



@article {2274,
	title = {Characterization of polymeric solutions as injectable vehicles for hydroxyapatite microspheres},
	journal = {AAPS PharmSciTechAAPS PharmSciTech},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1208/s12249-010-9447-3PubMed ID: 20490958Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Oliveira, S. M.; Dep. de Eng. Mec{\^a}nica e Gest{\~a}o Industrial, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest{\~a}o de Viseu, Campus Polit{\'e}cnico de Repeses, 3504-510, Viseu, Portugal; email: soliveira@estv.ipv.ptChemicals/CAS: alginic acid, 28961-37-7, 29894-36-8, 9005-32-7, 9005-38-3; carboxymethylcellulose, 8050-38-2, 9000-11-7, 9004-32-4, 9050-04-8; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, 9004-65-3; Biocompatible Materials; Capsules; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Excipients; Polymers; Solutions; VehiclesReferences: Verlaan, J.J., Oner, F.C., Dhert, W.J., Anterior spinal column augmentation with injectable bone cements (2006) Biomat, 27 (3), pp. 290-301;Chenite, A., Chaput, C., Wang, D., Combes, C., Buschmann, M.D., Hoemann, C.D., Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ (2000) Biomat, 21 (21), pp. 2155-2161; 
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {852 - 858},
	abstract = {A polymeric solution and a reinforcement phase can work as an injectable material to fill up bone defects. However, the properties of the solution should be suitable to enable the transport of that extra phase. Additionally, the use of biocompatible materials is a requirement for tissue regeneration. Thus, we intended to optimize a biocompatible polymeric solution able to carry hydroxyapatite microspheres into bone defects using an orthopedic injectable device. To achieve that goal, polymers usually regarded as biocompatible were selected, namely sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and Na-alginate (ALG). The rheological properties of the polymeric solutions at different concentrations were assessed by viscosimetry before and after moist heat sterilization. In order to correlate rheological properties with injectability, solutions were tested using an orthopedic device applied for minimal invasive surgeries. Among the three polymers, ALG solutions presented the most suitable properties for our goal and a non-sterile ALG 6\% solution was successfully used to perform preliminary injection tests of hydroxyapatite microspheres. Sterile ALG 7.25\% solution was found to closely match non-sterile ALG 6\% properties and it was selected as the optimal vehicle. Finally, sterile ALG 7.25\% physical stability was studied at different temperatures over a 3-month period. It was observed that its rheological properties presented minor changes when stored at 25{\textdegree}C or at 4{\textdegree}C. {\textcopyright} 2010 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.},
	keywords = {Alginate, alginic acid, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Capsules, Carboxymethylcellulose, Drug Compounding, Durapatite, Excipients, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Injectability, injection, Injections, instrument sterilization, microsphere, Microspheres, minimally invasive surgery, molecular weight, orthopedic equipment, Polymers, priority journal, Solutions, Vehicles, viscometry},
	isbn = {15309932 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954819260\&partnerID=40\&md5=e8503462fa39dcc285aef7e07f765eef},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Almeida, I.F. and Costa, P.C. and Barrias, C.C. and Ferreira, M.R.P. and Bahia, M.F. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2266,
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	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2010},
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {371 - 379},
	abstract = {Bone repair and regeneration is one of the most extensively studied areas in the field of tissue engineering. All of the current tissue engineering approaches to create bone focus on intramembranous ossification, ignoring the other mechanism of bone formation, endochondral ossification. We propose to create a transient cartilage template in vitro, which could serve as an intermediate for bone formation by the endochondral mechanism once implanted in vivo. The goals of the study are (1) to prepare and characterize type I collagen sponges as a scaffold for the cartilage template, and (2) to establish a method of culturing chondrocytes in type I collagen sponges and induce cell maturation. Collagen sponges were generated from a 1\% solution of type I collagen using a freeze/dry technique