



@article {2567,
	title = {Enhancement of the mechanical properties of a high-density polyethylene},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceJ. Appl. Polym. Sci.},
	volume = {73},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 48Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JAPNAdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990919)73:12<2473::AID-APP16>3.0.CO;2-OLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Kalay, Gurhan; Brunel Univ, Middlesex, United KingdomReferences: Kalay, G., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1997) Kunststoffe, 87, p. 6;Kalay, G., Bevis, M.J., (1997) J Polym Sci Polym Phys, 35, p. 241; 
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Wang, L., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1995) Plastics Rubber Composites Process Appl, 23, p. 139; 
Gil, E.M., Kalay, G., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1997) Polymer Process Engineering 97, pp. 40-54. , Coates, P. D., Ed.; The Institute of Materials: London; 
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},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {2473 - 2483},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {This paper describes the process optimization in injection molding of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Both conventional injection molding and shear controlled orientation (SCORIM) were employed in processing. The process optimization was based on design of experiments and complemented with analysis of variance. Mechanical characterization was carried out by tensile testing. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were used for the structural characterization of the moldings. High-density polyethylene exhibits 7.2 GPa Young{\textquoteright}s modulus and 155 MPa of ultimate tensile strength following the application of SCORIM processing. These results account for a fourfold increase in Young{\textquoteright}s modulus and a fivefold increase in ultimate tensile strength compared to conventional injection molding. The maintenance of toughness while enhancing stiffness and strength of the SCORIM moldings is attributable to an oriented morphology developed during shear flow, i.e., shish-kebab structure. The frequency of shearing action has the strongest influence on the morphology development. It is also demonstrated that the studied parameters are very much interdependent. It is possible to achieve substantial gains in mechanical properties of HDPE in SCORIM processing without causing a substantial increase in cycle time.},
	keywords = {differential scanning calorimetry, Elastic moduli, High density polyethylenes, Injection molding, morphology, Optimization, Shear controlled orientation in injection molding, Shear flow, Shish kebab structure, Stiffness, Strength of materials, tensile strength, Tensile testing, Toughness, Wide angle X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00218995 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033347604\&partnerID=40\&md5=14466d58532f85bbaeac12f9903bc066},
	author = {Kalay, G. and Sousa, R.A. and Reis, R.L. and Cunha, A.M. and Bevis, M.J.}
}
@article {2578,
	title = {New starch-based thermoplastic hydrogels for use as bone cements or drug-delivery carriers},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 67Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1008944127971Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; INEB-Inst for Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials Laboratory, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150 Porto, Portugal; email: rgreis@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: acrylic acid, 10344-93-1, 79-10-7; alcohol, 64-17-5; benzoyl peroxide, 94-36-0; cellulose acetate, 9004-35-7; poly(methyl methacrylate), 39320-98-4, 9008-29-1; starch, 9005-25-8, 9005-84-9Tradenames: AA, Merck, Germany; BPO, Merck, Germany; Master-Bi Y101U, novamont, Italy; MMA, Merck, GermanyManufacturers: Merck, Germany; novamont, ItalyReferences: Peppas, N.A., Mikos, A.G., (1988) Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy-Fundamentals, 1, p. 1. , edited by N. A. Peppas CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Netti, P.A., Shelton, J.C., Revell, P.A., Pirie, C., Smith, S., Ambrosio, L., Nicolais, L., Bonfield, W., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 1098; 
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Pascual, B., Castellano, I., V{\'a}zquez, B., Gurruchaga, M., Go{\~n}i, I., (1996) Polymer, 37, p. 1005; 
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Kim, S.W., Bae, Y.H., Okano, T., (1992) Pharmaceut. Res., 9, p. 283; 
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Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1996) Polym. Adv. Technol., 7, p. 784; 
Reis, R.L., Mendes, S.C., Cunha, A.M., Bevis, M.J., (1997) Polym. Int., 43, p. 347; 
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},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {825 - 833},
	abstract = {The development of new biodegradable hydrogels, based on corn starch/cellulose acetate blends, produced by free-radical polymerization with methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) and/or an acrylic acid monomer (AA), is reported. The polymerization was initiated by a redox system consisting of a benzoyl peroxide and 4-dimethlyaminobenzyl alcohol at low temperature. These hydrogels may constitute an alternative to the materials currently used as bone cements or drug-delivery carriers. Swelling studies were carried out, as a function of pH and temperature, in buffered solutions. The xerogels were further characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Tensile and compression tests, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis were used to assess the mechanical performance of the developed materials. The fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The developed materials are sensitive to the pH, showing a clear reversible transition in a relatively narrow interval of pH, which is just in the range of physiological conditions. These properties make the materials developed in this study very promising for biomedical applications. Fickian-type diffusion is the mechanism predominant in these systems, except for the composition with a higher concentration of AA, that corresponds to the most desirable kinetical behavior for controlled release (case II-transport mechanism). Furthermore, the results obtained in the mechanical tests are in the range of those reported for typical PMMA bone cements, showing that it is possible to develop partially degradable cements with an adequate mechanical behavior.},
