore interconnections in order to reproduce the pore structure of natural bone.},
	keywords = {Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, Bone, Composition, Foaming method, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatlte, Implants (surgical), Macroporous structures, Microstructure, Pore size, Porous ceramics, Porous materials, Starch, Starch consolidation},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346885485\&partnerID=40\&md5=63e5b33a0a2185af44b629c565e5240f},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2495,
	title = {Designing of Bioceramics with Bonelike Structures Tailored for Different Orthopaedic Applications},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Depto. de Engenharia Cer{\^a}mica, CICECO, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bondfield, W., Revell, P.A., (1997) J. Mater. Sci: Mater Med., 8, p. 731;Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Kon, E., Muraglia, A., Corsi, A., Bianco, P., Marcacci, M., Martin, I., Boyde, A., Quarto, R., (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 49 (3), p. 328; 
Prado da Silva, M.H., Lemos, A.F., Lopes, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., Santos, J.D., (2002) Journal of Non-crystalline Solids, 304, p. 286; 
Schwartzwalder, K., Somers, A.V., U.S. Patent n{\textdegree} 3 090 094, (1963)Saggio-Woyanski, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71 (11), p. 1674; 
Olhero, S.M., Tar{\`\i}, G., Coimbra, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (4), p. 423; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum, , in press; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Brandt, J., Lesca, S., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (14-15), p. 2551
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1037 - 1040},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Innovative methods for the production of porous bioceramics for implants with tailored pore volume fractions, pore sizes, pore size distributions and pore interconnectivity have been developed. The average pore sizes can vary from a few micrometers to more than one millimeter, therefore fulfilling all the needs required for components used in implantology. The methods combine in a suitable way the knowledge coming from different areas in the field of colloid and interface science, namely, on the processing of ceramic materials by traditional colloidal shaping techniques such as slip casting with a number of new direct consolidation techniques, which transform the fluid hydroxyapatite (HA) based suspensions into rigid bodies, and particularly the expertise in the production of porous ceramics by different techniques. Slip casting was preferably used for designing the cortical part of the bone, while direct consolidation techniques were used to "freeze" tailored foamy structures or suspensions containing different kinds of organic inclusions of suitable sizes and amounts that generate pores after burning out.},
	keywords = {Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, Bone, Cells, Ceramic materials, Consolidation techniques, hydroxyapatite, morphology, orthopedics, Pore size, Porous ceramics, Porous materials, Sintering, Slip casting},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347516107\&partnerID=40\&md5=1bc01982f338c175b41fd08698d3da1c},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2479,
	title = {Influence of characteristics of the starting hydroxyapatite powders and of deagglomeration procedure, on rheological behaviour of HA suspensions},
	series = {Materials Science ForumMater Sci Forum},
	volume = {455-456},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 63332Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MSFOELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ferreira, J.M.F.; Dept. of Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, Univ. of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: jmf@cv.ua.ptReferences: Kanazawa, T., (1989) Inorganic Phosphate Materials, 52, p. 15. , Materials Science Monographs, (Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam);Elliot, J.C., (1994) Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates. Studies in Organic Chemistry, 18. , Elsevier Science, Netherlands; 
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 885; 
Saggio-Woyanski, J., Scott, C., (1992) Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71, p. 1674; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lorenzo, L.M.R., (1999), PhD Thesis MadridOlhero, S.M., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Powder Thecnology, , accepted for publication
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {361 - 365},
	address = {Caparica},
	abstract = {In order to evaluate how the characteristics of starting HA powders affect their dispersion ability, several tests were made, including particle size distribution, particle morphology (SEM) and rheological measurements of the suspensions. To enable the preparation of concentrated suspensions as high as possible, the influence of deagglomeration procedure on rheological behaviour of hydroxyapatite aqueous suspensions was evaluated. The results revealed significant differences in the dispersing ability of the powders and on the maximum achievable solids loading. In fact, the maximum solids volume fraction that was possible to incorporate in the initial suspension of HA                        R was only 35-vol.\%, while with the HA
                        S it has been possible to start from 45-vol.\% suspensions. Ball milling revealed to be more efficient than planetary milling in the preparation of HA
                        R suspensions, and enabled to achieve a maximum solids volume fraction of 45-vol.\% at the end of long milling period, which included successive incremental additions of powder. The powder HA
                        S exhibited a much better dispersing ability, enabling the preparation of 60-vol.\% solids only after two hours of planetary milling.
