



@article {2399,
	title = {Functionalization of chitosan membranes through phosphorylation: Atomic force microscopy, wettability, and cytotoxicity studies},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceJ. Appl. Polym. Sci.},
	volume = {102},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JAPNAdoi: 10.1002/app.23737Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Amaral, I.F.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: iamaral@ineb.up.ptReferences: Tomihata, K., Ikada, Y., (1997) Biomaterials, 18, p. 567;VandeVord, P.J., Matthew, H.W.T., DeSilva, S.P., Mayton, L., Wu, B., Wooley, P.H., (2002) J Biomed Mater Res, 59, p. 585; 
Khor, E.C., (2001) Fulfilling a Biomaterials Promise, , Elsevier: Oxford; 
Peluso, G., Petillo, O., Ranieri, M., Santin, M., Ambrosio, L., Calabro, D., Avallone, B., Balsamo, G., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 1215; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., (1997) CeUul Mol Life Sci, 53, p. 131; 
Ishihara, M., Nakanishi, K., Ono, K., Sato, M., Kikuchi, M., Saito, Y., Yura, H., Kurita, A., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 833; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Zucchini, C., Ilari, P., Pugnaloni, A., Belmonte, M.M., Biagini, G., Castaldini, C., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 925; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Mattiolibelmonte, M., Tietz, C., Biagini, R., Ferioli, G., Brunelli, M.A., Fini, M., Biagini, G., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 1075; 
Madihally, S.V., Matthew, H.W.T., (1999) Biomaterials, 20, p. 1133; 
Zhao, F., Yin, Y.J., Lu, W.W., Leong, J.C., Zhang, W.J., Zhang, J.Y., Zhang, M.F., Yao, K.D., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 3227; 
Lahiji, A., Sohrabi, A., Hungerford, D.S., Frondoza, C.G., (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 51, p. 586; 
Amaral, I.F., Lamghari, M., Sousa, S.R., Sampaio, P., Barbosa, M.A., (2005) J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 75, p. 387; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Muzzarelli, C., (2002) Chitosan in Pharmacy and Chemistry, p. 233. , Muzzarelli, R. A. A.; Muzzarelli, C., Eds.; Atec Edizioni: Grottammare, Italy; 
Lee, J.Y., Nam, S.H., Im, S.Y., Park, Y.J., Lee, Y.M., Seol, Y.J., Chung, C.P., Lee, S.J., (2002) J Controlled Release, 78, p. 187; 
Ho, M.H., Wang, D.M., Hsieh, H.J., Liu, H.C., Hsien, T.Y., Lai, J.Y., Hou, L.T., (2005) Biomaterials, 26, p. 3197; 
Amaral, I.F., Cordeiro, A., Sampaio, P., Barbosa, M.A., J Biomat Sci: Polym, , accepted; 
Chatelet, C., Damour, O., Domard, A., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, p. 261; 
Hidaka, Y., Ito, M., Mori, K., Yagasaki, H., Kafrawy, A.H., (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 46, p. 418; 
Mucalo, M.R., Yokogawa, Y., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Nagata, F., Nishizawa, K., (1995) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 6, p. 658; 
Tanahashi, M., Matsuda, T., (1997) J Biomed Mater Res, 34, p. 305; 
Yokogawa, Y., Rayes, J.P., Mucalo, M.R., Toriyama, M., Kawamoto, Y., Suzuki, T., Nishizawa, K., Kamayama, T., (1997) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 8, p. 407; 
Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., Pouysegu, L., De Jeso, B., Rouais, F., Baquey, C., (2001) J Mater Sci, 36, p. 2163; 
Amaral, I.F., Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., (2005) J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 16, p. 1575; 
Amaral, I.F., Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254, p. 577; 
Granja, P.L., Pouysegu, L., Petraud, M., De Jeso, B., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 82, p. 3341; 
Touey, G.P., Kingsport, T., (1956), U.S. Pat. 2,759,924Fricain, J.C., Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., De Jeso, B., Barthe, N., Baquey, C., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 971; 
Sakaguchi, T., Horikoshi, T., Nakajima, A., (1981) Agric Biol Chem, 45, p. 2191; 
Sakairi, N., Shirai, A., Miyazaki, S., Tashiro, H., Tsuji, Y., Kawahara, H., Yoshida, T., Tokura, S., (1998) Kobunshi Ronbunshu, 55, p. 212; 
Lee, Y.M., Shin, E.M., (1991) J Membr Sci, 64, p. 145; 
Varma, H.K., Yokogawa, Y., Espinosa, F.F., Kawamoto, Y., Nishizawa, K., Nagata, F., Kameyama, T., (1999) Biomaterials, 20, p. 879; 
Yokogawa, Y., Nishizawa, K., Nagata, F., Kamayama, T., (1999) Bioceramics, p. 129. , Ohgushi, H.; Hastings, G. W.; Yoshikawa, T., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore; 
Anselme, K., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 667; 
Northup, S.J., Cammack, J., (1999) Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation: Scientific, Technical, and Clinical Testing of Implant Materials, p. 325. , Recum, A. F., Ed.; Taylor \& Francis: Philadelphia, PA; 
