



@article {2582,
	title = {In vitro testing of surface-modified biomaterials},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 16Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1008896106994Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Praca Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal; email: eleitao@fsl.ho.man.ac.ukChemicals/CAS: calcium, 7440-70-2; carbon, 7440-44-0; nitrogen, 7727-37-9; stainless steel, 12597-68-1Tradenames: 316 L, aubert and duval; Thermanox; Ti-5Al-2.5Fe, deutsch titan; Ti-6Al-4V, deutsch titanManufacturers: aubert and duval; deutsch titanReferences: Kirkpatrick, C.J., Mittermayer, C., (1990) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1, p. 9;Van Loon, J., (1995), PhD thesis, University of Leiden, The NetherlandsLi, P., De Groot, K., (1991) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2, p. 125; 
Davies, J.E., (1990) Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, 1, pp. 1-65. , edited by T. Yamamuro et al., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
Davies, J.E., Ottensmeyer, P., Shen, X., Hashimoto, M., Peel, S.A.F., (1991) Proceedings of the Bone Biomaterial Interface Workshop, pp. 214-228. , edited by J. E. Davies University of Toronto Press, Toronto; 
Gristina, A.G., Naylor, P., Myrvik, Q., (1988) Med. Progr. Through Technol., 14, p. 205; 
Kirkpatrick, C.J., Otterbach, T., Ander-Heiden, D., Schifer, J., Richter, H., H{\"o}cker, H., Mittermayer, C., Dekker, A., (1992) Cells Mater., 2, p. 169; 
Howlett, C.R., Evans, M.D.M., Wildish, K.L., Kelly, J.C., Fisher, L.R., Francis, G.W., Best, D.J., (1993) Clin. Mater., 14, p. 57; 
Howlett, C.R., Zreiqat, H., O{\textquoteright}Dell, R., Noorman, J., Evans, P., Dalton, B.A., McFarland, C., Steele, J.G., (1994) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 5, p. 715; 
Lee, J.-S., Kaibara, M., Iwaki, M., Sasabe, H., Suzuki, Y., Kusakabe, M., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 958; 
R{\"o}stlund, T., Thomsen, P., Bjursten, L.M., Ericson, L.E., (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, p. 847; 
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Harmand, M.-F., Naji, A., Gonfrier, P., (1994) Clin. Mater., 15, p. 281; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., (1988) Cell Tissue Res., 254, p. 317; 
Vrouwenvelder, W.C.A., De Groot, C.G., De Groot, K., (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, p. 465; 
Puleo, D.A., Holleran, L.A., Doremus, R.H., Bizios, R., (1991) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25, p. 711; 
Davies, J.E., Lowenberger, B., Shiga, A., (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, p. 1289; 
De Bruijn, J.D., Klein, C.P.A.T., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1993) Cells Mater., 3, p. 407; 
Gaillard, M.L., (1995), PhD thesis, University of Leiden, The NetherlandsRadder, A.M., Davies, J.E., Leenders, H., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1994) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 28, p. 269; 
Shen, X., Roberts, E., Peel, S.A.F., Davies, J.F., (1993) Cells Mater., 3, p. 257; 
Gomi, K., Davies, J.E., (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, p. 429; 
De Bruijn, J.D., Klein, C.P.A.T., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 1365; 
Orr, R.D., De Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.E., (1992) Cells Mater., 2, p. 241
},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {543 - 548},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	abstract = {The influence of surface modification treatments such as ion implantation and sputter coating on an in vitro rat bone-marrow cell culture was studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. 316 L stainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were nitrogen ion-implanted with three fluences: 10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ion cm
},
	keywords = {animal cell, animal tissue, article, biomaterial, Biomaterials, bone marrow culture, Calcium, Carbon, Cell culture, cell suspension, collagen fiber, extracellular matrix, implantation, in vitro study, In vitro testing, Ion implantation, male, materials testing, mineralization, morphology, nitrogen, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, Scanning electron microscopy, Sputtering, Stainless steel, Titanium alloys, Titanium aluminum iron alloy, Titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, X ray analysis, X ray microanalysis},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032170120\&partnerID=40\&md5=c39e91f7fc339fc95c225903e26f0ba5},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2603,
	title = {Influence of substrate material and surface finishing on the morphology of the calcium-phosphate coating},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. BIOMED. MATER. RES.},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 11Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199707)36:1<85::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-IPubMed ID: 9212392Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB, FEUP, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; alpha-tricalcium phosphate; Aluminum, 7429-90-5; Biocompatible Materials; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, 7757-93-9; Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; Iron, 7439-89-6; Isotonic Solutions; monocalcium phosphate; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1; tetracalcium phosphate; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Fujishiro, Y., Sato, T., Okuwaki, A., Coating of hydroxyapatite on metal plates using thermal dissociation of calcium-EDTA chelate in phosphate solutions under hydrothermal conditions (1995) Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 172-176;Shirkhanzadeh, M., Calcium phosphate coatings prepared by electrocrystallization from aqueous electrolytes (1995) J. Mater, Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 90-93; 
