



@article {2236,
	title = {Covalent immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) onto biomaterial surfaces},
	journal = {Acta BiomaterialiaActa Biomater.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 24Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.005PubMed ID: 21056701Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Martins, M. C. L.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Divis{\~a}o de Biomateriais, Universidade Do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: cmartins@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: amoxicillin, 26787-78-0, 34642-77-8, 61336-70-7; ampicillin, 69-52-3, 69-53-4, 7177-48-2, 74083-13-9, 94586-58-0; carbenicillin, 17230-86-3, 4697-36-3, 4800-94-6; cefazolin, 25953-19-9, 27164-46-1; gentamicin, 1392-48-9, 1403-66-3, 1405-41-0; penicillin G, 1406-05-9, 61-33-6; teicoplanin, 61036-62-2, 61036-64-4; tobramycin, 32986-56-4; vancomycin, 1404-90-6, 1404-93-9; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Biocompatible Materials; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Immobilized ProteinsReferences: Glinel, K., Jonas, A.M., Jouenne, T., Leprince, J., Galas, L., Huck, W.T., Antibacterial and antifouling polymer brushes incorporating antimicrobial peptide (2009) Bioconj Chem, 20 (1), pp. 71-77;Vila, J., Soriano, A., Mensa, J., Molecular basis of microbial adherence to prosthetic materials. Role of biofilms in prosthesis-associated infection (2008) Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 26 (1), pp. 48-54; 
Hetrick, E.M., Schoenfisch, M.H., Reducing implant-related infections: Active release strategies (2006) Chemical Society Reviews, 35 (9), pp. 780-789. , DOI 10.1039/b515219b; 
Darouiche, R.O., Treatment of Infections Associated with Surgical Implants (2004) New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (14), pp. 1422-1429. , DOI 10.1056/NEJMra035415; 
Zhao, L., Chu, P.K., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Antibacterial coatings on titanium implants (2009) J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 91 (1), pp. 470-480; 
Dee, K.C., Puleo, D.A., Bizios, R., (2002) An Introduction to Tissue-biomaterial Interactions, , Wiley-Liss New York; 
Subramani, K., Jung, R.E., Molenberg, A., Hammerle, C.H., Biofilm on dental implants: A review of the literature (2009) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 24 (4), pp. 616-626; 
Fey, P.D., Olson, M.E., Current concepts in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis (2010) Future Microbiol, 5 (6), pp. 917-933; 
De Carvalho, C.C., Biofilms: Recent developments on an old battle (2007) Recent Pat Biotechnol, 1 (1), pp. 49-57; 
Costerton, J.W., Stewart, P.S., Greenberg, E.P., Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections (1999) Science, 284 (5418), pp. 1318-1322. , DOI 10.1126/science.284.5418.1318; 
Willcox, M.D., Hume, E.B., Aliwarga, Y., Kumar, N., Cole, N., A novel cationic-peptide coating for the prevention of microbial colonization on contact lenses (2008) J Appl Microbiol, 105 (6), pp. 1817-1825; 
Lewis, K., Riddle of biofilm resistance (2001) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45 (4), pp. 999-1007. , DOI 10.1128/AAC.45.4.999-1007.2001; 
Monteiro, D.R., Gorup, L.F., Takamiya, A.S., Ruvollo-Filho, A.C., De Camargo, E.R., Barbosa, D.B., The growing importance of materials that prevent microbial adhesion: Antimicrobial effect of medical devices containing silver (2009) Int J Antimicrob Agents, 34 (2), pp. 103-110; 
Gooderham, W.J., Bains, M., McPhee, J.B., Wiegand, I., Hancock, R.E., Induction by cationic antimicrobial peptides and involvement in intrinsic polymyxin and antimicrobial peptide resistance, biofilm formation, and swarming motility of PsrA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2008) J Bacteriol, 190 (16), pp. 5624-5634; 
Bagge, N., Schuster, M., Hentzer, M., Ciofu, O., Givskov, M., Greenberg, E.P., Hoiby, N., Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Exposed to Imipenem Exhibit Changes in Global Gene Expression and β-Lactamase and Alginate Production (2004) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48 (4), pp. 1175-1187. , DOI 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1175-1187.2004; 
Ahmed, N.A., Petersen, F.C., Scheie, A.A., AI-2/LuxS is involved in increased biofilm formation by Streptococcus intermedius in the presence of antibiotics (2009) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 53 (10), pp. 4258-4263; 
Hoffman, L.R., D{\textquoteright}Argenio, D.A., MacCoss, M.J., Zhang, Z., Jones, R.A., Miller, S.I., Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation (2005) Nature, 436 (7054), pp. 1171-1175. , DOI 10.1038/nature03912; 
Harbers, G.M., Emoto, K., Greef, C., Metzger, S.W., Woodward, H.N., Mascali, J.J., Grainger, D.W., Lochhead, M.J., Functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-based bioassay surface chemistry that facilitates bio-immobilization and inhibits nonspecific protein, bacterial, and mammalian cell adhesion (2007) Chemistry of Materials, 19 (18), pp. 4405-4414. , DOI 10.1021/cm070509u; 
Chapman, R.G., Ostuni, E., Liang, M.N., Meluleni, G., Kim, E., Yan, L., Pier, G., Whitesides, G.M., Polymeric thin films that resist the adsorption of proteins and the adhesion of bacteria (2001) Langmuir, 17 (4), pp. 1225-1233. , DOI 10.1021/la001222d; 
Goncalves, I.C., Martins, M.C., Barbosa, M.A., Naeemi, E., Ratner, B.D., Selective protein adsorption modulates platelet adhesion and activation to oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated self-assembled monolayers with C18 ligands (2009) J Biomed Mater Res A, 89 (3), pp. 642-653; 