followed by UV light crosslinking. Chondrocytes isolated from two locations in chick embryo sterna were cultured in these sponges and treated with retinoic acid to induce chondrocyte maturation and extracellular matrix deposition. Material strength testing as well as microscopic and biochemical analyzes were conducted to evaluate the properties of sponges and cell behavior during the culture period. We found that our collagen sponges presented improved stiffness and supported chondrocyte attachment and proliferation. Cells underwent maturation, depositing an abundant extracellular matrix throughout the scaffold, expressing high levels of type X collagen, type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase. These results demonstrate that we have created a transient cartilage template with potential to direct endochondral bone formation after implantation. {\textcopyright} 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {alkaline phosphatase, animal cell, animal tissue, Animals, article, Biocompatible Materials, Body fluids, Bone, Bone and Bones, Bone Regeneration, Cartilage, cartilage cell, Cattle, Cell culture, cell maturation, chick embryo, Chondrocytes, Collagen, collagen implant, collagen type 1, collagen type 10, Compressive Strength, controlled study, embryo, enchondral ossification, Endochondral ossification, extracellular matrix, freeze drying, Humans, immunohistochemistry, Ligaments, materials testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, nonhuman, Phosphatases, protein cross linking, Protein Isoforms, retinoic acid, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Stress, Mechanical, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Type I collagen, Type X collagen, Ultraviolet radiation},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953822519\&partnerID=40\&md5=b16072278467a72588546ba56f337cc0},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Ringshia, R.A. and Legeros, R.Z. and Clark, E. and Yost, M.J. and Terracio, L. and Teixeira, C.C.}
}
@article {2316,
	title = {Engineering endochondral bone: In vitro studies},
	journal = {Tissue Engineering - Part ATissue Eng. Part A},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
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Oliveira, S.M., Turner, G., Mijares, D., Amaral, I.F., Barbosa, M.A., Teixeira, C.C., (2007) Engineering endochondral bone: In vivo studies
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {625 - 634},
	abstract = {Chitosan scaffolds have been shown to possess biological and mechanical properties suitable for tissue engineering and clinical applications. In the present work, chitosan sponges were evaluated regarding their ability to support cartilage cell proliferation and maturation, which are the first steps in endochondral bone formation. Chitosan sponges were seeded with chondrocytes isolated from chicken embryo sterna. Chondrocyte/chitosan constructs were cultured for 20 days, and treated with retinoic acid (RA) to induce chondrocyte maturation and matrix synthesis. At different time points, samples were collected for microscopic, histological, biochemical, and mechanical analyses. Results show chondrocyte attachment, proliferation, and abundant matrix synthesis, completely obliterating the pores of the sponges. RA treatment caused chondrocyte hypertrophy, characterized by the presence of type X collagen in the extracellular matrix and increased alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, hypertrophy markedly changed the mechanical properties of the chondrocyte/chitosan constructs. In conclusion, we have developed chitosan sponges with adequate pore structure and mechanical properties to serve as a support for hypertrophic chondrocytes. In parallel studies, we have evaluated the ability of this mature cartilage scaffold to induce endochondral ossification. {\textcopyright} Copyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2009.},
	keywords = {alkaline phosphatase, Alkaline phosphatase activity, animal, animal cell, animal tissue, Animals, article, biomechanics, Body fluids, Bone, Bone and Bones, Bone formation, Cartilage, cartilage cell, Cell culture, cell damage, cell hypertrophy, cell isolation, cell maturation, Cell membranes, cell proliferation, Cells, Cultured, chick embryo, Chicken embryo, Chitin, chitosan, Chitosan scaffold, Chondrocyte, Chondrocyte maturation, Chondrocytes, Clinical application, collagen type 10, Collagen Type X, controlled study, cytology, DNA, drug effect, embryo, enchondral ossification, Endochondral ossification, enzyme activity, enzymology, Extracellular matrices, extracellular matrix, gene expression profiling, Hypertrophic chondrocytes, in vitro study, In-vitro, Ligaments, Matrix synthesis, Mechanical analysis, Mechanical properties, metabolism, methodology, nonhuman, Pathology, physiology, Porifera, porosity, priority journal, retinoic acid, Retinoic acids, Scaffolds, sponge (Porifera), Sterna, sternum, synthesis, Time points, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds, Tretinoin, Type X collagen},
