



@article {2205,
	title = {Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa onto nanohydroxyapatite as a bone regeneration material},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {100 A},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34139PubMed ID: 22489063Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Grenho, L.; INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: liliana.grenho@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Darley, E.S.R., MacGowan, A.P., Antibiotic treatment of Gram-positive bone and joint infections (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother, 53, pp. 928-935;Charville, G.W., Hetrick, E.M., Geer, C.B., Schoenfisch, M.H., Reduced bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen-coated substrates via nitric oxide release (2008) Biomaterials, 29, pp. 4039-4044; 
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},
	month = {2012///},
	pages = {1823 - 1830},
	abstract = {In orthopedics due to the enormous number of surgical procedures involving invasive implant biomaterials, infections have a huge impact in terms of morbidity, mortality, and medical costs. In this study the initial adhesion of several strains namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to nanohydroxyapatite, previously heat-treated at 725{\textdegree}C and 1000{\textdegree}C was assessed. Adherent cells were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy and as colony forming units after being released by sonication. The wettability and roughness of samples surfaces were assessed by contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Nanohydroxyapatite heat-treated at 1000{\textdegree}C appeared to be more resistant to bacterial adhesion, over time, in five of the six tested strains while the clinical strains isolated from orthopedic infections presented superior ability to adhere, as well as better capacity to produce slime. The increase in materials sintering temperature resulted in increased hydrophobicity and roughness; however, other surface features such as the decrease in surface area and on porosity as well as the decrease on zeta potential may be the aspects that contributed to a lower bacterial adhesion on the materials sintered at 1000{\textdegree}C. {\textcopyright} 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Adherent cells, Adhesion, article, Atomic force microscopy, Bacteria, Bacterial adhesion, bacterium adherence, Biocompatible Materials, Biological materials, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Bone, bone infection, Bone Regeneration, Bone regeneration materials, Clinical strains, Colony Count, Microbial, colony forming unit, Colony forming units, confocal laser microscopy, Confocal laser scanning microscopy, confocal microscopy, Contact angle, Durapatite, hydrophobicity, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Nano-hydroxyapatite, Nanohydroxyapatite, nanoparticles, nonhuman, porosity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sintering temperatures, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Surface area, Surface feature, surface property, Surface roughness, Surgical procedures, temperature, ultrasound, unclassified drug, wettability, Zeta potential},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861570738\&partnerID=40\&md5=84186d33133ff6c5280db80ec9fcb12d},
	author = {Grenho, L. and Manso, M.C. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P.}
}
@article {2195,
	title = {Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion to nanohydroxyapatite in the presence of model proteins},
	journal = {Biomedical Materials (Bristol)Biomed. Mater.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2012},
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},
	month = {2012///},
	abstract = {Bacterial infections can have adverse effects on the efficacy, lifetime, and safety of an implanted device. The aim of this study was to investigate the initial adhesion of several strains, namely S. aureus and S. epidermidis, on two distinct types of nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA), sintered at 725{\textdegree}C and 1000{\textdegree}C. A comparison was also made with nanohydroxyapatite having adsorbed fetal bovine serum (FBS), human fibronectin (FN) and human serum albumin (HSA). Adhered bacterial cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy and quantified as colony forming units after being released by sonication. The wettability of the sample surface with and without adsorbed protein was assessed by contact-angle measurements. NanoHA sintered at 1000{\textdegree}C showed lower bacterial adhesion than this heat-treated at 725{\textdegree}C. Adsorption of FBS onto the nanoHA surface caused a decrease in the adhesion of all strains on both materials. The bacterial adhesion patterns in the presence of FN were different for both nanoHA substrates; the adherence of the bacterial strains, except for the clinical strain of S.epidermidis, was significantly higher on nanoHA 1000 in comparison to nanoHA 1000 without protein and the bacterial adhesion on the FN-coated nanoHA 725 was lower in comparison to the bare nanoHA 725. The effect of HSA on bacterial adhesion was concentration and bacterial strain dependent. {\textcopyright} 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Adsorption, Adverse effect, article, Bacteria, Bacterial adhesion, bacterial cell, Bacterial cells, Bacterial infections, bacterial strain, Bacterial strains, bacterium adherence, Clinical strains, colony forming unit, Colony forming units, Contact angle, Contact-angle measurements, controlled study, Enzyme inhibition, Epidermidis, Fetal bovine serum, Fibronectin, heating, Human fibronectin, human serum albumin, Human serum albumins, hydroxyapatite, Implanted device, materials testing, Model proteins, Nano-HA, Nano-hydroxyapatite, Nanohydroxyapatite, nanoparticle, nonhuman, Proteins, S. aureus, Sample surface, Scanning electron microscopy, serum, Sintering, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, surface property, ultrasound, unclassified drug, wettability},
