



@book {2369,
	title = {Degradation studies of some polymeric biomaterials: Polypropylene PP and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)},
	series = {Materials Science ForumMater Sci Forum},
	volume = {539-543},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Conference code: 71122Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MSFOELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant{\'o}nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; email: rasilva@isep.ipp.ptReferences: Kurosaki, S., Otsuka, H., Kunitomo, M., Koiama, M., Pawankar, R., Matumoto, K., (1999) J. Nippon. Med. Sch, 66, pp. 41-44;Salthouse, T.N., Biocompatibility of Sutures (1982) Biocompatibility in Clinical Practice, 1, pp. 11-33. , D. F. Williams ed, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc; 
Craig, P.A., Williams, I.A., Magoun, A.D., Levin, A.J., Bogdansky, S., Jones, J.P., (1975) Surg. Gynecol. Obstet, 141, pp. 1-8; 
D. F. Williams. Corrosion and Degradation of implant Materials, B. C. Syrett, A. Acharya, eds. STP 684, Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Special Technical Publication, (1978) 61-75Dahlke, H., Docia, N., Thurran, K., (1980) J. Biomed. Mater. Res, 14, pp. 51-68; 
Postlethwait, R.W., (1975) Ann. Sur, 190, pp. 127-132; 
Salthouse, T.N., Matlaga, B.F., (1985) J. Surg. Res, 19, pp. 127-132; 
Alaymo, F., Vacarri, M., (1985) Ann. Thoracic. Surg, 39, pp. 400-404; 
Cornel, G., (1982) Ann. Thoracic. Surg, 33, pp. 64-67; 
Kawai, H., (1969) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys, 8, pp. 975-976; 
Bergman Jr., J.G., Mcfee, J.H., Crane, G.R., (1971) Appl. Phys. Lett, 18, pp. 203-205; 
Xiao, D.Q., Lang, S.B., (1989) IEEE Trans. Elec. Insul, 24, pp. 503-516; 
Ganz, B., (1989) IEEE Trans. Elec. Insul, 24, pp. 499-502; 
Laroche, G., Marois, Y., Guidoin, R., King, M., Martin, L., How, T., Douville, Y., (1995) J. Biomed. Mater. Res, 29, pp. 1525-1536; 
Ademovic, Z., Klee, D., Kingshott, P., Kaufman, R., Hocker, H., (2002) Biomolecular Engineering, 19, pp. 277-182; 
Klee, D., Ademovic, Z., Bosserhoff, A., Hocker, H., Maziolis, G., Erli, H.-J., (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 3663-3670; 
Wada, A., Kubota, H., Hatanaka, H., Miura, H., Iwamoto, Y., (2001) J. Hand Surg, 26 B, pp. 212-216; 
Klinge, U., Klosterhalfen, B., Hottinger, A.P., Junge, K., Schumpelick, V., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 3487-3493
},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {573 - 576},
	address = {Vancouver},
	abstract = {Degradation studies of PP and PVDF monofilaments were carried out using a special chamber for several periods of time. One set of the samples was exposed to a 0.9 \% NaCl solution and to ultraviolet radiation at 83{\textdegree} C and the other set involved the exposition in air under the same conditions of irradiation and temperature. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis showed direct evidence of PP degradation. Meanwhile, the PVDF monofilaments showed no apparent evidence of degradation under the same conditions. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) curves, FTIR spectra and Oxidation Induction Time experiments confirmed the results of SEM Analysis.},
	keywords = {Biomaterials, Degradation, Degradation of polypropylene and polyvinylidene difiuoride, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, Monofilament sutures, Monofilaments, Oxidation induction time, Polypropylenes, Redox reactions, Thermal analysis, Thermoanalysis},
	isbn = {02555476 (ISSN); 0878494286 (ISBN); 9780878494286 (ISBN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38349001114\&partnerID=40\&md5=dd3d3421ddc8dd59229658509de1a9ed},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Silva, P.A. and Carvalho, M.E.}
}
@article {2410,
	title = {Effect of surface treatments on anodic oxide film growth and electrochemical properties of tantalum used for biomedical applications},