	isbn = {19373341 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-64549143844\&partnerID=40\&md5=310f8e62d4dd51ccb9399db171440148},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Amaral, I.F. and Barbosa, M.A. and Teixeira, C.C.}
}
@article {2317,
	title = {Engineering endochondral bone: In vivo studies},
	journal = {Tissue Engineering - Part ATissue Eng. Part A},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
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Cancedda, R., Cancedda, F.D., Castagnola, P., Chondrocyte differentiation (1995) Int Rev Cytol, 159, p. 265; 
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Boskey, A., Camacho, N.P., FT-IR imaging of native and tissue-engineered bone and cartilage (2007) Biomaterials, 28, p. 2465; 
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Cadet, E.R., Gafni, R.I., McCarthy, E.F., McCray, D.R., Bacher, J.D., Barnes, K.M., Baron, J., Mechanisms responsible for longitudinal growth of the cortex: Coalescence of trabecular bone into cortical bone (2003) J Bone Joint Surg Am, 85 A, p. 1739; 
Lee, C., Grad, S., Wimmer, M., Alini, M., The influence of mechanical stimuli on articular cartilage tissue engineering (2006) Cartilage Tissue Eng, 2, p. 1; 
Trepczik, B., Lienau, J., Schell, H., Epari, D.R., Thompson, M.S., Hoffmann, J.E., Kadow-Romacker, A., Duda, G.N., Endochondral ossification in vitro is influenced by mechanical bending (2007) Bone, 40, p. 597; 
Tanck, E., Hannink, G., Ruimerman, R., Buma, P., Burger, E.H., Huiskes, R., Cortical bone development under the growth plate is regulated by mechanical load transfer (2006) J Anat, 208, p. 73; 
Dong, J., Uemura, T., Kojima, H., Kikuchi, M., Tanaka, J., Tateishi, T., Application of low-pressure system to sustain in vivo bone formation in osteoblast/porous hydroxyapatite composite (2001) DNLM, 17, p. 37; 
Stevens, M., Marini, R., Schaefer, D., Aronson, J., Langer, R., Shastri, V., In vivo engineering of organs: The bone bioreactor (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, p. 11450; 
Rinaudo, M., Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications (2006) Prog Polym Sci, 31, p. 603
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {635 - 643},
	abstract = {The use of biomaterials to replace lost bone has been a common practice for decades. More recently, the demands for bone repair and regeneration have pushed research into the use of cultured cells and growth factors in association with these materials. Here we report a novel approach to engineer new bone using a transient cartilage scaffold to induce endochondral ossification. Chondrocyte/chitosan scaffolds (both a transient cartilage scaffold- experimental-and a permanent cartilage scaffold-control) were prepared and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Bone formation was evaluated over a period of 5 months. Mineralization was assessed by Faxitron, micro computed tomography, backscatter electrons, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. Histological analysis provided further information on tissue changes in and around the implanted scaffolds. The deposition of ectopic bone was detected in the surface of the experimental implants as early as 1 month after implantation. After 3 months, bone trabeculae and bone marrow cavities were formed inside the scaffolds. The bone deposited was similar to the bone of the mice vertebra. Interestingly, no bone formation was observed in control implants. In conclusion, an engineered transient cartilage template carries all the signals necessary to induce endochondral bone formation in vivo. {\textcopyright} Copyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2009.},