De Groot, K., Ceramics of calcium phosphates (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, p. 100. , K. de Groot (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
Leit{\~a}o, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., In vitro calcification of orthopaedic implant materials (1995) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 849-852; 
Ducheyne, P., Radin, S., Ishikawa, K., The rate of calcium phosphate precipitation on metal and ceramics, and the relationship to bioactivity (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 213-218. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Heathcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Li, P., (1993) In Vitro and in Vivo Calcium Phosphate Induction on Gel Oxides, , Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University; 
Kokubo, T., Bioactivity of glasses and glass ceramics (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 31-46. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Healthcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Kokubo, T., Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatitepolymer composites prepared by biomimetic process: Improvement of adhesion of apatite to polymer by glow-discharge treatment (1993) Bioceramics, 6, pp. 327-332. , P. Ducheyne and D. Christiansen (eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom; 
Hanawa, T., Titanium and its oxide film: A substrate for forming apatite (1991) Proceedings of the Bone Biomaterial Interface Workshop, pp. 49-61. , Toronto, Dec., 1990, J. E. Davies (ed.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Calcium phosphate naturally formed on titanium in electrolyte solution (1991) Biomaterials, 12, pp. 767-774; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Characterization of surface film formed on titanium in electrolyte using XPS (1992) Appl. Surface Sci., 55, pp. 269-276; 
Radin, S.R., Ducheyne, P., The effect of calcium phosphate ceramic composition and structure on in vivo behavior. II. Precipitation (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, pp. 35-45
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {85 - 90},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti- 6A1-4V, Ti-A1-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-A1-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Al-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Al-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.
},
	keywords = {Alloys, Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphate coatings, Calcium phosphates, Coatings, Finishing, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Implants (surgical), Iron, Isotonic Solutions, materials testing, metal implantation, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, morphology, Phosphates, Stainless steel, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface testing, Surface treatment, Time Factors, Titanium, Titanium alloys, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031195147\&partnerID=40\&md5=07a9f4ca9de83fbb3c66a25cfea71228},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2604,
	title = {XPS characterization of surface films formed on surface-modified implant materials after cell culture},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018505621839Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Praca Coronel Pacheco 7, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Schmidt, H., Exner, H.E., R{\"u}ck, D.M., Angert, N., Fink, U., Advances in material science and implant orthopaedic surgery (1995) NATO-ASI Series E: Applied Science, 24, pp. 207-221. , edited by R. Kossowsky and N. Kossowsky;Leit{\~a}o, E., S{\'a}, C., Silva, R.A., Barbosa, M.A., Ali, H., (1995) Corros. Sci., 37, p. 1861; 
Howlett, C.R., Zreiqat, H., O{\textquoteright}Dell, R., Noorman, J., Evans, P., Dalton, B.A., Mcfarland, C., Steele, J.G., (1994) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 5, p. 715; 
Gomi, K., Davies, J.E., (1993) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 27, p. 429; 
Gomi, K., De Bruijn, J.D., Ogura, M., Davies, J.D., (1993) Cells and Mater., 3, p. 151; 
Martin, J.Y., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T.W., Schraub, D.M., Simpson, J., Lankford Jr., J., Dean, D.D., Boyan, B.D., (1995) J. Biomedical Mater. Res., 29, p. 389; 
Groessner-Schreiber, B., Tuan, R.S., (1992) J. Cell Sci., 101, p. 209; 
Davies, J.E., Ottensmeyer, P., Shen, X., Hashimoto, M., Peel, S.A.F., (1991) Proceedings of the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Workshop, p. 214. , December 1990, edited by J. E. Davies Univ. Toronto Press; 
De Brujin, J.D., Klein, C.P.A.T., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1993) Cells and Mater., 3, p. 407; 
Orr, R.D., De Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.D., (1992) Cells and Mater., 2, p. 241; 
Harmand, M.-F., Naji, A., Gonfrier, P., (1994) Clin. Mater., 15, p. 281; 
M{\'a}niatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., (1988) Cell Tissue Res., 254, p. 317; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., (1991) Biomaterials, 12, p. 767; 