	journal = {Journal of Biomaterials ApplicationsJ. Biomater. Appl.},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBAPEdoi: 10.1177/0885328206056378Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, ISEP-CIEA, Rua Dr. A.B. de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptChemicals/CAS: oxide, 16833-27-5; tantalum, 7440-25-7; Biocompatible Materials; Membranes, Artificial; Oxides; Tantalum, 7440-25-7References: Goy, J.J., Eeckhout, E., Stauffer, J.C., Vogt, P., Kappenberger, L., Emergency Endoluminal Stenting for Abrupt Vessel Closure following Coronary Angioplasty: A Randomised Comparison of the Wiktor and Palmaz-Schatz Stents (1995) Catheter. Cardiov. Diag., 34 (2), pp. 128-132;Hamasaki, N., Nosaka, H., Kimura, T., Nakagawa, Y., Yokoi, H., Nobuyioshi, M., Initial Experience with the Cordis Stent: Analysis of Serial Angiographic Follow-up (1995) Catheter. Cardiov. Diag., 42 (2), pp. 166-172; 
Hamm, C.W., Beythien, C., Sievert, H., Langer, A., Multicenter Evaluation of the Strecker Tantalum Stent for Acute Coronary Occlusion after Angioplasty (1995) Amer. Heart J., 129 (3), pp. 423-429; 
Strecker, E.-P.K., Boos, I.B.L., G{\"o}ttman, D.V.S., Haase, W., Popliteal Artery Stenting Using Flexible Tantalum Stents (2001) Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol., 24 (3), pp. 168-175; 
Rieger, J., Hautmann, H., Linsenmaier, U., Weber, C., Treitl, M., Huber, R.M., Pfeifer, K.-J., Treatment of Benign and Malignant Tracheobronchial Obstruction with Metal Wire Stents: Experience with a Balloon-expandable and a Self Expandable Stent Type (2004) Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol., 27 (4), pp. 339-343; 
Bertrand, O.F., Sipehia, R., Mongrain, R., Rodes, J., Tardif, J.C., Bilodeau, L., Cote, G., Bourassa, M.G., Biocompatibility Aspect of New Stent Technology (1998) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 32 (3), pp. 562-571; 
Shih, C.-C., Lin, S.-J., Chung, K.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Su, Y.-Y., Increased Corrosion Resistance of Stent Materials by Converting Current Surface Film of Polycrystalline Oxide into Amorphous Oxide (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 52 (2), pp. 323-332; 
Thierry, B., Tabrizian, M., Trepanier, C., Savadogo, O., Yahia, L.H., Effect of Surface Treatment and Sterilization Processes on the Corrosion Behavior of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 51 (4), pp. 685-693; 
Macionczyc, F., Gerold, B., Thull, R., Repassivating Tantalum/Tantalum Oxide Surface Modification on Stainless Steel (2001) Surface and Coatings Technology, 142-144, pp. 1085-1087; 
Starovesky, D., Gotman, I., Corrosion of Titanium Nitride Coated Ni-Ti Shape Memory Surgical Implant (2001) Biomaterials, 22 (13), pp. 1853-1859; 
Chen, J.Y., Leng, Y.X., Tian, X.B., Wang, L.P., Huang, N., Chu, P.K., Yang, P., Antithrombogenic Investigation of Surface Energy and Optical Bandgap and Hemocompatibility Mechanism of Ti(Ta(+5))O 2 (2002) Biomaterials, 23 (12), pp. 2545-2552; 
Tan, L., Crone, W.C., Sridharan, K., Fretting Study of Surface Modified Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy (2002) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 13 (5), pp. 501-508; 
Ciss{\'e}, O., Savadogo, O., Wu, M., Yahia, L.H., Effect of Surface Treatment of NiTi Alloy on its Corrosion Behavior in Hank{\textquoteright}s Solution (2002) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 61 (3), pp. 339-345; 
Schabalovskaya, S., Rondelli, G., Anderegg, J., Simpson, B., Budko, S., Effect of Chemical Etching and Aging in Boiling Water on the Corrosion Resistance of Nitinol Wires with Black Oxide Resulting from Manufacturing Process (2003) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 66 B (1), pp. 331-340; 
Shih, C.-C., Shih, C.-M., Su, Y.-Y., Lin, S.-J., Impact on the Thrombogenicity of Surface Oxide Properties of 316L Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications (2003) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 67 A, pp. 1320-1328; 
Cheng, Y., Cai, W., Li, H.T., Zheng, Y.F., Zhao, L.C., Surface Characteristics and Corrosion Resistance Properties of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy Coated with Tantalum (2004) Surface and Coatings Technology, 186 (3), pp. 346-352; 