	keywords = {acrylic acid, alcohol, article, benzoyl peroxide, Biodegradation, bone cement, buffer, cellulose acetate, compression, Diffusion, drug delivery system, dynamics, fracture, free radical, hydrogel, infrared spectroscopy, Kinetics, low temperature, mechanical stress, oxidation reduction reaction, pH, poly(methyl methacrylate), Polymerization, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Starch, tensile strength, Thermal analysis},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032424837\&partnerID=40\&md5=b06120f87bacd9ba817763d9e06da3ca},
	author = {Pereira, C.S. and Cunha, A.M. and Reis, R.L. and V{\'a}zquez, B. and San Rom{\'a}n, J.}
}
@article {2595,
	title = {Processing and in vitro degradation of starch/EVOH thermoplastic blends},
	journal = {Polymer InternationalPolym. Int.},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 77Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Porto, FEUP, Rua dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalReferences: Hayashi, T., (1994) Prog. Polym. Sci., 19, p. 663;Daniels, A.U., Andriano, K.P., Smutz, W.P., Chang, M.K.O., Heller, J., (1994) J. Appl. Biomater., 5, pp. 5l; 
Andriano, K.P., Pohjonen, T., Tormalla, P., (1994) J. Appl. Biomater., 5, p. 133; 
Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., (1992) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 3, p. 352; 
Rokkanen, P.U., (1991) Ann. Med., 23, p. 109; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., (1995) J. Mater, Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, p. 786; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1996) J. Polym. Advanced Techniques, 1, p. 784; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Del Giudice, L., Lombi, R., (1991) PCT Int. Pat. Appl, , WO91/02025; 
Bhattarcharya, M., Vaidya, U.R., Zhang, D., Narayan, R., (1995) J. Appl Polym. Sci., 57, p. 539; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Del Guidice, L., Gilli, G., (1993) J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 1, p. 181; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Rallis, A., (1994) Rheol. Acta., 33, p. 307; 
Griffin, G.J.L., (1994) Polym. Degrad. Stabil, 45, p. 241; 
Ogbona, G.L., Kalay, G., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1995) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 58, p. 213; 
Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1987), Br. Pat., 2170-140-BAllan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1987) Plast. Rubb. Process. Applic., 1, p. 3; 
Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1990) Comp. Manuf., 2, p. 79; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1996) Polymers in Medicine and Surgery, p. 195. , eds J. Courtney et al. Institute of Materials, London; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Camia, M., Del Giudice, L., Rallis, A., (1994) Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, p. 200. , eds Y. Doi and K. Fukuda. Eisevier, Amsterdam
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {347 - 352},
	abstract = {This paper describes the processing dependence of the mechanical properties of three blends of starch/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) with potential uses as biomaterials. These blends exhibit a distinct rheological behaviour and mechanical performance. Using shear controlled orientation in injection moulding (Scorim) it was possible to induce anisotropy into the mouldings and to simultaneously enhance stiffness and ductility. Degradation was studied in simulated physiological solutions (Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution) with and without added bovine serum. Both the dry weight loss and the changes in mechanical properties were determined for ageing periods up to 80 days. The degradation behaviour proved to be strongly dependent on the formulation of the material studied, and on the addition of proteins. The susceptibility of the starch/EVOH blends to degradation when sterilised with ethylene oxide (EtO) was also studied, and showed that the polymers could stand one EtO sterilisation cycle. However, two consecutive cycles severely degraded the polymer structure and properties.},
	keywords = {Aging of materials, Anisotropy, Biodegradable polymers, Biodegradation, Biomaterials, Degradation, Ductility, Ethylene oxide, Ethylene vinyl alcohol, Hank{\textquoteright}s salt solution, Injection molding, Polyethylenes, Polymer blends, Polyvinyl alcohols, Processing, Proteins, rheology, Shear controlled orientation injection molding (Scorim), Starch, Sterilisation, Stiffness},
	isbn = {09598103 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031212625\&partnerID=40\&md5=554d54fa82a40d6b0a6dea9b9c12afa2},
	author = {Reis, R.L. and Mendes, S.C. and Cunha, A.M. and Bevis, M.J.}
}
@article {2600,
	title = {Structure development and control of injection-molded hydroxylapatite-reinforced starch/EVOH composites},
	journal = {Advances in Polymer TechnologyAdv Polym Technol},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 53Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: APTYDLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalReferences: Hayashi, T., (1994) Prog. Polym. Sci., 19, p. 663;Rokkanen, P.U., (1991) Ann. Med., 23, p. 109; 
Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., (1992) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 3, p. 352; 
Adriano, K.P., Pohjonen, T., Tormalla, P., (1994) J. Appl. Biomater., 5, p. 133; 
Daniels, A.U., Andriano, K.P., Smutz, W.P., Chang, M.K.O., Heller, J., (1994) J. Appl. Biomater., 5, p. 51; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Del Guidice, L., Gilli, G., (1993) J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 1, p. 181; 
Griffin, G.J.L., (1994) Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 45, p. 241; 
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Bhattarcharya, M., Vaidya, U.R., Zhang, D., Narayan, R., (1995) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 57, p. 539; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., (1995) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, p. 786; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1996) J. Polym. Adv. Technol., 7, p. 784; 
Wang, M., Bonfield, W., Hench, L.L., (1995) Bioceramics 8, p. 383. , J. Wilson and L. L. Hench (Eds). Butterworth-Heinemann, New York; 
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Verheyen, C.C.P.M., Klein, C.P.A.T., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., Wolke, J.G.C., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Groot, K., (1993) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 4, p. 58; 
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Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., British Patent 2170-140-B (1987)Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1987) Plast. Rubber Proc. Appl., 7, p. 3; 
Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1990) Comp. Manuf., 2, p. 79; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Rallis, A., (1994) Rheol. Acta, 33, p. 307; 
Reis, R.L., Mendes, S.C., Cunha, A.M., Bevis, M.J., (1997) Polym. Int, 43, p. 347
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {263 - 277},
	abstract = {This article reports on the development of novel composites of starch-based polymers reinforced with hydroxylapatite (HA). Two different grades of blends of starch and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers were reinforced with up to 30\% (wt) of sintered and nonsintered HA. The initial compounding stage was carried out either in a rotating drum or by twin-screw extrusion (TSE). Compounds were injection molded using both conventional molding and a shear-controlled orientation in injection molding (Scorim) technique. It was possible to obtain composites with very good mechanical properties, approaching those of cortical bone. The best results were achieved for 30\% sintered HA composites processed by TSE and Scorim, due to the in situ formation of HA fibers, and the development of molecular orientation and more compact microstructures in the moldings. This was confirmed by SEM analysis of the fracture surfaces, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The biodegradability of the composites was also assessed and was found to be faster than that of the matrix. {\textcopyright} 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Composition effects, Compounding (chemical), Copolymers, Extrusion molding, hydroxyapatite, Injection molding, Microstructure, Molecular orientation, Phosphate minerals, Polymer blends, Polyvinyl alcohols, Reinforced plastics, Rotating drum extrusion, Starch, Twin screw extrusion},
	isbn = {07306679 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031382738\&partnerID=40\&md5=1c26b12749883526162bae287a8ef6a9},
	author = {Reis, R.L. and Cunha, A.M. and Allan, P.S. and Bevis, M.J.}
}
@article {2601,
	title = {Treatments to induce the nucleation and growth of apatite-like layers on polymeric surfaces and foams},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 51Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018514107669Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; INEB-Inst. Biomedical Engineering, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalTradenames: Hostalen GM9255F, hoechst, Germany; SEVA-CManufacturers: hoechst, GermanyReferences: Lowenstam, H.A., Weiner, S., (1989) On Biomineralization, , Oxford University Press, Oxford;Mann, S., (1988) Nature, 332, p. 119; 
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Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1997) Adv. Polym. Technol., , in press; 
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},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {897 - 905},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {In this work, a bioactive glass is used as a percusor of calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) film deposition onto several polymer-based materials. Both bioinert (high molecular weight polyethylene, HMWPE), and biodegradable (corn starch-based blends, SEVA-C) polymers, unreinforced or reinforced with hydroxylapatite (HA), were coated by the very simple proposed route. Also polyurethane (PU) foams, with an open-cell structure, were mineralized by the proposed method. In fact, it was possible to induce the growth of the Ca-P films not only at the surface, but also in the bulk of the PU foam. These cellular materials are intended for cancellous bone replacement applications. The morphology of the formed films was strongly dependent on the used substrate, its polar character, and on the presence of HA in its composition, as observed by SEM. Nevertheless, a well defined needle like structure was observed in all samples at high magnifications. The Ca:P ratios of the films were between 1.5 and 1.7, i.e. in the range of tricalcium phosphate-hydroxylapatite. Raman spectroscopy and thin-film x-ray diffraction (XRD) evidenced the formation of mostly amorphous calcium-phosphate films. After scraping the coating from the polymer surface and