Chung, D., Papadakis, S.E., Yam, K.L., Evaluation of a polymer coating containing triclosan as the antimicrobial layer for packaging materials (2003) International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 38 (2), pp. 165-169. , DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2003.00657.x; 
Leung, D., Spratt, D.A., Pratten, J., Gulabivala, K., Mordan, N.J., Young, A.M., Chlorhexidine-releasing methacrylate dental composite materials (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (34), pp. 7145-7153. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.014, PII S0142961205003881; 
Ravikumar, T., Murata, H., Koepsel, R.R., Russell, A.J., Surface-active antifungal polyquaternary amine (2006) Biomacromolecules, 7 (10), pp. 2762-2769. , DOI 10.1021/bm060476w; 
Bach, A., Darby, D., Bottiger, B., Bohrer, H., Motsch, J., Martin, E., Retention of the antibiotic teicoplanin on a hydromer-coated central venous catheter to prevent bacterial colonization in postoperative surgical patients (1996) Intensive Care Medicine, 22 (10), pp. 1066-1069. , DOI 10.1007/s001340050214; 
Jose, B., Antoci Jr., V., Zeiger, A.R., Wickstrom, E., Hickok, N.J., Vancomycin covalently bonded to titanium beads kills Staphylococcus aureus (2005) Chemistry and Biology, 12 (9), pp. 1041-1048. , DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.06.013, PII S1074552105002309; 
Kilic, D., Agalar, C., Ozturk, E., Denkbas, E.B., Cime, A., Agalar, F., Antimicrobial activity of cefazolin-impregnated mesh grafts (2007) ANZ Journal of Surgery, 77 (4), pp. 256-260. , DOI 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04029.x; 
Gallardo-Moreno, A.M., Pacha-Olivenza, M.A., Saldana, L., Perez-Giraldo, C., Bruque, J.M., Vilaboa, N., In vitro biocompatibility and bacterial adhesion of physico-chemically modified Ti6Al4V surface by means of UV irradiation (2009) Acta Biomater, 5 (1), pp. 181-192; 
Jansen, B., Kohnen, W., Prevention of biofilm formation by polymer modification (1995) Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 15 (4), pp. 391-396. , DOI 10.1007/BF01569996; 
Martins, M.C.L., Wang, D., Ji, J., Feng, L., Barbosa, M.A., Albumin and fibrinogen adsorption on Cibacron blue F3G-A immobilised onto PU-PHEMA (polyurethane-poly (hydroxyethylmethacrylate)) surfaces (2003) Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 14 (5), pp. 439-455. , DOI 10.1163/156856203766652057; 
Zhang, F., Zhang, Z., Zhu, X., Kang, E.T., Neoh, K.G., Silk-functionalized titanium surfaces for enhancing osteoblast functions and reducing bacterial adhesion (2008) Biomaterials, 29 (36), pp. 4751-4759; 
Flemming, R.G., Capelli, C.C., Cooper, S.L., Proctor, R.A., Bacterial colonization of functionalized polyurethanes (2000) Biomaterials, 21 (3), pp. 273-281; 
Singla, A.K., Chawla, M., Chitosan: Some pharmaceutical and biological aspects - An update (2001) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 53 (8), pp. 1047-1067. , DOI 10.1211/0022357011776441; 
Murata, H., Koepsel, R.R., Matyjaszewski, K., Russell, A.J., Permanent, non-leaching antibacterial surfaces-2: How high density cationic surfaces kill bacterial cells (2007) Biomaterials, 28 (32), pp. 4870-4879. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.06.012, PII S0142961207004681; 
Aumsuwan, N., Danyus, R.C., Heinhorst, S., Urban, M.W., Attachment of ampicillin to expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene): Surface reactions leading to inhibition of microbial growth (2008) Biomacromolecules, 9 (7), pp. 1712-1718; 
Cevher, E., Orhan, Z., Mulazimoglu, L., Sensoy, D., Alper, M., Yildiz, A., Characterization of biodegradable chitosan microspheres containing vancomycin and treatment of experimental osteomyelitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with prepared microspheres (2006) Int J Pharm, 317 (2), pp. 127-135; 
Faber, C., Stallmann, H.P., Lyaruu, D.M., Joosten, U., Von Eiff, C., Van Nieuw Amerongen, A., Wuisman, P.I.J.M., Comparable efficacies of the antimicrobial peptide human lactoferrin 1-11 and gentamicin in a chronic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis model (2005) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49 (6), pp. 2438-2444. , DOI 10.1128/AAC.49.6.2438-2444.2005; 
Aumsuwan, N., Heinhorst, S., Urban, M.W., Antibacterial surfaces on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; penicillin attachment (2007) Biomacromolecules, 8 (2), pp. 713-718. , DOI 10.1021/bm061050k; 
Palumbi, S.R., Humans as the world{\textquoteright}s greatest evolutionary force (2001) Science, 293 (5536), pp. 1786-1790. , DOI 10.1126/science.293.5536.1786; 
Andreu, D., Rivas, L., Animal antimicrobial peptides: An overview (1998) Biopolymers, 47 (6), pp. 415-433; 
Rivas, L., Luque-Ortega, J.R., Andreu, D., Amphibian antimicrobial peptides and Protozoa: Lessons from parasites (2009) Biochim Biophys Acta, 1788 (8), pp. 1570-1581; 
Gordon, Y.J., Romanowski, E.G., McDermott, A.M., Mini review: A review of antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential as anti-infective drugs (2005) Current Eye Research, 30 (7), pp. 505-515. , DOI 10.1080/02713680590968637; 
Guani-Guerra, E., Santos-Mendoza, T., Lugo-Reyes, S.O., Teran, L.M., Antimicrobial peptides: General overview and clinical implications in human health and disease (2010) Clin Immunol, 135 (1), pp. 1-11; 
Perron, G.G., Zasloff, M., Bell, G., Experimental evolution of resistance to an antimicrobial peptide (2006) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273 (1583), pp. 251-256. , DOI 10.1098/rspb.2005.3301; 