Silva, R.A., Marques, M.A., Silveira, A., Walls, M., Rondot, B., Guidoin, R., (1998) Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Biomaterials, pp. 37-37. , (eds) In: Dutch Society for Biomaterials, September, The Hague; 
Pippen, C.M.J.M., Plenk Jr., H., Ebel, M.F., Svagera, R., Verenisch, J., Characterization of Microblasted and Reactive Ion Etched Surfaces on the Commercially Pure Metals Niobium, Tantalum and Titanium (1997) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. in Med., 8 (12), pp. 781-784; 
Park, J.B., (1994) Biomaterials Science and Engineering, pp. 217-217. , (ed.) Plenum Press, New York; 
Jonhson, P.F., Bernstein, J.J., Hunter, G., Dawson, W.W., Hench, L.L., An in vitro and in vivo Analysis of Anodised Tantalum Capacitive Electrodes: Corrosion Response, Physiology, and Histology (1997) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 11 (5), pp. 637-656; 
Black, J., Biological Performance of Tantalum (1994) Clin. Mater., 16 (3), pp. 167-173; 
Stackpool, G.J., Kay, A.B., Morton, P., Harvey, E.J., Tanzer, M., Bone, J.D., (1995) Proceedings of Combined Orthopaedic Research Societies Meeting, Orthopaedic, pp. 45-45. , (eds) In: Research Society Rider Dickerson Inc., Chicago; 
Silva, R.A., Walls, M., Rondot, B., Da Cunha Belo, M., Guidoin, R., Electrochemical and Microstructural Studies of Tantalum and its Oxide Films for Biomedical Applications in Endovascular Surgery (2002) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Medicine, 13 (5), pp. 495-500; 
Lohrengel, M.M., Formation of Ionic Space Charge Layers in Oxide Films on Valve Metals (1994) Electrochim. Acta, 39 (8-9), pp. 1265-1271; 
Macagno, V.A., Schultze, J.W., The Growth and Properties of Thin Oxide Layers on Tantalum Electrodes (1984) J. Electroanal. Chem., 180 (1), pp. 157-170; 
Schultze, J.W., Macagno, V.A., Electron Transfer Reaction on Passive Tantalum Electrodes (1986) Electrochim. Acta, 31 (1), pp. 355-363; 
Kerrec, O., Devilliers, D., Groult, H., Chemla, M., Dielectric Properties of Anodic Oxide Films on Tantalum (1995) Electrochim. Acta, 40 (6), pp. 719-724; 
Lewerenz, H.J., Anodic Oxide Films on Silicon (1992) Electrochim. Acta, 37 (10), pp. 847-851; 
Young, L., (1961) Anodic Oxide Films, , Academic Press, London; 
Seah, M.P., Holbourn, M.W., Ortega, C., Davies, J.A., An Intercomparison of Tantalum Pentoxide Reference Studies (1988) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B30 (2), pp. 128-139
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {93 - 103},
	abstract = {Self-expandable nitinol (nickel-titanium) alloys and 316L stainless steel are the most commonly used materials in the production of coronary stents. However, tantalum (Ta) has already been used to make stents for endovascular surgery and may constitute an alternative to other materials because of its better electrochemical performance, namely its higher corrosion resistance, as well as its radio-opacity. The characterization of wet polished, chemically polished, wet polished anodized, and chemically polished anodized Ta electrodes has been performed in a 0.15 M NaCl solution (simulated body fluid) using U                        corr=f(t) measurements, anodic polarizations, capacity measurements, anodic oxidations, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. Anodic polarization curves have shown that the abnormal current density peak with a maximum value around 1.65 V (critical applied potential, U
                        c) disappeared for the anodized electrodes indicating a probable relationship between the surface states and the film growth. These results are confirmed by capacity measurements. The behavior of wet polished and chemically polished electrodes during anodic oxidations seemingly indicated that for these particular treatments the film growth is different. The AFM images and roughness measurements have shown that chemical polishing produced smoother electrodes, a fact probably related to the differences in film growth. {\textcopyright} 2006 Sage Publications.