},
	keywords = {Agglomeration, Bioceramics, crystallography, Deagglomeration, Foaming processes, hydroxyapatite, medicine, morphology, Particle size analysis, Powder characteristics, Powders, rheology, Scanning electron microscopy, Sedimentation, Sintering},
	isbn = {02555476 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17044460745\&partnerID=40\&md5=5c72052a267f3f7c544667ce61b5e434},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Santos, J.D. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Martins R. and Fortunato E. and Ferreira I. and Dias C.}
}
@book {2492,
	title = {New Method for the Incorporation of Soluble Bioactive Glasses to Reinforce Porous HA Structures},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Dept. of Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: De Groot, K., (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Wilson, L.L., Hench, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, UK; 
Hench, L.L., (1998) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, p. 1075; 
Kohri, M., Miki, K., Waite, D.E., Nakajima, H., Okabe, T., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 299; 
Krivak, N., Tas, A.C., (1998) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, p. 2245; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1033 - 1036},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {The most widely used calcium-phosphate ceramic in clinical applications is hydroxyapatite, Ca                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2, however its dissolution rate in the human body after implantation is too low to achieve good results and it has poor mechanical properties. Recently, glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (GR-HA) have been developed, in order to improve the mechanical properties and to increase the similarity between implants and bone. The addition of a P
                        2O
                        5 based glass to a hydroxyapatite matrix, promotes the liquid phase sintering, improving the mechanical properties of the final bodies, and enabling the formation of two other calcium-phosphate phases, which have a higher dissolution rate, more compatible with bone regeneration. However, some of these glass compositions are soluble in water, making their incorporation in aqueous slurry impossible. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to study a new alternative method for the incorporation of soluble P
                        2O
                        5 based glass into macroporous structures obtained by different methods.
},
	keywords = {Bioactivation, Bioactive glass, Biocompatibility, Bone, Dissolution, glass, hydroxyapatite, Liquid phase sintering, Macroporous structures, Microstructure, Porous materials, Reinforced hydroxyapatite, Sintering, Slurries},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0348145989\&partnerID=40\&md5=18598c198e7e03dbf785151b7033c392},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Santos, J.D. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2498,
	title = {The Valences of Egg White for Designing Smart Porous Bloceramics: As Foaming and Consolidation Agent},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Ceramic Engineering Department, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: De Groot, K., (1980) Biomaterials, 1, p. 47;Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 885; 
Omatete, O., Janney, M.A., Strehlow, R.A., (1991) Am. Ceram Soc.Bull., 70, p. 1641; 
Kosmac, T., Novak, S., Sajko, M., (1995) Fourth Euro Ceramics Vol. 1, Basic Science: Developments, 1. , ed. C. Galassi. Gruppo Editoriale Faenza Editrice S.p.a., Italy; 
Graule, T.J., Baader, F.H., Gauckler, L.J., (1994) Cfi/Ber. DKH., 71, p. 317; 
Novich, B.E., Sundback, C.A., Adams, R.W., (1992) Ceramic Transactions, 26. , ed. M. J. Cima. American Ceramic Society, USA; 
Lycfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Rives, R.D., U. S. Patent 4113480 (1976)Lycfeldt, O., Brandt, J., Lesca, S., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (14-15), p. 2551; 
Olhero, S.M., Tar{\`\i}, G., Coimbra, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., 20 (4), p. 423; 
Dhara, S., Bhargava, P., (2001) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 (12), p. 3048; 
Janney, M.A., Omatete, O., Walls, C., Nunn, S., Ogle, R., Westmoreland, G., (1998) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 (3), p. 581; 
Lumry, R., Eyring, H., (1954) J. Phys. Chem., 58, p. 110; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1045 - 1048},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Porous hydroxyapatite bioceramics were developed by a new direct consolidation method based on the foaming capability of egg white and on its gelling properties on heating, thus acting both as pore former and consolidator agent. The bubble forming capability of fresh egg white, due to the presence of a globular protein - albumen, allows the formation of a stable foam when added to a ceramic suspension. Adding a sufficient amount of the globular protein to the suspension revealed to be crucial to control either the pore volume fraction as well as the gelling behaviour and the rigidity of the green bodies. This consolidation method can be performed in nonporous moulds, enabling materials with controlled porosity to be obtained by varying the egg white content in the slip composition. After drying, burnout and sintering, materials with ultimate porosities close to 75 \% were obtained.},
	keywords = {Bioceramics, Biodegradation, Bone-grafting, Ceramic materials, Consolidation technique, Consolidation techniques, Egg-white, heating, hydroxyapatite, morphology, Pore size, porosity, Porous ceramics, Porous materials, Proteins, Slurries, Solidification},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347516109\&partnerID=40\&md5=e6413ccdd076de29b881e380890e42ac},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@article {2531,
	title = {Porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite materials produced with different organic additives},