Reddy, K.V.R., Yedery, R.D., Aranha, C., Antimicrobial peptides: Premises and promises (2004) International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 24 (6), pp. 536-547. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.005, PII S092485790400322X; 
Van {\textquoteright}T Hof, W., Veerman, E.C.I., Heimerhorst, E.J., Nieuw Amerongen, A.V., Antimicrobial peptides: Properties and applicability (2001) Biological Chemistry, 382 (4), pp. 597-619. , DOI 10.1515/BC.2001.072; 
Li, M., Cha, D.J., Lai, Y., Villaruz, A.E., Sturdevant, D.E., Otto, M., The antimicrobial peptide-sensing system aps of Staphylococcus aureus (2007) Molecular Microbiology, 66 (5), pp. 1136-1147. , DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05986.x; 
Li, M., Lai, Y., Villaruz, A.E., Cha, D.J., Sturdevant, D.E., Otto, M., Gram-positive three-component antimicrobial peptide-sensing system (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 (22), pp. 9469-9474. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.0702159104; 
Otto, M., Bacterial sensing of antimicrobial peptides (2009) Contrib Microbiol, 16, pp. 136-149; 
Peschel, A., Vincent Collins, L., Staphylococcal resistance to antimicrobial peptides of mammalian and bacterial origin (2001) Peptides, 22 (10), pp. 1651-1659. , DOI 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00500-9, PII S0196978101005009; 
Peschel, A., Jack, R.W., Otto, M., Collins, L.V., Staubitz, P., Nicholson, G., Kalbacher, H., Van Strijp, J.A.G., Staphylococcus aureus resistance to human defensins and evasion of neutrophil killing via the novel virulence factor MprF is based on modification of membrane lipids with L-lysine (2001) Journal of Experimental Medicine, 193 (9), pp. 1067-1076. , DOI 10.1084/jem.193.9.1067; 
Cao, M., Helmann, J.D., The Bacillus subtilis Extracytoplasmic-Function σ X Factor Regulates Modification of the Cell Envelope and Resistance to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides (2004) Journal of Bacteriology, 186 (4), pp. 1136-1146. , DOI 10.1128/JB.186.4.1136-1146.2004; 
Clarke, S.R., Foster, S.J., IsdA protects Staphylococcus aureus against the bactericidal protease activity of apolactoferrin (2008) Infection and Immunity, 76 (4), pp. 1518-1526. , DOI 10.1128/IAI.01530-07; 
Vuong, C., Voyich, J.M., Fischer, E.R., Braughton, K.R., Whitney, A.R., DeLeo, F.R., Otto, M., Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) protects Staphylococcus epidermidis against major components of the human innate immune system (2004) Cellular Microbiology, 6 (3), pp. 269-275. , DOI 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2004.00367.x; 
Zasloff, M., Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms (2002) Nature, 415 (6870), pp. 389-395. , DOI 10.1038/415389a; 
Hancock, R.E.W., Peptide antibiotics (1997) Lancet, 349 (9049), pp. 418-422. , DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80051-7; 
Cho, W.-M., Joshi, B.P., Cho, H., Lee, K.-H., Design and synthesis of novel antibacterial peptide-resin conjugates (2007) Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 17 (21), pp. 5772-5776. , DOI 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.056, PII S0960894X0701013X; 
Statz, A.R., Park, J.P., Chongsiriwatana, N.P., Barron, A.E., Messersmith, P.B., Surface-immobilised antimicrobial peptoids (2008) Biofouling, 24 (6), pp. 439-448; 
Deslouches, B., Gonzalez, I.A., DeAlmeida, D., Islam, K., Steele, C., Montelaro, R.C., Mietzner, T.A., De novo-derived cationic antimicrobial peptide activity in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia (2007) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 60 (3), pp. 669-672. , DOI 10.1093/jac/dkm253; 
Novak, K.F., Diamond, W.J., Kirakodu, S., Peyyala, R., Anderson, K.W., Montelaro, R.C., Mietzner, T.A., Efficacy of the de novo-derived antimicrobial peptide WLBU2 against oral bacteria (2007) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51 (5), pp. 1837-1839. , DOI 10.1128/AAC.00924-06; 
Deslouches, B., Islam, K., Craigo, J.K., Paranjape, S.M., Montelaro, R.C., Mietzner, T.A., Activity of the de novo engineered antimicrobial peptide WLBU2 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human serum and whole blood: Implications for systemic applications (2005) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49 (8), pp. 3208-3216. , DOI 10.1128/AAC.49.8.3208-3216.2005; 
Deslouches, B., Phadke, S.M., Lazarevic, V., Cascio, M., Islam, K., Montelaro, R.C., Mietzner, T.A., De novo generation of cationic antimicrobial peptides: Influence of length and tryptophan substitution on antimicrobial activity (2005) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49 (1), pp. 316-322. , DOI 10.1128/AAC.49.1.316-322.2005; 
Levin, M., Quint, P.A., Goldstein, B., Barton, P., Bradley, J.S., Shemie, S.D., Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) as adjunctive treatment for children with severe meningococcal sepsis: A randomised trial. rBPI21 Meningococcal Sepsis Study Group (2000) Lancet, 356 (9234), pp. 961-967; 
Giroir, B.P., Scannon, P.J., Levin, M., Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein-lessons learned from the phase III, randomized, clinical trial of rBPI21 for adjunctive treatment of children with severe meningococcemia (2001) Crit Care Med, 29 (7 SUPPL.), pp. 130-135; 
Brogden, K.A., Antimicrobial peptides: Pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? (2005) Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3 (3), pp. 238-250. , DOI 10.1038/nrmicro1098; 
Bastos, M., Bai, G., Gomes, P., Andreu, D., Goormaghtigh, E., Prieto, M., Energetics and partition of two cecropin-melittin hybrid peptides to model membranes of different composition (2008) Biophys J, 94 (6), pp. 2128-2141; 