	isbn = {17486041 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864391456\&partnerID=40\&md5=9170b87ade5223df5146d21981d073ef},
	author = {Ribeiro, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P.}
}
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},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {581 - 589},
	abstract = {Titanium implants are the gold standard in dentistry; however, problems such as gingival tarnishing and peri-implantitis have been reported. For zirconia to become a competitive alternative dental implant material, surface modification techniques that induce guided tissue growth must be developed. Objectives: To develop alternative surface modification techniques to promote guided tissue regeneration on zirconia materials, for applications in dental implantology. Methods: A methodology that combined soft lithography and sol-gel chemistry was used to obtain isotropic micropatterned silica coatings on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates. The materials were characterized via chemical, structural, surface morphology approaches. In vitro biological behavior was evaluated in terms of early adhesion and viability/metabolic activity of human osteoblast-like cells. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA/Tukey HSD post hoc test. Results: Isotropic micropatterned silica coatings on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates were obtained using a combined approach based on sol-gel technology and soft lithography. Micropatterned silica surfaces exhibited a biocompatible behavior, and modulated cell responses (i.e. inducing early alignment of osteoblast-like cells). After 7 d of culture, the cells fully covered the top surfaces of pillar microstructured silica films. Significance: The micropatterned silica films on zirconia showed a biocompatible response, and were capable of inducing guided osteoblastic cell adhesion, spreading and propagation. The results herein presented suggest that surface-modified ceramic implants via soft lithography and sol-gel chemistry could potentially be used to guide periodontal tissue regeneration, thus promoting tight tissue apposition, and avoiding gingival retraction and peri-implantitis. {\textcopyright} 2011 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, article, Biological behavior, biomaterial, biomedical and dental materials, cell adhesion, Cell culture, Cell Line, cell proliferation, Cell response, cell survival, Ceramic implants, ceramics, chemistry, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Coatings, confocal microscopy, crystallography, Dental implant materials, Dental implantology, Dental Implants, Dental Materials, Dental prostheses, diagnostic agent, dyes, reagents, indicators, markers and buffers, Gels, Gold standards, Growth kinetics, Guided tissue regeneration, Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal, heat, Hot Temperature, human, Human osteoblast-like cells, Humans, In-vitro, Indicators and Reagents, Lithography, materials testing, Micropatterned, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, osteoblast, Osteoblast-like cells, Osteoblastic cell adhesion, Osteoblasts, oxazine derivative, Oxazines, Peri-implantitis, Periodontal tissue, periodontics, phase transition, physiology, Raman spectrometry, resazurin, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica, Silica coatings, Silica film, Silica surface, silicon dioxide, Soft lithography, Sol-gel, Sol-gel chemistry, Sol-gel process, Sol-gel technology, Sol-gels, Sols, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Stabilized zirconia, Statistical analysis, Surface modification techniques, Surface morphology, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface-modified, Surfaces, time, Time Factors, Tissue, Tissue growth, Titanium, Titanium implants, tooth implantation, Top surface, X ray diffraction, X-Ray Diffraction, xanthene derivative, Xanthenes, yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia, Yttria stabilized zirconia, yttrium, Yttrium alloys, Zirconia, Zirconia materials, zirconium},
	isbn = {01095641 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79955638770\&partnerID=40\&md5=31e0130d40aa381f08a781115b43fe2e},
	author = {Pelaez-Vargas, A. and Gallego-Perez, D. and Magallanes-Perdomo, M. and Fernandes, M.H. and Hansford, D.J. and De Aza, A.H. and Pena, P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2281,
	title = {Adhesion of human leukocytes on mixtures of hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers: Effect of blood protein adsorption},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2010},
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {12 - 19},