	keywords = {animal, animal experiment, animal tissue, Animals, article, Biological materials, Biomaterials, Bone, Bone and Bones, Bone formation, bone marrow, bone mineralization, Bone repair, bone transplantation, Calcification, Physiologic, Cartilage, cartilage cell, chick embryo, chitosan, Chondrocytes, Computerized tomography, controlled study, Cultured cell, cytology, drug effect, Ectopic bones, ectopic tissue, electron, enchondral ossification, Endochondral ossification, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Growth (materials), Growth factor, Histological analysis, histology, implantation, in vivo study, In-control, In-vivo, infrared spectroscopy, Ligaments, male, metabolism, methodology, Mice, Mice, Nude, micro-computed tomography, Microcomputed tomography, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mineral, Minerals, mouse, Mus, Mus musculus, nonhuman, Nude mice, nude mouse, ossification, physiology, priority journal, Prosthesis Implantation, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectroscopic analysis, Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Tissue changes, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds, Tomography, trabecular bone, vertebra},
	isbn = {19373341 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-64549096039\&partnerID=40\&md5=d389cb8b10be8945007a5b6996b8896f},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Mijares, D.Q. and Turner, G. and Amaral, I.F. and Barbosa, M.A. and Teixeira, C.C.}
}
@book {2320,
	title = {Morphology and mechanical properties of injectable ceramic microspheres},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {396-398},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAEdoi: 10.4028/0-87849-353-0.691Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Oliveira, S. M.; ESTV, Departamento de Engenharia Mec{\^a}nica, Instituto Polit{\'e}cnico de Viseu, Viseu, PortugalReferences: Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Lamghari, M., Miranda, C.S., Barbosa, M.A., Proliferation, activity, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on calcium titanium phosphate microspheres (2005) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 72 A (1), pp. 57-66;Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells seeded on injectable hydroxyapatite microspheres (2004) Bioceramics, 16, pp. 254-262,877-880; 
Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Calcium phosphate-alginate microspheres as enzyme delivery matrices (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (18), pp. 4363-4373; 
Silva, R.V., Camilli, J.A., Bertran, C.A., Moreira, N.H., The use of hydroxyapatite and autogenous cancellous bone grafts to repair bone defects in rats (2005) International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 34 (2), pp. 178-184; 
Boyan, B.D., Lossd{\"o}rfer, S., Wang, L., Zhao, G., Lohmann, C.H., Cochran, D.L., Schwartz, Z., Osteoblasts generate an osteogenic microenvironment when grown on surfaces with rough microtopographies (2003) Eur Cell Mater, 6, pp. 22-27; 
Cardoso, O.N., Sotto Mayor, T., Pinto, A.M.F.R., Campos, J.B.L.M., Axial dispersion of particles in a slugging column - the role of the laminar wake of the bubbles (2003) Chemical Engineering Science, 58 (18), pp. 4159-4172; 
Gauthier, O., Bouler, J.M., Weiss, P., Bosco, J., Aguado, E., Daculsi, G., Short-term effects of mineral particle sizes on cellular degradation activity after implantation of injectable calcium phosphate biomateriais and the consequences for bone substitution (1999) Bone, 25 (2), pp. 71S-74S; 
Xu, H.H., Weir, M.D., Burguera, E.F., Fraser, A.M., Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold (2006) Biomaterials, 27 (24), pp. 4279-4287; 
Ginebra, M.P., Rilliard, A., Fernandez, E., Elvira, C., San Roman, J., Planell, J.A., Mechanical and rheological improvement of a calcium phosphate cement by the addition of a polymeric drug (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 57 (1), pp. 113-118
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {691 - 694},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of starting powder granulometry and sintering conditions on the morphological structure and mechanical properties of injectable hydroxyapaptite (HAp) microspheres. The mechanical properties of the microspheres were evaluated, to investigate if their integrity could be maintained during the injection process. To obtain microspheres, HAp powders were dispersed in a sodium alginate solution and spherical particles were prepared by droplet extrusion under a co-axial air stream, coupled with ionotropic gelation in the presence of Ca                        2+. This was followed by a sintering process at various temperatures and times. The morphology of microspheres was observed under SEM, diameter measurements were performed in an optical microscope and the compression strength was evaluated using a texture analyzer. Finally, microspheres prepared using lower granulometry HAp powders and sintered at 1200{\textdegree}C for 1 hour presented the best properties and were selected as the most suitable for the envisaged application.