Melo, M.N., Ferre, R., Castanho, M.A., Antimicrobial peptides: Linking partition, activity and high membrane-bound concentrations (2009) Nat Rev Microbiol, 7 (3), pp. 245-250; 
Haynie, S.L., Crum, G.A., Doele, B.A., Antimicrobial activities of amphiphilic peptides covalently bonded to a water-insoluble resin (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39 (2), pp. 301-307; 
Humblot, V., Yala, J.F., Thebault, P., Boukerma, K., Hequet, A., Berjeaud, J.M., The antibacterial activity of Magainin i immobilized onto mixed thiols self-assembled monolayers (2009) Biomaterials, 30 (21), pp. 3503-3512; 
Bagheri, M., Beyermann, M., Dathe, M., Immobilization reduces the activity of surface-bound cationic antimicrobial peptides with no influence upon the activity spectrum (2009) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 53 (3), pp. 1132-1141; 
Gabriel, M., Nazmi, K., Veerman, E.C., Nieuw Amerongen, A.V., Zentner, A., Preparation of LL-37-grafted titanium surfaces with bactericidal activity (2006) Bioconj Chem, 17 (2), pp. 548-550; 
Hilpert, K., Elliott, M., Jenssen, H., Kindrachuk, J., Fjell, C.D., Korner, J., Screening and characterization of surface-tethered cationic peptides for antimicrobial activity (2009) Chem Biol, 16 (1), pp. 58-69; 
Batista, M.K.S., Gallemi, M., Adeva, A., Gomes, C.A.R., Gomes, P., Facile regioselective synthesis of a novel chitosan-pexiganan conjugate with potential interest for the treatment of infected skin lesions (2009) Synthetic Commun, 39 (7), pp. 1228-1240; 
Venter, J.C., Immobilized and insolubilized drugs, hormones, and neurotransmitters: Properties, mechanisms of action and applications (1982) Pharmacological Reviews, 34 (2), pp. 153-187; 
Endo, Y., Tani, T., Kodama, M., Antimicrobial activity of tertiary amine covalently bonded to a polystyrene fiber (1987) Appl Environ Microbiol, 53 (9), pp. 2050-2055; 
Chuang, H.F., Shukla, A., Loose, C.R., Hammond-Cunningham, P.T., Stephanopoulos, G., (2009) Structures Including Antimicrobial Peptides, , United States; 
Chen, R., Cole, N., Willcox, M.D., Park, J., Rasul, R., Carter, E., Synthesis, characterization and in vitro activity of a surface-attached antimicrobial cationic peptide (2009) Biofouling, 25 (6), pp. 517-524; 
Steven, M.D., Hotchkiss, J.H., Covalent immobilization of an antimicrobial peptide on poly(ethylene) film (2008) J Appl Polym Sci, 110 (5), pp. 2665-2670; 
Appendini, P., Hotchkiss, J.H., Surface modification of poly(styrene) by the attachment of an antimicrobial peptide (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 81 (3), pp. 609-616; 
Fields, G.B., Noble, R.L., Solid phase peptide synthesis utilizing 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acids (1990) International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research, 35 (3), pp. 161-214; 
Rostovtsev, V.V., Green, L.G., Fokin, V.V., Sharpless, K.B., A stepwise huisgen cycloaddition process: Copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective "ligation" of azides and terminal alkynes (2002) Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 41 (14), pp. 2596-2599. , DOI 10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41: 14<2596::AID-ANIE2596>3.0.CO;2-4; 
Abad, J.M., Velez, M., Santamaria, C., Guisan, J.M., Matheus, P.R., Vazquez, L., Gazaryan, I., Fernandez, V.M., Immobilization of peroxidase glycoprotein on gold electrodes modified with mixed epoxy-boronic acid monolayers (2002) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124 (43), pp. 12845-12853. , DOI 10.1021/ja026658p; 
Lee, M.-R., Shin, I., Fabrication of chemical microarrays by efficient immobilization of hydrazide-linked substances on epoxide-coated glass surfaces (2005) Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 44 (19), pp. 2881-2884. , DOI 10.1002/anie.200462720; 
Hudalla, G.A., Murphy, W.L., Immobilization of peptides with distinct biological activities onto stem cell culture substrates using orthogonal chemistries (2010) Langmuir, 26 (9), pp. 6449-6456; 
Cole, N., Hume, E.B., Vijay, A.K., Sankaridurg, P., Kumar, N., Willcox, M.D., In vivo performance of melimine as an antimicrobial coating for contact lenses in models of CLARE and CLPU (2010) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 51 (1), pp. 390-395
},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {1431 - 1440},
	abstract = {Bacterial adhesion to biomaterials remains a major problem in the medical devices field. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are well-known components of the innate immune system that can be applied to overcome biofilm-associated infections. Their relevance has been increasing as a practical alternative to conventional antibiotics, which are declining in effectiveness. The recent interest focused on these peptides can be explained by a group of special features, including a wide spectrum of activity, high efficacy at very low concentrations, target specificity, anti-endotoxin activity, synergistic action with classical antibiotics, and low propensity for developing resistance. Therefore, the development of an antimicrobial coating with such properties would be worthwhile. The immobilization of AMPs onto a biomaterial surface has further advantages as it also helps to circumvent AMPs{\textquoteright} potential limitations, such as short half-life and cytotoxicity associated with higher concentrations of soluble peptides. The studies discussed in the current review report on the impact of covalent immobilization of AMPs onto surfaces through different chemical coupling