Brugnerotto, J., Lizardi, J., Goycoolea, F.M., Arguelles-Monal, W., Desbrieres, J., Rinaudo, M., (2001) Polymer, 42, p. 3569; 
Terbojevich, M., Cosani, A., Muzzarelli, R.A.A., (1996) Carbohydr Polym, 29, p. 63; 
Grundke, K., Bogumil, T., Werner, C., Janke, A., Poschel, K., Jacobasch, H.J., (1996) Colloids Surf A, 116, p. 79; 
Kerkeb, M.L., Gonzalezcaballero, F., Chibowski, E., (1993) J Colloid Interface Sci, 159, p. 439; 
Andrade, J.D., Smith, L.M., Gregonis, D.E., (1985) Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers, p. 249. , Andrade, J. D., Ed.; Plenum: New York; 
Owens, D.K., Wendt, R.C., (1969) J Appl Polym Sci, 13, p. 1741; 
Berridge, M.V., Tan, A.S., McCoy, K.D., Wang, R., (1996) Biochemica, 4, p. 14; 
Mosmann, T., (1983) J Immunol Methods, 65, p. 55; 
Huang, R.Y.M., Moon, G.Y., Pal, R., (2001) J Membr Sci, 184, p. 1; 
Domke, J., Dannohl, S., Parak, W.J., Muller, O., Aicher, W.K., Radmacher, M., (2000) Colloids Surf B, 19, p. 367; 
MacDonald, D.E., Markovic, B., Allen, M., Somasundaran, P., Boskey, A.L., (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, p. 120; 
Roberts, G.A.F., (1992) Chitin Chemistry, p. 350. , Macmillan: London; 
Andrade, J.D., (1992) Clin Mater, 11, p. 19; 
Wu, S., (1982) Polymer Interface and Adhesion, , Marcel Dekker: New York; 
Granja, P.L., Pouysegu, L., Deffieux, D., Daude, G., De Jeso, B., Labrugere, C., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 82, p. 3354; 
Ratner, B.D., Caster, D.G., (1997) Surface Analysis - The Principal Techniques, p. 43. , Vickerman, J. C., Ed.; Wiley: Chichester, England; 
Barnes, A., Corkhill, P.H., Tighe, B.J., (1988) Polymer, 29, p. 2191; 
Domard, A., (1997) Advances in Chitin Science, p. 410. , Domard, A.; Roberts, G.; V{\r a}rum, K., Eds.; Jacques Andr{\'e}: Lyon, France; 
Denuziere, A., Ferrier, D., Damour, O., Domard, A., (1998) Biomaterials, 19, p. 1275; 
Wang, X.H., Ma, J.B., Feng, Q.L., Cui, F.Z., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 4591; 
Wang, X.H., Ma, J.B., Wang, Y.N., He, B.L., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 4167; 
Hamano, T., Chiba, D., Nakatsuka, K., Nagahata, M., Teramoto, A., Kondo, Y., Hachimori, A., Abe, K., (2002) Polym Adv Technol, 13, p. 46
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {276 - 284},
	abstract = {Grafting negatively charged groups such as phosphates is a well-known strategy for inducing the deposition of apatite-like layers under simulated physiological conditions. In this investigation, chitosan was phosphorylated in an attempt to enhance its osteoconduction. Chitosan membranes were phosphorylated at 30{\textdegree}C with the H                        3PO
                        4/ Et 
                        3PO
                        4/P
                        2O
                        5/butanol reaction system for periods up to 48 h. This method is an alternative to the phosphoric acid/ urea/dimethylformamide phosphorylation method, which involves the use of much higher temperatures. In this study, the effects of the phosphorylation reaction time on the surface morphology and surface free energy of phosphorylated membranes were investigated with atomic force microscopy and static-contact-angle measurements, respectively. In addition, the modified membranes were evaluated with respect to their cytotoxiciry toward bone cells through the incubation of human osteoblastic cells with extracts of the materials for two different periods: 24 and 120 h. The results revealed a reduction of the average surface roughness at the nanometer scale with increasing phosphorylation reaction time. Wettability studies showed an increase in the polar component of the surface free energy with increasing reaction time as a result of the increase in the phosphate surface concentration. Cytotoxicity studies revealed no cytotoxic effect of phosphorylated membranes on osteoblastic cells, regardless of the incubation period. {\textcopyright} 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
},
	keywords = {Atomic force microscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Biocompatibility, Biological applications, Biological applications of polymers, Biomaterials, Chitin, chitosan, Chitosan membranes, grafting, Grafting (chemical), Osteoblastic cells, Phosphorylation, Polymeric membranes, polysaccharide, Polysaccharides, surface property, toxicity, Urea},
	isbn = {00218995 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749478403\&partnerID=40\&md5=c365a50e3e767b1da90ad4ccd331440b},
	author = {Amaral, I.F. and Granja, P.L. and Melo, L.V. and Saramago, B. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