},
	keywords = {Air streams, Apatite, Calcium, Ceramic microspheres, Co-axial, Coagulation, Compression strengths, Diameter measurements, Gelation, Granulometry, hydroxyapatite, Injectable, Injection process, Ionotropic gelations, Mechanical properties, Microspheres, Morphological structures, Morphology and mechanical properties, Optical microscopes, Powders, SEM, Sintering, Sintering conditions, Sintering process, Sodium, Sodium alginates, Spherical particles, Starting powders, Texture analyzers},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58849147162\&partnerID=40\&md5=5bf4364653a3ad10b5ab28c1a01568ab},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Barrias, C.C. and Ribeiro, C.C. and Almeida, I.F. and Bahia, M.F. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2336,
	title = {Injectability of a bone filler system based on hydroxyapatite microspheres and a vehicle with in situ gel-forming ability},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied BiomaterialsJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater.},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 9Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRGdoi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31066PubMed ID: 18437700Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Oliveira, S. M.; Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Viseu (ESTV), Dep. de Eng. Mec{\^a}nica e Gest{\~a}o Industrial, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; email: serafim@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: alginic acid, 28961-37-7, 29894-36-8, 9005-32-7, 9005-38-3; calcium carbonate, 13397-26-7, 13701-58-1, 14791-73-2, 471-34-1; gluconolactonase, 9012-44-6, 9012-73-1; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Bone Substitutes; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; GelsTradenames: Captal S, Plasma BiotalManufacturers: Plasma BiotalReferences: Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Calcium phosphate-alginate microspheres as enzyme delivery matrices (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 4363-4373;Grabowski, G.A., Leslie, N., Wenstrup, R., Enzyme therapy for Gaucher disease: The first 5 years (1998) Blood Rev, 12, pp. 115-133; 
Melton, L.J., Melton, L.J., Kan, S.H., Frye, M.A., Wahner, H.W., O{\textquoteright}Fallon, W.M., Riggs, B.L., Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women (1989) Am J Epidemiol, 129, pp. 1000-1011; 
Carrodeguas, R.G., Lasa, B.V., Del Barrio, J.S., injectable acrylic bone cements for vertebroplasty with improved properties (2004) J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 68, pp. 94-104; 
Hee, H.T., Percutaneous vertebroplasty: Current concepts and local experience (2005) Neurol India, 53, pp. 475-482; 
Hide, I.G., Gangi, A., Percutaneous vertebroplasty: History, technique and current perspectives (2004) Clin Radiol, 59, pp. 461-467; 
Verlaan, J.J., Oner, F.C., Verbout, A.J., Dhert, W.J., Temperature elevation after vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate in the goat spine (2003) J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 67, pp. 581-585; 
Hardouin, P., Grados, F., Cotten, A., Cortet, B., Should percutaneous vertebroplasty be used to treat osteoporotic fractures? An update (2001) Joint Bone Spine, 68, pp. 216-221; 
Berlemann, U., Ferguson, S.J., Nolte, L.P., Heini, P.F., Adjacent vertebral failure after vertebroplasty. A biomechanical investigation (2002) J Bone Joint Surg Br, 84, pp. 748-752; 
Wilcox, R.K., The biomechanical effect of vertebroplasty on the adjacent vertebral body: A finite element study (2006) Proc Inst Mech Eng [H], 220, pp. 565-572; 
Uppin, A.A., Hirsch, J.A., Centenera, L.V., Pfiefer, B.A., Pazianos, A.G., Choi, I.S., Occurrence of new vertebral body fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporosis (2003) Radiology, 226, pp. 119-124; 
Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells seeded on injectable hydroxyapatite microspheres (2004) Bioceramics, 254, pp. 877-880; 
Becker, T.A., Kipke, D.R., Brandon, T., Calcium alginate gel: A biocompatible and mechanically stable polymer for endovascular embolization (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 76-86; 
Alsberg, E., Anderson, K.W., Albeiruti, A., Franceschi, R.T., Mooney, D.J., Cell-interactive alginate hydrogels for bone tissue engineering (2001) J Dent Res, 80, pp. 2025-2029; 
Steinert, A., Weber, M., Dimmler, A., Julius, C., Schutze, N., Noth, U., Cramer, H., Hendrich, C., Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells encapsulated in ultrahigh-viscosity alginate (2003) J Orthop Res, 21, pp. 1090-1097; 
Wang, L., Shelton, R.M., Cooper, P.R., Lawson, M., Triffitt, J.T., Barralet, J.E., Evaluation of sodium alginate for bone marrow cell tissue engineering (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 3475-3481; 