strategies, length of spacers, and peptide orientation and concentration. The overall results suggest that immobilized AMPs may be effective in the prevention of biofilm formation by reduction of microorganism survival post-contact with the coated biomaterial. Minimal cytotoxicity and long-term stability profiles were obtained by optimizing immobilization parameters, indicating a promising potential for the use of immobilized AMPs in clinical applications. On the other hand, the effects of tethering on mechanisms of action of AMPs have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, further studies are recommended to explore the real potential of immobilized AMPs in health applications as antimicrobial coatings of medical devices. {\textcopyright} 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, amoxicillin, ampicillin, Animals, antibiotic agent, antibiotic resistance, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Antimicrobial peptides, Bacteria (microorganisms), Bacterial adhesion, bacterial survival, Biocompatible Materials, biofilm, Biofilms, biomaterial, carbenicillin, cefazolin, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Cytotoxicity, drug activity, drug half life, drug solubility, drug stability, drug targeting, gentamicin, human, Humans, Immobilized Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, mouth inflammation, Nanostructured surfaces, nonhuman, penicillin G, polypeptide antibiotic agent, priority journal, review, sepsis, skin infection, soft tissue infection, Surface functionalization, Surface Properties, teicoplanin, tobramycin, vancomycin},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952187401\&partnerID=40\&md5=70d486a4c6e1ba88f804c0f0d4f4e510},
	author = {Costa, F. and Carvalho, I.F. and Montelaro, R.C. and Gomes, P. and Martins, M.C.L.}
}
@article {2334,
	title = {Molecular epidemiology of pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Portuguese Central Hospital},
	journal = {Folia MicrobiologicaFolia Microbiol.},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: FOMIAdoi: 10.1007/s12223-008-0086-yLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fonseca, A. P.Rua Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; email: apfonseca08@sapo.ptChemicals/CAS: DNA, BacterialReferences: Bergmans, D., Bonten, M., van tiel, F., Gaillard, C., London, N., van der Geest, S., de Leeuw, P., Stobbrringh, E., Value of phenotyping methods as an initial screening of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epidemiologic studies (1997) Infection, 25, pp. 350-354;Bertrand, X., Thouverez, M., Talon, D., Boillot, A., Capellier, G., Floriot, C., Helias, J.P., Endemicity, molecular diversity and colonization routes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units (2001) Intens.Care Med., 27, pp. 1263-1268; 
Br{\'\i}zio, A., Silva, A., Canas, E., Ferreira, T., Lito, L.M., Cristino, J.M., Salgado, M.J., Duarte, A., Spread of ln58 containing bla VIM-2 among Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2006) Clin.Microbiol.Infect.Dis., 12 (SUPPL. 4), p. 931; 
Br{\'\i}zio, A., Vasco, S., Gon{\c c}alves, A.R., Lito, L.M., Cristino, J.M., Salgado, M.J., Duarte, A., Survey of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolates from a Portuguese hospital and characterisation of a novel class 1 integron (In60A) carrying the blaCTX-M-9 gene (2006) Internat.J.Antimicrob.Agents, 28, pp. 320-324; 
Buchholz, P., Richter, M., Fiedler, G., Halle, E., Epidemiological fingerprinting of multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients of intensive care units of the Charit{\'e} Hospital, Berlin (1995) Med.Microbiol.Lett., 4, pp. 7-13; 
{\v C}ernohorsk{\'a}, L., Votava, M., Antibiotic synergy against biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2008) Folia Microbiol, 53, pp. 57-61; 
Elaichouni, A., Verschraegen, G., Claeys, G., Devleeschouwer, M., Godard, C., Vaneechoutte, M., Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O12 outbreak studied by arbitrary primer PCR (1994) J.Clin.Microbiol., 32, pp. 666-671; 
Fonseca, A.P., Correia, P., Fonseca, A.F., Tenreiro, R., Sousa, J.C., Polyphasic approach to the characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from a Portuguese Central Hospital (2004) Clin.Microbiol.Infect., 10 (SUPPL. 3), p. 1113; 
Fonseca, A.P., Correia, P., Sousa, J.C., Tenreiro, R., Association patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates as revealed by virulence traits, antibiotic resistance, serotype and genotype (2007) FEMS Immunol.Med.Microbiol., 51, pp. 505-516; 
Grundmann, H., Kropec, A., Hartung, D., Berner, R., Daschner, F., Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: Reservoirs and ecology of the nosocomial pathogen (1993) J.Infect.Dis., 168, pp. 943-947; 
Grundmann, H.J., Towner, K.J., Dijkshoorn, L., Gerner-smidt, P., Maher, M., Seifert, H., Vaneechoutte, M., Multicenter study using standardized protocols and reagents for evaluation of reproducibility of PCR-based fingerprinting of Acinetobacter spp (1997) J.Clin.Microbiol., 35, pp. 3071-3077; 
Ho{\v s}tack{\'a}, A., {\v C}i{\v z}n{\'a}r, I., Slobodn{\'\i}kov{\'a}, L., Kotulov{\'a}, D., Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Potential factors of pathogenicity and resistance to antimicrobials (2006) Folia Microbiol, 51, pp. 633-638; 
Hunter, P.R., Gaston, M.M., Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: An application of Simpson{\textquoteright}s index of diversity (1989) J.Clin.Microbiol., 26, pp. 2465-2466; 