},
	keywords = {AFM, Anodic films, Anodic oxide film growth, Anodic polarization, article, artificial membrane, Atomic force microscopy, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Biomedical applications, Biomedical engineering, Chemical polishing, chemistry, Coronary stents, Corrosion resistance, Crystallization, Current density, electric conductivity, Electrochemical properties, electrochemistry, electrode, Electrodes, materials testing, Membranes, Artificial, methodology, oxidation reduction reaction, Oxidation-Reduction, oxide, Oxides, Polarization, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface treatment, Tantalum, Tantalum electrodes},
	isbn = {08853282 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746412438\&partnerID=40\&md5=e418196142aae805bc91d17a99fcc517},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Silva, I.P. and Rondot, B.}
}
@book {2485,
	title = {Effects of some variables on R.F. Magnetron Sputtered Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Inst. Sup. de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino A., 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptReferences: Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bonfield, W., Revell, P.A., (1997) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 8, pp. 731-736;Raynaud, S., Champion, E., Bernache-Assolant, D., Tetard, D., (1998) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 9, pp. 221-227; 
Weng, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., De Groot, K., (1996) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 30, pp. 5-11; 
Gross, K.A., Gross, V., Berndt, C.C., (1998) Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81 (1), pp. 106-112; 
Edwards, J.T., Brunski, J.B., Higuchi, (1997) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 36, pp. 454-468; 
Yang, C.Y., Lin, R.M., Wang, B.C., Lee, T.M., Chang, E., Hang, Y.S., Chen, P.Q., (1997) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 37, pp. 335-345; 
Ogiso, M., Yamamura, M., Kuo, P.T., Borgese, D., Matsumoto, T., (1998) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 39, pp. 364-372; 
Van Dijk, K., Schaeken, H.G., Wolke, J.G.C., Maree, C.H.M., Habraken, F.H.P.M., Jansen, J.A., (1995) Materials in Clinical Applications, pp. 249-256. , P. Vincenzini, (ed.); 
Yoshinari, M., Hayakawa, T., Wolke, J.G.C., Nemoto, K., Jansen, J.A., (1997) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 37, pp. 60-67; 
Wolke, J.G.C., De Groot, K., Jansen, J.A., (1998) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 39, pp. 524-530
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {323 - 326},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {RF sputtering may be used to produce thin, well adherent bioactive coatings with long term stability to ensure contact with bone tissue. RF Sputtered Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were produced onto Ti at 200 and 150 W. S.E.M. analysis indicated that films obtained with 200 W were thicker than those with 150 W. Significant variations were observed, depending on the location of the substrates with respect to the sample holder in the sputtering chamber, with thickness ranging from 1.8 to 3.2 μm. EDS analysis of 200 W films revealed the presence of Ca and P, in ratios typical of HA. XPS of thinner films obtained at 150 W, showed Ca and P, but also some carbonate probably partially substituting OH. Anodic polarisation curves of samples coated at 200 W and 150 W and for different sputtering times, compared to Ti substrate, indicate that HA films were protective and that the degree of protection increased with film thickness, i.e., with power intensity and time of deposition.},
	keywords = {Bioactive coatings, Bone, Coatings, Corrosion protection, hydroxyapatite, Magnetron sputtering, Plasma spraying, Polarization, RF sputtering, Scanning electron microscopy, Sputter deposition, Sputtering chambers, Thin films, Titanium},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347659048\&partnerID=40\&md5=3b3caf6fcde1c71242d25a74b296f870},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Sousa, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Barral, R. and Santos, J.D. and Lopes, M.A.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@conference {2468,
	title = {XRD and FT-IR characterisation of hydroxyapatite sputtered films on titanium},
	booktitle = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials CongressTrans. World Biomater. Congr.},