Shapiro, L., Cohen, S., Novel alginate sponges for cell culture and transplantation (1997) Biomaterials, 18, pp. 583-590; 
Eiselt, P., Yeh, J., Latvala, R.K., Shea, L.D., Mooney, D.J., Porous carriers for biomedical applications based on alginate hydrogels (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1921-1927; 
Wee, S., Gombotz, W.R., Protein release from alginate matrices (1998) Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 31, pp. 267-285; 
Draget, K.I., Skjak-Braek, G., Smidsrod, O., Alginate based new materials (1997) Int J Biol Macromol, 21, pp. 47-55; 
Bajpai, S.K., Sharma, S., Investigation of swelling/degradation behaviour of alginate beads crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions (2004) React Funct Polym, 59, pp. 129-140; 
Ouwerx, C., Velings, N., Mestdagh, M.M., Axelos, M.A.V., Physico-chemical properties and rheology of alginate gel beads formed with various divalent cations (1998) Polym Gels Networks, 6, pp. 393-408; 
Paul, W., Sharma, C.P., Development of porous spherical hydroxyapatite granules: Application towards protein delivery (1999) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 10, pp. 383-388; 
Jarcho, M., Calcium-phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics (1981) Clin Orthop Relat Res, 157, pp. 259-278; 
Uda, H., Sugawara, Y., Nakasu, M., Experimental studies on hydroxyapatite powder-carboxymethyl chitin composite: Injectable material for bone augmentation (2006) Br J Plast Surg, 59, pp. 188-196; 
Xu, H.H., Weir, M.D., Burguera, E.F., Fraser, A.M., Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold (2006) Biomaterials, 27, pp. 4279-4287; 
Weiss, P., Gauthier, O., Bouler, J.M., Grimandi, G., Daculsi, G., Injectable bone substitute using a hydrophilic polymer (1999) Bone, 25, pp. 67S-70S; 
Iooss, P., Le Ray, A.M., Grimandi, G., Daculsi, G., Merle, C., A new injectable bone substitute combining poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microparticles with biphasic calcium phosphate granules (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 2785-2794; 
Gauthier, O., Khairoun, I., Bosco, J., Obadia, L., Bourges, X., Rau, C., Magne, D., Weiss, P., Noninvasive bone replacement with a new injectable calcium phosphate biomaterial (2000) J Biomed Mater Res A, 66, pp. 47-54; 
Kuo, C.K., Ma, P.X., Ionically crosslinked alginate hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering, Part 1: Structure, gelation rate and mechanical properties (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 511-521; 
Oakenfull, D., Scott, A., Stabilization of gelatin by sugars and polyols (1986) Food Hydrocolloyds, 1, pp. 163-175; 
Poon, C.Y., Tonicity, O., Osmolality and Osmolarity (2006) Philadelphia: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, pp. 250-265. , 21st ed; 
Gauthier, O., Bouler, J.M., Weiss, P., Bosco, J., Aguado, E., Daculsi, G., Short-term effects of mineral particle sizes on cellular degradation activity after implantation of injectable calcium phosphate biomaterials and the consequences for bone substitution (1999) Bone, 25, pp. 71S-74S; 
Gisep, A., Curtis, R., Hanni, M., Suhm, N., Augmentation of implant purchase with bone cements: An in vitro study of injectability and dough distribution (2006) J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 77, pp. 114-119; 
Ginebra, M.P., Rilliard, A., Fernandez, E., Elvira, C., San Roman, J., Planell, J.A., Mechanical and rheological improvement of a calcium phosphate cement by the addition of a polymeric drug (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 57, pp. 113-118; 
Krebs, J., Ferguson, S.J., Bohner, M., Baroud, G., Steffen, T., Heini, P.F., Clinical measurements of cement injection pressure during vertebroplasty (2005) Spine, 30, pp. E118-E122; 
Bohner, M., Baroud, G., Injectability of calcium phosphate pastes (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 1553-1563; 
Hernandez, L., Gurruchaga, M., Goni, I., Influence of powder particle size distribution on complex viscosity and other properties of acrylic bone cement for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty (2006) J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 77, pp. 98-103; 
Yoshimine, F., Latta, L.L., Milne, E.L., Sliding characteristics of compression hip screws in the intertrochanteric fracture: A clinical study (1993) J Orthop Trauma, 7, pp. 348-353; 
Jasper, L.E., Deramond, H., Mathis, J.M., Belkoff, S.M., Material properties of various cements for use with vertebroplasty (2002) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 13, pp. 1-5