	journal = {Journal of Non-Crystalline SolidsJ Non Cryst Solids},
	volume = {304},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 31Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JNCSBdoi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01036-0Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Prado da Silva, M.H.; DEM, Universidade Federal do Ceara, PO Box 12144, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; email: mpsilva@ibmc.up.ptReferences: Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 813;Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 47, p. 603; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 45, p. 376; 
Silva, P.L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., (1998) Surf. Coat. Tech., 102, p. 191; 
Zhang, Y., Santos, J.D., (2000) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 272, p. 14; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inoue, H., (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 54, p. 463; 
Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., (1995) J. Mater. Sci: Mat. Med., 6, p. 348; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., (1996) J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Med., 7, p. 181; 
Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) Mater. Sci. Eng, 11, p. 35; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Saggio-Woyansky, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71, p. 1674; 
De Groot, K., Klein, C.P.A.T., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., (1990) Hand. Bioact. Cer., 2, p. 3. , CRC, Boca Raton, FL; 
Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., patent number WO0068164, 2000Larson, A.C., Von Dreele, R.B., Lujan M., Jr., GSAS, Neutron Scattering Centre, Los Alamos National Laboratory, CA, 1990Kay, M.I., Young, R.A., Posner, A.S., (1964) Nature, 204, p. 1050; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, p. 244
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {286 - 292},
	abstract = {In the present study three different organic additives were used to produce porous structures of a CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite potato starch, almond crust and wax spheres. The produced samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, differential thermal analysis and mercury porosimetry. The techniques used in this study enabled the production of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite samples with various pore diameters. Two different techniques were used to produce porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite samples: a dry method using wax spheres as pore formers and a wet method in alcoholic suspension, where almond crust and potato starch were used as pore formers. The final microstructure consists of hydroxyapatite, α-tricalcium phosphate and β-tricalcium phosphate. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed different percentages of phases when comparing dense and porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite specimens. These hard materials are intended to be used as bone defect fillers. {\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Additives, Differential thermal analysis, Fillers, glass, hydroxyapatite, Microstructure, Porosimeters, Porous glasses, Porous materials, Scanning electron microscopy, Suspensions (fluids), X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00223093 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036605142\&partnerID=40\&md5=fe083da9c9790ba4439e741dc6eb8760},
	author = {Prado da Silva, M.H. and Lemos, A.F. and Gibson, I.R. and Ferreira, J.M.F. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@book {2522,
	title = {Production of porous biomaterials based on glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {230-232},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Conference code: 60281Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Prado da Silva, M.H.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomaterials, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, PT-4150-180 Porto, PortugalReferences: Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) Materials Science and Engineering, 11, pp. 35-40;Saggio-Woyansky, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Amer. Cer. Society Bulletin, 71 (11), pp. 1674-1682; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inouue, H., (2001) J. Biom. Mater. Res., 54, pp. 463-469; 
Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., (2000) Sintered Hydroxyapatite Composition and Method for the Preparation thereof, , Patent number WO0068164
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {483 - 486},
	address = {Coimbra},
	abstract = {In this study, porous GR-HA composites were produced using a calcium-phosphate glass with the composition, in mol\%, 75P                        2O
                        5-15CaO-10CaF
                        2. The composites were obtained by wet mixing 4.0\% (w/w) of the glasses with hydroxyapatite (HA) powder (batch P120) (Plasma Biotal; Tideswell, U.K.), pressing and sintering. Two different organic additives were used as pore formers: potato starch and almond crust. This processing route was effective in producing a homogeneous microstructure of equiaxed grains. The bulk density of the samples decreased with the volume fraction increase in the content of pore formers. Scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry analyses showed to be complementary techniques in characterising the pore size and distribution.
},
	keywords = {Biomaterials, Composite materials, glass, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites, GR-HA Composites, hydroxyapatite, Macroporous Bioceramics, Mercury (metal), Microstructure, Organic Additives, Pore size, Porous materials, Powders, Pressing (forming), Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Starch},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036432238\&partnerID=40\&md5=9af5590c70f4defe5e87b9a72042e11b},
	author = {Prado da Silva, M.H. and Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.},
	editor = {Vieira T.}
}