Huston, W.M., Potter, A.J., Jennings, M.P., Rello, J., Hauser, A.R., McEwan, A.G., Survey of ferroxidase expression and siderophore production in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2004) J.Clin.Microbiol., 42, pp. 2806-2809; 
Jalaluddin, S., Devaster, J.-M., Scheen, R., Gerard, M., Butzler, J.-P., Molecular epidemiological study of nosocomial Enterobacter aerogenes isolates in a Belgian hospital (1998) J.Clin.Microbiol., 36, pp. 1846-1852; 
Juretschko, S., Labombardi, V.J., Lerner, S.A., Schreckenberger, P.C., Pseudomonas AST Study Group: Accuracies of β-lactam susceptibility test results for Pseudomonas aeruginosa with four automated systems (BD Phoenix, MicroScan WalkAway, Vitek, and Vitek 2) (2007) J.Clin.Microbiol., 45, pp. 1339-1342; 
King, E.O., Ward, M.K., Raney, D.E., Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein (1954) J.Lab.Clin.Med., 44, pp. 301-307; 
Kiska, D.L., Gilligan, P.H., Pseudomonas and Burkholderia (1999) Manual of Clinical Microbiology, pp. 517-525. , in P.R.Murray,E.J.Baron,M.A.Pfaller,F.C.Tenover,R.H.Yolken(Eds) 7th ed. American Society for Microbiology,Washington (DC); 
Morales, G., Wiehlmann, L., Gudowius, P., van Delden, C., T{\"u}mmler, B., Mart{\'\i}nez, J.L., Rojo, F., Structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations analyzed by single nucleotide polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping (2004) J.Bacteriol., 186, pp. 4228-4237; 
Nogueira, J.A., (1995) Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Agente Nosocomial, , (In Portuguese) PhD Thesis. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto (Portugal); 
Olive, P.B.D., Principles and applications of methods for DNA-based typing of microbial organisms (1999) J.Clin.Microbiol., 37, pp. 1661-1669; 
Pirnay, J.P., de Vos, D., Cochez, C., Bilocq, F., Vanderkelen, A., Zizi, M., Ghysels, B., Cornelis, P., Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays an epidemic population structure (2002) Environ.Microbiol., 4, pp. 898-911; 
Pirnay, J.P., Matthijs, S., Colak, H., Chablain, P., Bilocq, F., Van eldere, J., de Vos, D., Cornelis, P., Global Pseudomonas aeruginosa biodiversity as reflected in a Belgian river (2005) Environ.Microbiol., 7, pp. 969-980; 
Speijer, H., Savelkoulp, P.H.M., Bonten, M.J., Stobberingh, E.E., Tjhie, J.H.T., Application of different genotyping methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a setting of endemicity in an intensive care unit (1999) J.Clin.Microbiol., 37, pp. 3654-3661; 
Tenover, F., Arbeit, R.D., Goering, R.V., Mickelsen, P.A., Murray, B.E., Persing, D.H., Swaminathan, B., Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: Criteria for bacterial strain typing (1995) J.Clin. Microbiol., 33, pp. 2233-2239; 
Wiehlmann, L., Wagner, G., Cramer, N., Siebert, B., Gudowius, P., Morales, G., K{\"o}hler, T., T{\"u}mmler, B., Population structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2007) Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA, 104, pp. 8101-8106
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {540 - 546},
	abstract = {The relatedness between clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained from patients during their stay in a Portuguese Central Hospital was evaluated. Genotypic fingerprinting (M13-PCR), phenotypic methods (biotyping and antibiotyping) and epidemiological information (spatial and temporal links) were used to evaluate the relatedness between 88 clinical isolates (68 patients), selected randomly out of 189. Sixty-two M13 types were found, 12 of them containing isolates from more than one patient. Thirty-four antibiotypes were found, as well as a significant association (p < 0.05) between epidemic isolates and multiresistance patterns. The nosocomial transmission of P. aeruginosa strains may be limited since M13 typing demonstrated a high degree of diversity among all the isolates, suggesting the occurrence of mainly independent infectious episodes. The results show the possible occurrence of cross-acquisition, cross-colonization and cross-infection and suggest an epidemic population structure for P. aeruginosa in this hospital.},
	keywords = {antibiotic resistance, article, bacterial DNA, cross infection, disease transmission, DNA, Bacterial, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, epidemiology, genetics, genotype, Hospitals, Teaching, human, Humans, isolation and purification, microbiology, polymerase chain reaction, Portugal, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas infection, Pseudomonas Infections, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, Sampling Studies, statistics, teaching hospital},
	isbn = {00155632 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65549157108\&partnerID=40\&md5=ba6aed0b4b5f511f340fea96df7b6449},
	author = {Fonseca, A.P. and Correia, P. and Extremina, C.I. and Sousa, J.C. and Tenreiro, R. and Barros, H.}
}
@article {2377,
	title = {Nanohydroxyapatite microspheres as delivery system for antibiotics: Release kinetics, antimicrobial activity, and interaction with osteoblasts},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 32Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31151PubMed ID: 17252559Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ferraz, M.P.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: mpferraz@ufp.ptChemicals/CAS: amoxicillin, 26787-78-0, 34642-77-8, 61336-70-7; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, 74469-00-4, 79198-29-1; clindamycin, 18323-44-9; erythromycin, 114-07-8, 70536-18-4; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; metronidazole, 39322-38-8, 443-48-1; minocycline, 10118-90-8, 11006-27-2, 13614-98-7; tetracycline, 23843-90-5, 60-54-8, 64-75-5; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Krejci, C.B., Bissada, N.F., Farah, C., Greenwell, H., Clinical-evaluation of porous and nonporous hydroxyapatite in the treatment of human periodontal bony defects (1987) J Periodontol, 58, pp. 521-528;Kinane, D.F., Lindhe, J., Pathogenesis of periodontitis (2002) Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, pp. 189-225. , Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP, editors, Copenhagen: Munksgaard;; 