heat-treating the resulting powder at 1000{\textdegree}C for 1 h, HA and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) typical peaks were found on XRD patterns.In this work, a bioactive glass is used as a percussor of calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) film deposition onto several polymer-based materials. Both bioinert (high molecular weight polyethylene, HMWPE), and biodegradable (corn starch-based blends, SEVA-C) polymers, unreinforced or reinforced with hydroxylapatite (HA), were coated by the very simple proposed route. Also polyurethane (PU) foams, with an open-cell structure, were mineralized by the proposed method. In fact, it was possible to induce the growth of the Ca-P films not only at the surface, but also in the bulk of the PU foam. These cellular materials are intended for cancellous bone replacement applications. The morphology of the formed films was strongly dependent on the used substrate, its polar character, and on the presence of HA in its composition, as observed by SEM. Nevertheless, a well defined needle like structure was observed in all samples at high magnifications. The Ca:P ratios of the films were between 1.5 and 1.7, i.e. in the range of tricalcium phosphate-hydroxylapatite. Raman spectroscopy and thin-film x-ray diffraction (XRD) evidenced the formation of mostly amorphous calcium-phosphate films. After scraping the coating from the polymer surface and heat-treating the resulting powder at 1000 {\textdegree}C for 1 h, HA and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) typical peaks were found on XRD patterns.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, Bioactivity, Biomaterials, calcium phosphate, cancellous bone, conference paper, Deposition, Film growth, Foamed plastics, glass, Heat treatment, hydroxyapatite, implantation, mineralization, molecular weight, morphology, Nucleation, Phosphate coatings, Phosphate minerals, polyethylene, polymer, polyurethan foam, Polyurethanes, priority journal, Raman spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffraction, Zea mays},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031466435\&partnerID=40\&md5=cf3826a417103c1e6bf61e37f681e8fe},
	author = {Reis, R.L. and Cunha, A.M. and Fernandes, M.H. and Correia, R.N.}
}
@article {2618,
	title = {Mechanical behavior of injection-molded starch-based polymers},
	journal = {Polymers for Advanced TechnologiesPolym. Adv. Technol.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 58Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, FEUP, Rua dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalReferences: Rokkanen, P.U., (1991) Ann. Med., 23, p. 109;Danniels, A.U., Adriano, K.P., Smutz, W.P., Chang, M.K.O., Heller, J., (1994) J. Appl. Biomater., 5, p. 51; 
Baumgart, F.W., Perren, S.M., (1994) Clinical and Laboratory Performance of Bone Plates, p. 42. , J. P. Harvey and R. F. Games, eds., ASTM STP1217, Philadelphia; 
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Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., (1993) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 4, p. 102; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Del Guidice, L., Gilli, G., (1993) J. Environ. Polym. Degr., 1, p. 181; 
Yoshida, Y., Uemura, T., (1994) Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, p. 443. , Y. Doi and K. Fukuda, eds, Elsevier Science, Tokyo; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Camia, M., Del Giudice, L., Rallis, A., (1994) Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, p. 200. , Y. Doi and K. Fukuda, eds, Elsevier Science, Tokyo; 
Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., British Patent 2170-140-BAllan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1987) Plast. Rubb. Proc. Appl., 7, p. 3; 
Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1990) Comp. Manufac., 2, p. 79; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., (1995) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, p. 786; 
Bastioli, C., Belloti, V., Rallis, A., (1994) Rheological Acta, 33, p. 307
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {784 - 790},
	abstract = {This work evaluates the mechanical performance of injection-molded starch-based copolymers, 60/40 (mol/ mol) starch/poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol), and the possibility of improving material properties through deliberately induced anisotropy during processing. Different types of samples were produced by conventional and shear-controlled injection molding (Scorim) and tested under tensile and impact loading. The behavior of three distinct grades is discussed in terms of the respective fracture morphology (evaluated by scanning electron microscopy). A comparison is made between the behavior of conventional and Scorim samples. The results show that the mechanical properties of the materials used were significantly improved by the employment of the Scorim process. The stiffness values of the conventional moldings were doubled, without reducing the ductility of the polymer. The impact data showed a material sensitivity, and consequent loss of properties, to the localized shear imposed to the melt during processing. This situation is attributed to very narrow mold gates (in the case of pingated systems) and leads to much reduced impact performance.},
	keywords = {Anisotropy, Biomaterials, Copolymers, differential scanning calorimetry, Ductility, fracture, Impact performance, Impact testing, Injection molding, Mechanical performance, Melting temperature, morphology, Narrow mold gates, performance, Scanning electron microscopy, Scorim, Scorim process, Starch-based polymers, Starched based polymers, Stiffness, Tensile testing},
	isbn = {10427147 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030257651\&partnerID=40\&md5=6e1c4c7e5c43e8f84ab0e214681cd98b},
	author = {Reis, R.L. and Cunha, A.M. and Allan, P.S. and Bevis, M.J.}
}