	series = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials Congress},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 64310Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Inst. Sup. de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr.Antonio Bernardino A., 431, 4200- 072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptReferences: Wolke, J.G.C., (1998) J.Biomed. Mat. Res, 39, pp. 524-530;Silva, R.A., Proceedings of Bioceramics 16, , to be published
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {163},
	address = {Sydney},
	abstract = {XRD and FT-IR were used to characterize hydroxyapatite (HA) films, which were prepared using rf sputtering. The morphology of the sample films was analyzed using SEM. From the FT-IR spectrum, sputtered HA films showed structural changes, namely the decrease of the strength of the liberational mode of OH group, indicating the presence of a poorly crystalline phase. XRD results of films obtained at 500 W and 400 W showed that the crystallinity of the 500 W 4h e 2h samples was low, just showing a very incipient degree of crystalline structural structural arrangement, while in the 400 W-4h and 2h samples there was no crystalline structure, with only a slight diffraction of the 002 and 301 HA planes.},
	keywords = {Absorption bands, Adsorption, Bioactive films, Biomaterials, Bone, crystal structure, Crystallinity, Deposition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite films, morphology, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sputtering, Surface topography, Thin films, Titanium, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {1877040193 (ISBN); 9781877040191 (ISBN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13844280872\&partnerID=40\&md5=4b0c92bd00c80cb724aa79ae88c5976e},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Sousa, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Barrai, R. and Lopes, M.A.}
}
@article {2532,
	title = {Electrochemical and microstructural studies of tantalum and its oxide films for biomedical applications in endovascular surgery},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 17Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1014779008598Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; CIEA/ISEP, Rua S. Tom{\'e}, 4200 Porto, PortugalReferences: Sigwart, U., Puel, J., Mirkovitch, V., Joffre, F., Kappenberger, L., (1987) New Engl. J. Med., 316 (12), pp. 701-706;Serruys, P.W., De Jaegere, P., Kiemeneij, F., Macaya, C., Heindrickx, W., (1994) New Engl. J. Med., 331 (8), pp. 489-495; 
Fischman, D.L., Leon, M.B., Baim, D.S., Schatz, R.A., Savage, M.P., Penn, I., (1994) New Engl. J. Med., 331 (8), pp. 496-501; 
Serruys, P.W., Emanuelsson, H., Van Der Giessen, W., Lunn, A.C., Kiemeney, F., Macaya, C., (1996) Circulation, 93 (3), pp. 412-422; 
Cohen, D.J., Breall, J.A., Ho, K.K., Kuntz, R.E., Goldman, L., Baim, D.S., (1995) New Engl. J. Med., 92, pp. 1859-1874; 
Cohen, D.J., Breall, J.A., Ho, K.K., Weintraub, R.M., Kuntz, R.E., Weistein, M.C., (1993) J. Amer. Coll. Cardiology, 22 (4), pp. 1052-1059; 
Cohen, D.J., Krumholz, H.M., Sukin, C.A., Ho, K.K., Siegrist, R.B., Cleman, M., (1995) Circulation, 92, pp. 2480-2487; 
Colombo, A., Hall, P., Nakamura, S., Almagor, Y., Maiello, L., Martini, O., (1995) Circulation, 91 (6), pp. 1676-1688; 
Goy, J.J., Eeckhout, E., Stauffer, J.C., Vogt, P., Kappenberger, L., (1995) Catheter. Cardiov. Diag., 34, pp. 128-132; 
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Hamm, C.W., Beythien, C., Sievert, H., Langer, A., (1995) Amer. Heart J., 129 (3), pp. 423-429; 
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Priestley, K.A., Clague, J.R., Buller, N.P., Sigwart, U., (1996) Europ. Heart J., 17 (3), pp. 438-444; 
Silva, R.A., Marques, M.A., Silveira, A., Walls, M., Rondot, B., Guidoin, R., (1998) Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Biomaterials, p. 37. , The Hague, September, edited by the Dutch Society for Biomaterials; 
Pypen, C.M.J.M., Plenk H., Jr., Ebel, M.F., Svagera, R., Verenisch, J., (1997) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 8, pp. 781-784; 
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Jonhson, P.F., Bernstein, J.J., Hunter, G., Dawson, W.W., Hench, L.L., (1977) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 11, pp. 637-656; 
Black, J., (1994) Clin. Mater., 16, pp. 167-173; 
Stackpool, G.J., Kay, A.B., Morton, P., Harvey, E.J., Tanzer, M., Bone, J.D., (1995) Proceedings of Combined Orthopaedic Research Societies Meeting, p. 45. , edited by Orthopaedic Research Society (Rider Dickerson Inc., Chicago); 