Hanawa, T., (1991) Proceedings of the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Workshop, p. 4961. , December 1990, edited by J. E. Davies Univ. Toronto Press; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., (1992) Appl. Surface Sci., 55, p. 269; 
Lausmaa, J., Kasemo, B., Mattsson, H., (1990) Appl. Surface Sci., 44, p. 133; 
Kasemo, B., Lausmaa, J., (1991) Proceedings of the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Workshops, p. 19. , December 1990, edited by J. E. Davies Univ Toronto Press; 
Sutherland, D.S., Forshaw, P.D., Allen, G.C., Brown, I.T., Williams, K.R., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 893; 
Sundgren, J.-E., Bod{\"o}, P., Lundstr{\"o}m, I., (1986) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 110, p. 9; 
Leitao, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., (1995) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, p. 849; 
Leit{\~a}o, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., , in press; 
Puleo, D.A., Huh, W.W., (1995) J. Appl. Biomater., 6, p. 109; 
Thompson, G.J., (1995) J. Appl. Biomater., 6, p. 249; 
Ikeo, N., Iijima, Y., Niimura, N., Sigematsu, M., Tazava, T., Matsumoto, S., Kojima, K., Nagasawa, Y., (1991) Handbook of X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy, , JHOL; 
Armstrong, N.R., Quinn, R.K., (1977) Surface Sci., 67, p. 451; 
Ong, J.L., Prince, C.W., Lucas, L.C., (1995) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 29, p. 165; 
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Wagner, C.D., Bickham, D.M., (1989) NIST-XPS Database, , National Institute of Standards and Technology
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {423 - 426},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-6AI-4V, Ti-5AI-2.5Fe and 316 L stainless steel and nitrogen or carbon sputter-coated samples were inoculated with rat bone marrow. The interface between the cell layer and the substrata was studied by X-ray photo-electron spectrometry and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ca and P were detected on all materials after in vitro cell culture. Titanium appears to be present mainly in the form of TiO                        2.
Nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-5Al-2.5Fe and 316 L stainless steel and nitrogen or carbon sputter-coated samples were inoculated with rat bone marrow. The interface between the cell layer and the substrata was studied by X-ray photo-electron spectrometry and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ca and P were detected on all materials after in vitro cell culture. Titanium appears to be present mainly in the form of TiO
                        2.
},
	keywords = {Animal cell culture, Animalia, article, Bone, bone marrow, Calcium, Carbon, Cell culture, implant, Implants (surgical), Interfaces (materials), Ion implantation, nitrogen, phosphorus, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, Surface films, surface property, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys, Titanium dioxide, X ray spectrometry},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031194230\&partnerID=40\&md5=38633ecb076a75d73f9fb1bfc40bc0cf},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2631,
	title = {In vitro calcification of orthopaedic implant materials},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 23Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/BF00134330Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Praca Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {849 - 852},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {The formation of an apatite-like layer is achieved by immersing Ti6A14V and TiA12.5Fe substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by several techniques, namely X-ray microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion in HBSS is in the form of an amorphous apatite. The pH and the concentrations of calcium and phosphate were monitored as a function of time. In vitro tests with rat bone marrow were performed in order to mimic the bone/biomaterial interface. They were performed on both immersed and non-immersed samples. The in vitro bone marrow results suggest that the apatite-like layer formed may improve the bone bonding characteristics of the studied titanium alloys.The formation of an apatite-like layer is achieved by immersing Ti6Al4V and TiAl2.5Fe substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by several techniques, namely X-ray microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion in HBSS is in the form of an amorphous apatite. The pH and the concentrations of calcium and phosphate were monitored as a function of time. In vitro tests with rat bone marrow were performed in order to mimic the bone/biomaterial interface. They were performed on both immersed and non-immersed samples. The in vitro bone marrow results suggest that the apatite-like layer formed may improve the bone bonding characteristics of the studied titanium alloys.
},
	keywords = {Amorphous apatite, Amorphous materials, animal cell, Apatite, balanced salt solution, Bone, bone marrow, Calcification, Calcification (biochemistry), Calcium, calcium phosphate, conference paper, Hank balanced salt solution, immersion, implantation, Implants (surgical), metal implantation, Microanalysis, nonhuman, orthopedics, pH, phosphate, Phosphates, priority journal, rat, Spectroscopy, surface property, time, Titanium, Titanium alloys, X ray analysis, X ray diffraction, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029558709\&partnerID=40\&md5=8ba348deca0317db2d0a3521d82f02e0},
	author = {Leitao, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