Slots, J., Armitage, G.C., Cochran, D., Cohen, R.E., Greenstein, G., Mariotti, A., Rethman, M.P., and others, Systemic antibiotics in periodontics (1996) J Periodontol, 67, pp. 831-838; 
Mombelli, A., Antibiotics in periodontal therapy (2002) Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, , Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP, editors, Copenhagen: Munksgaard;; 
Etienne, D., Locally delivered antimicrobials for the treatment of chronic periodontitis (2003) Oral Dis, 9, pp. 45-50; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Porous HA scaffolds for drug releasing (2005) Bioceramics, 17, pp. 407-410; 
Queiroz, A.C., Teixeira, S., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Porous hydroxyapatite and glass reinforced hydroxyapatite for controlled release of sodium ampicillin (2004) Bioceramics, 16, pp. 997-1000; 
Hannes, P.J., Purvis, J.P., Local anti-infective therapy: Pharmacological agents. A systemic review (2003) Ann Periodontol, 8, pp. 79-98; 
Soskolne, W.A., Heasman, P.A., Stabholz, A., Smart, G.J., Palmer, M., Flashner, M., Newman, H.N., Sustained local delivery of chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontitis: A multi-center study (1997) J Periodontol, 68, pp. 32-38; 
Greenstein, G., Polson, A., The role of local drug delivery in the management of periodontal diseases: A comprehensive review (1998) J Periodontol, 69, pp. 507-520; 
Killoy, W.J., Chemical treatment of periodontitis: Local delivery of antimicrobials (1998) Int Dent J, 48, pp. 305-315; 
Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Vivien-Castioni, N., Gurny, R., Local delivery of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases (2000) Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 50, pp. 83-99; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Development of a system to adsorb drugs onto calcium phosphate materials (2005) J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 16, pp. 641-646; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Adsorption isotherm of sodium ampicillin onto dense and porous hydroxyapatite (2005) Bioceramics, 17, pp. 387-390; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., da Silva, MHP dissolution studies of hydroxyapatite and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite ceramics (2003) Mater Char, 50, pp. 197-202; 
Rauschmann, M.A., Wichelhaus, T.A., Stirnal, V., Dingeldein, E., Zichner, L., Schnettler, R., Alt, V., Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and calcium sulphate as biodegradable composite carrier material for local delivery of antibiotics in bone infections (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 2677-2684; 
Queiroz, A.C., Teixeira, S., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Production of porus hydroxyapatite with potential for controlled drug delivery (2004) Mater Sci Forum, 455-456, pp. 358-360; 
Daculsi, G., Passuti, N., Effect of the macroporosity for osseous substitution of calcium-phosphate ceramics (1990) Biomaterials, 11, pp. 86-87; 
Gauthier, O., Bouler, J.M., Weiss, P., Bosco, J., Daculsi, G., Aguado, E., Kinetic study of bone ingrowth and ceramic resorption associated with the implantation of different injectable calcium-phosphate bone substitutes (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 47, pp. 28-35; 
Webster, T.J., Ergun, C., Doremus, R.H., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Specific proteins mediate enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 51, pp. 475-483; 
Webster, T.J., Ergun, C., Doremus, R.H., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1803-1810; 
Webster, T.J., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Enhanced surface and mechanical properties of nanophase ceramics to achieve orthopaedic/dental implant efficacy (2000) Bioceramics, 13, pp. 321-324; 
Liou, S.C., Chen, S.Y., Liu, D.M., Synthesis and characterization of needlelike apatitic nanocomposite with controlled aspect ratios (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 3981-3988; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Manuel, C.D., Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: A review of preparation methodologies (2004) J Appl Biomater Biomech, 2, pp. 74-80; 
Barrias CC, Ribeiro CC, Martins MCL, Barbosa MA, Rodrigues D, Miranda MCS. Calcium phosphate microspheres for localised delivery of a therapeutic enzyme. Bioceramics 2006;18 (Parts 1/2):903-906Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Calcium phosphate-alginate microspheres as enzyme delivery matrices (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 4363-4373; 
Socransky, S.S., Haffajee, A.D., Microbiology of periodontal disease (2002) Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, , Lindhe J, editor, Copenhagen: Munksgaard;; 
Slots, J., Selection of antimicrobial agents in periodontal therapy (2002) J Periodontal Res, 37, pp. 389-398; 
Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Preparation and characterisation of calcium-phosphate porous microspheres with a uniform size for biomedical applications (2006) J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 17, pp. 455-463; 
Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Lamghari, M., S{\'a}, C., Barbosa, M.A., Proliferation, activity and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on calcium titanium phosphate microspheres (2005) J Biomed Mater Res A, 72, pp. 57-66; 
Mateus, A.Y.P., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Comparative study of injectable material synthesised from alginate and two types of hydroxyapatite Submitted for publicationFerraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., CaO-P2O5 glass hydroxyapatite double layer plasma sprayed coatings: In vitro bioactivity evaluation (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 376-383; 
Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Oka, M., Nakamura, T., Kitsogi, T., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Surface reactions of calcium phosphate ceramics to various solutions (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 471-488; 
Gautier, H., Daculsi, G., Merle, C., Association of vancomycin and calcium phosphate by dynamic compaction: In vitro characterization and microbiological activity (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 2481-2487; 
Kimakhe, S., Bohic, S., Larrose, C., Reynaud, A., Pilet, P., Giumelli, B., Heymann, D., Daculsi, G., Biological activities of sustained polymyxin B release from calcium phosphate biomaterial prepared by dynamic compaction: An in vitro study (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 47, pp. 18-27; 
Korkusuz, F., Uchida, A., Shinto, Y., Araki, N., Inoue, K., Ono, K., Experimental implant-related osteomyelitis treated by antibiotic-calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic composites (1993) J Bone Joint Surg-Br, 75, pp. 111-114; 
Otsuka, M., Matsuda, Y., Kokubo, T., Yoshihara, S., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., A novel skeletal drug-delivery system using self-setting bioactive glass bone-cement. II. Drug-release from a novel self-setting bioactive glass bone-cement containing cephalexin and its physicochemical properties (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 33-38; 
Shinto, Y., Uchida, A., Korkusuz, F., Araki, N., Ono, K., Calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic used as a delivery system for antibiotics (1992) J Bone Joint Surg Br, 74, pp. 600-604; 
Yamamura, K., Iwata, H., Yotsuyanagi, T., Synthesis of antibiotic-loaded hydroxyapatite beads and invitro drug release testing (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 1053-1064; 
Clover, J., Gowen, M., Are Mg-63 and Hos Te85 human osteosarcoma cell-lines representative models of the osteoblastic phenotype? (1994) Bone, 15, pp. 585-591
},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {994 - 1004},
	abstract = {Severe periodontitis treatment, where massive alveolar bone loss occurs, involves bone defect filling and intensive systemic log-term antibiotics administration. This study aims at developing novel injectable drug delivery systems (nanohydroxyapatite microspheres) with the drug releasing capability for periodontitis treatment and simultaneously initiating the osteointegration process. Materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, inverted stand optical microscope analysis, and mercury porosimetry method. Amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, and erythromycin were the antibiotics used. Release properties during 28 days from the hydroxyapatite (HA) granules, and two types of nanoHA microspheres were investigated. Biocompatibility was assessed by cytotoxicity assays. HA granules were inadequate, releasing all antibiotic during the first hours. The concentration of antibiotics released in the first days from HA-2 was higher than from HA-1 microspheres, because of the increased porosity and surface area. The release profiles (fast initial release followed by long-term sustained release) of effective doses of antibiotics make these systems good alternatives for antibiotics delivery. Osteoblasts proliferated well on both types of microspheres, being cell growth enhanced in the presence of antibiotics. Erythromycin presented the most beneficial effect. Combining the sustained antibiotic release with the osteoconduction, resorbability, and potential use as injectable bone filling material of porous HA microspheres, these systems provided a forth fold beneficial effect. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {alveolar bone, amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antibacterial, antibiotic agent, antibiotic resistance, Antibiotics administration, antimicrobial activity, article, Bacteria, Cell Communication, Cell Death, cell growth, cell kinetics, Cell Line, cell proliferation, clindamycin, concentration response, controlled study, Cytotoxicity, Drug delivery, drug delivery system, Drug Delivery Systems, Drug release, Durapatite, erythromycin, Escherichia coli, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Kinetics, materials testing, metronidazole, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, microsphere, Microspheres, minocycline, Nanohydroxyapatite, nanoparticle, nanoparticles, nonhuman, Optical microscope analysis, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, osteolysis, periodontitis, porosity, Staphylococcus aureus, surface property, sustained drug release, Tetracycline, unclassified drug, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249689569\&partnerID=40\&md5=5474dac8549e9cd037a96eba13ac9605},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Mateus, A.Y. and Sousa, J.C. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