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Schultze, J.W., Macagno, V.A., (1986) Electrochim. Acta, 31, pp. 355-363; 
Kerrec, O., Devilliers, D., Groult, H., Chemla, M., (1995) Electrochim. Acta, 40, pp. 719-724; 
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},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {495 - 500},
	abstract = {The most popular coronary stents are made of 316L stainless steel and self-expandable Nitinol. Nevertheless, Ta has already been used to make stents for endovascular surgery and may constitute a good alternative to the other materials because of its higher corrosion resistance and radio-opacity property, which may facilitate the follow-up of stent catheterization. The characterization of Ta and its natural passive oxide films has been performed in a 0.15M NaCl solution (simulated body fluid - SBF) using anodic polarizations, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical techniques. Changes in microstructure have been observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Polarization curves show the existence of a current density increase between 1.40 and 1.80V. Bode complex plots show that some perturbation of the film occurred in this potential interval which may be associated with a decrease in polarization resistance, Rp, indicating that the film may be less resistant to corrosive attack. Mott-Schottky capacity measurements show that the density of donors, Nd, varies with polarization. The optical band gap, E                        g, which is equal to 4.1 eV did not show variations in our experiments. The localized formation on the electrode surface, in the above potential interval of a Ta compound (possibly an oxide-hydroxide) was observed by AFM, and this may explain the appearance of the current density peak and capacity behavior at those potentials. {\textcopyright} 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
},
	keywords = {article, Atomic force microscopy, body fluid, coronary stent, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Current density, Electric Potential, electrochemical analysis, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, electrode, endovascular surgery, Energy gap, film, heart catheterization, hydroxide, Materials science, metal oxide, Metallic films, Microstructure, nitinol, optical density, Oxide films, Polarization, priority journal, simulation, sodium chloride, Stainless steel, structure analysis, Surgery, Tantalum, Tantalum compounds, tantalum oxide, unclassified drug},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036242480\&partnerID=40\&md5=bef47948fb9a8f09f8ea9f6c56db672e},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Walls, M. and Rondot, B. and Da Cunha Belo, M. and Guidoin, R.}
}
@article {2611,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion implanted Ti-5Al-2.5Fe immersed in HBSS
},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 21Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB - Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Pra{\c c}a do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050, Porto, PortugalReferences: Tengvall, P., Lundstr{\"o}m, I., (1992) Clinical Mater., 9, pp. 115-134;Seah, K.H.W., Chen, X., (1993) Corros. Sci., 34 (11), pp. 1841-1851; 
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Leit{\~a}o, E., S{\'a}, C., Silva, R.A., Barbosa, M.A., Ali, H., (1995) Corros. Sci., 37 (11), pp. 1861-1866; 
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Orr, R.D., De Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.E., (1992) Cells and Mater., 2 (3), pp. 241-245; 
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},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {377 - 383},
	abstract = {The electrochemical behaviour of nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-5Al-2.5Fe was studied in HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution, by open-circuit potential vs time and cyclic polarization techniques. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. All ion-implanted surfaces showed higher corrosion resistance than the non-implanted ones. The corrosion potential of the ion-implanted samples was more noble and their passivation current was lower than the non-implanted ones. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy showed that the immersion of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe in HBSS produces a Ca- and P-rich surface layer. {\textcopyright} 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {A. titanium alloys, B. EIS, B. XPS, C. passive films, Corrosion resistance, Cyclic polarization technique, Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Ion implantation, nitrogen, Open circuit potential technique, Passivation, Passive films, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031079659\&partnerID=40\&md5=25add0bc42e8e86ba9168bc4700a1124},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2606,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion-implanted 316L stainless steel