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {49 - 58},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to test the injectability of a bone filler system based on the combination of ceramic microspheres with a gel-like vehicle, for noninvasive surgery. Porous hydroxyapatite microspheres with a uniform size and an average diameter of 535 {\textpm} 38 μm were prepared, and their compression strength and friability were tested. The sodium-alginate solution with a concentration of 7.25\% (w/v) was used as the vehicle. To promote its in situ gelation, calcium carbonate and D-gluconic-δ-lactone were added to the solution. Microspheres were mixed with the vehicle at different percentages (20-40 wt \%). Gelation times in the range of 8-20 min, were obtained, depending on the formulation. Mixtures of HAp microspheres with alginate solution at 7.25\% originating a gel in 11 min present an adequate handling time to perform an injection. Their injectability was evaluated using an injection device commonly employed in vertebroplasty surgical procedures, coupled to a texturometer in compression mode. Using an extrusion rate of 0.1 mm/s, the force required to extrude any of the mixtures tested was lower than 100 N. For an extrusion rate of 1 mm/s mixtures with 40 wt \% of microspheres were very difficult to inject. Mixtures with 35 wt \% of microspheres presented the best compromise between injectability and compression strength of the gelled system. MicroCT analysis revealed a homogeneous distribution of the microspheres inside the vehicle, as well as full interconnection of the intra-microspheres spaces. The compression strength for the gelled systems ranged from 80 kPa (gel itself) to 600 kPa (composite with 40 Wt \% of microspheres). {\textcopyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Alginate, alginic acid, Apatite, article, Average diameter, bioengineering, Bone, bone filler system, Bone Substitutes, Calcium, Calcium carbonate, Ceramic, Ceramic microspheres, Coagulation, Colloids, compression, Compression mode, Compression strengths, Compressive Strength, Computerized tomography, Concentration (process), Data compression, Durapatite, Extrusion, Extrusion rates, Fillers, Forming, Gel-forming ability, Gelation, Gels, gluconolactonase, Handling time, Homogeneous distribution, hydrogel, hydroxyapatite, In situ gelation, in situ hybridization, In-situ, Injectability, injection, Injection (oil wells), Micro-CT, microsphere, Microspheres, Mixtures, non invasive procedure, Particle Size, Porous hydroxyapatite, Sodium, Surgery, Surgical procedures, Uniform size, Vehicles, Vertebroplasty},
	isbn = {15524973 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-52449123139\&partnerID=40\&md5=cc648bad01cb2c6aa01d885acac10e8a},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Barrias, C.C. and Almeida, I.F. and Costa, P.C. and Pena Ferreira, M.R. and Bahia, M.F. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2549,
	title = {Silicon nitride - bioglass composite for biomedical applications},
	journal = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {192-195},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference code: 57760Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Universidade do Porto, Porto, PortugalReferences: Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics;(1995) Engineering Materials Handbook, Ceramics and Glasses, Asm International, 4, pp. 812-820; 
Fishman, G., Clare, A., Hench, L.L., (1995) Materials and Applications, 48; 
Niihara, K., Morena, R., Hasselman, D.P., (1982) J. Mater. Sci., 1, pp. 13-16; 
Hench, L.L., (1998) Bioceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 (7), pp. 1705-1728; 
Landis, W.J., Martin, J.R., (1984) J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A2, p. 1108
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {589 - 592},
	publisher = {Trans Tech Publ},
	address = {Bologna, Italy},
	abstract = {This study aimed at preparing novel highly toughened bioactive ceramic composite composed of Si                        3N
                        4 matrix and Bioglass using a hot pressing technique. Densification rate, hardness and fracture toughness of this novel composite were assessed as well as in vitro bioactivity using a simulated body fluid (SBF). A fracture toughness of 5.2{\textpm}0.3 MPa.m.
                        1/2 was achieved for fully densified samples, which complies with K
                        1c value reported for cortical bone. This novel composite, which can be used in high load medical applications, seems to overcome the drawback of low fracture toughness presented by most currently available bioactive ceramics.
},
	keywords = {Bioactive ceramic composite, Bioglass, Biomaterials, Body fluids, Bone, Ceramic matrix composites, cortical bone, Densification, Fracture toughness, Glass ceramics, Hot pressing, Medical applications, Silicon nitride, Simulated body fluid},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035147698\&partnerID=40\&md5=3920a80d3e54d72e2efece615e5d55f3},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Amaral, M. and Oliveira, S.M. and Lopes, M.A. and Silva, R.F.}
}