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 32Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018532900458Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Seah, K.H.W., Chen, X., (1993) Corros. Sci., 34, pp. 1841-1851;Fraker, A.C., Ruff, A.W., Sung, P., Van Orden, A.C., Speck, K.M., (1983) Titanium Alloys in Surgical Implants, pp. 206-219. , ASTM STP 796, edited by H. A. Luckey and F. Kublei Jr; 
Nakayama, Y., Yamamuro, T., Kumar, P., Shimisu, K., Kotoura, Y., Oka, M., Kwafuku, J., Takashima, T., (1990) J. Appl. Biomater., 1, pp. 307-313; 
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Bernard, F., Dupuy-Philon, J., Bert, J., Remy, D., Moyen, B., Besse, J.L., Advances in materials science and implant orthopaedic surgery (1995) NATO-ASI Series E: Applied Science, 24, pp. 195-206. , edited by R. Kossowsky and N. Kossowsky; 
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Rauschenbach, B., Kolitsch, A., Hohmuth, K., (1983) Phys. Status Solidi (A), 80, pp. 471-482; 
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Sousa, S., Barbosa, M.A., (1991) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2, pp. 19-26; 
Klein, C.A.P.T., Patka, P., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., De Groot, K., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 146-150
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {365 - 368},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of 316L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence improves the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel.
The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of 316L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10
                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence improves the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel.
},
	keywords = {article, balanced salt solution, Composition effects, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Cyclic polarization technique, Electrochemical corrosion, electrochemistry, implantation, Ion implantation, limb prosthesis, nitrogen, Polarization, priority journal, prosthesis failure, Simulated physiological solutions, Solutions, Stainless steel, Stainless steel 316L, Surface Properties, Surface treatment, time},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031172794\&partnerID=40\&md5=9e1c626433826a9739f6a007e215a88f},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2610,
	title = {Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of nitrogen- and carbon-sputter coated 316 L stainless steel},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 9Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB - Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Pra{\c c}a do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050, Porto, PortugalReferences: Gristina, A.G., Naylor, P., Myrvik, Q., (1988) Medical Progress Through Technology, 14, pp. 205-224;Gomi, K., Davies, J.E., (1993) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 27, pp. 429-431; 
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Vrouwenvelder, W.C.A., Groot, C.G., De Groot, K., (1993) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 27, pp. 465-475; 
Hazan, R., Oron, U., (1993) J. of Orthopaedic Res., 11, pp. 655-663; 
De Bruijn, J.D., Flach, J.S., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Davies, J.E., (1993) Cells and Mater., 3, pp. 2115-2127; 
R{\"o}stlund, T., Thomsen, P., Bjursten, L.M., Ericson, L.E., (1990) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 24, pp. 847-860; 
Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R., (1980) Electrochemical Methods, , John Wiley and Sons; 
Bundy, K.J., Dillard, J., Luedemann, R., (1993) Biomaterials, 14 (7), pp. 529-536; 
Leit{\~a}o, E., S{\'a}, C., Silva, R.A., Barbosa, M.A., Ali, H., (1995) Corros. Sci., 37, pp. 1861-1866; 
Garrido, A., Leit{\~a}o, E., (1992) IMPFRA-electrochemical Impedance Software, , internal publication; 
(1993) Project BRITE/EURAM n{\textdegree}0477 Internal Report; 
Barbosa, M.A., (1991) Bioceramics, 4, pp. 325-333. , Edited by W. Bonfield, G.W. Hastings and K.E. Tanner; 
Sousa, S.R., Barbosa, M.A., (1993) Clinical Materials, 14, pp. 287-294
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {333 - 338},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen and carbon sputter coatings on the electrochemical behaviour of 316 L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best coating. Coatings with different thicknesses and structures were tested. The results showed that thicker sputter coatings produce surfaces with higher charge transfer resistance and lower interface capacities. This indicates that these materials probably owe their high corrosion resistance to the formation of more protective films. {\textcopyright} 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {A. Stainless steel, B. EIS, C. passive films, Carbon, Charge transfer, Coatings, Composition effects, Corrosion resistance, electrochemistry, Films, Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution, nitrogen, Passive films, Protective coatings, sodium chloride, Spectroscopy, Sputter deposition, Stainless steel, Surface phenomena},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031080418\&partnerID=40\&md5=8768ca67f5fad93ace86c90323473352},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2632,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion implanted Ti-6A1-4V immersed in HBSS
},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 37Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Praca do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {1861 - 1866},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing better the surface prior to biological testing and to choose the most appropriate nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence produced the lowest corrosion rate under passive conditions. The highest fluence originated a large increase in the corrosion rate and inhibited the formation of a calcium- and phosphate-rich layer on the electrode surface. {\textcopyright} 1995.
},
	keywords = {Biological testing, Characterization, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Cyclic polarization technique, Electrochemical behaviour, electrochemistry, Hank balanced salt solution, Ion implantation, materials testing, Nitrogen ion implanted titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, Nitrogen-ion fluence, Open circuit potential, Passivation, Polarization, Simulated physiological solution, Solutions, Surface modification, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029403524\&partnerID=40\&md5=4726589b20b429b97686cee3106fed88},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Sa, C. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A. and Ali, H.}
}
@article {2633,
	title = {Plasma surface treatment and PACVD on Ti alloys for surgical implants},
	journal = {Surface and Coatings TechnologySurf. Coat. Technol.},
	volume = {74-75},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 49Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/0257-8972(95)08316-2Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Rie, K.-T.; Institut f{\"u}r Oberfl{\"a}chentechnik und plasmatechnische Werkstoffentwicklung, Technische Universit{\"a}t Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 53, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {973 - 980},
	abstract = {To improve the poor surface hardness and wear resistance of titanium alloys used for surgical implants undergoing wear TiA16V4 and TiA15Fe2.5 have been plasma nitrided. TiN and other sublayers are formed by plasma nitriding. To increase the thickness of the outermost TiN layer the samples have been coated with TiN by PACVD following plasma nitriding. The produced layers have been characterized in terms of microstructure, layer composition, hardness depth profiles. The evaluation of corrosion resistance and biocompatibility revealed that the good properties of the untreated alloys have been well preserved. {\textcopyright} 1995 Elsevier Science S.A.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Biomaterials, Characterization, Chemical vapor deposition, Corrosion resistance, hardness, Implants (surgical), Microstructure, Nitriding, PACVD, Plasma applications, Plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, Plasma nitriding, Plasma surface treatment, Surface hardness, Surface treatment, Surfaces, Ti alloys, Titanium alloys, Wear resistance},
	isbn = {02578972 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029389521\&partnerID=40\&md5=289d2d683bcdc5c62d1ecdf56b33079a},
	author = {Rie, K.-T. and Stucky, T. and Silva, R.A. and Leitao, E. and Bordji, K. and Jouzeau, J.-Y. and Mainard, D.}
}