	abstract = {The adhesion of human leukocytes to nanostructured surfaces with different chemical properties and the effect of protein adsorption were investigated. Selfassembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared with mixtures of methyl- and hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiols in different percentages on gold were used. The surfaces were preimmersed in distinct protein solutions (human serum albumin, human fibrinogen, and autologous plasma). Adherent leukocytes were analyzed both by light and SEM. SAMs submitted to pre-immersion in plasma presented higher numbers of adherent leukocytes in the pure OH-terminated SAM, whereas methyl-terminated surfaces accounted for the lowest number of adherent cells. We observed a general increase in the number of adherent human leukocytes as the percentage of OH groups on the surface of the SAMs increased for all the pre-immersion conditions investigated. The number of adherent human leukocytes is highly influenced by the pre-immersion conditions used, and this observation is particularly relevant in the case of the methyl-terminated SAMs. The results obtained demonstrate that surface chemistry has a major influence in leukocyte adhesion to biomaterials, and that pre-immersion in protein solutions has a determinant effect in leukocyte adhesion. {\textcopyright} 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Adherent cells, Adhesion, Adsorption, Alkanethiols, article, Biological materials, biomaterial, Blood protein adsorption, Blood Proteins, cell adhesion, Cell Count, Chemical properties, gold, human, human cell, Human leukocytes, Human serum albumins, Humans, hydroxyl group, Hydroxyl Radical, Hydroxyl-terminated, immersion, Inflammatory response, leukocyte adherence, Leukocyte adhesion, Leukocytes, Nanostructured materials, Nanostructured surface, Nanostructured surfaces, OH group, Protein adsorption, protein blood level, Protein solution, Proteins, Sams, Scanning electron microscopy, Self assembled monolayers, Self-assembled monolayers, SEM, Surface chemistry, Surface Properties},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77649225392\&partnerID=40\&md5=0b35403e1b98581c557435b6cf7a8286},
	author = {Barbosa, J.N. and Martins, M.C.L. and Freitas, S.C. and Gon{\c c}alves, I.C. and {\'A}guas, A.P. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2287,
	title = {Anti-adhesion and antiproliferative cellulose triacetate membrane for prevention of biomaterial-centred infections associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis},
	journal = {International Journal of Antimicrobial AgentsInt. J. Antimicrob. Agents},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: IAAGEdoi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.017PubMed ID: 19942411Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Extremina, C.I.; REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farm{\'a}cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua An{\'\i}bal Cunha 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal; email: extremina@gmail.comChemicals/CAS: cellulose triacetate, 9012-09-3; cilastatin plus imipenem, 92309-29-0; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Cellulose, 9004-34-6; Imipenem, 74431-23-5; cellulose triacetate, 9012-09-3Tradenames: tienam, Merck Sharp and Dohme, GermanyManufacturers: Eastman Kodak, Netherlands; Merck Sharp and Dohme, GermanyReferences: Darouiche, R.O., Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants (2004) N Engl J Med, 350, pp. 1422-1429;Fonseca, A.P., Extremina, C., Fonseca, A.F., Sousa, J.C., Effect of subinhibitory concentration of piperacillin/tazobactam on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2004) J Med Microbiol, 53, pp. 903-910; 
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {164 - 168},
	abstract = {The initial step in preventing biomaterial-associated infections consists of preventing bacterial adhesion to the device surface. One possible approach is the design of antibiotic-releasing biomaterials. Cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes with the antibiotic imipenem (IPM) entrapped (CTA-IPM) were prepared. The material was characterised in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, surface free energy of interaction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Antibiotic release studies were also performed. In vitro adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A to CTA-IPM was investigated using a modified microtitre plate assay, and the antibacterial activity of the CTA-IPM membrane was assessed by a modified Kirby-Bauer test, which showed effective entrapment of the antibiotic as confirmed by XPS and hydrophilicity assays. Release studies showed that this drug-polymer conjugate serves as an adequate reservoir for sustained release of IPM over a period of 71 h at an effective bacteriostatic concentration. Moreover, bacterial adhesion tests showed a statistically significant decrease in the adhesion of S. epidermidis RP62A to CTA-IPM compared with its adhesion to CTA alone. The present innovative approach is capable of providing a membrane with anti-adhesive and antiproliferative properties, thus encouraging in vivo studies to provide a better simulation of the clinical situation. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Anti-Bacterial Agents, antibacterial activity, Antimicrobial agents, article, Bacterial adhesion, bacterial growth, bacteriostasis, bacterium adherence, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Cellulose, Cellulose triacetate, cilastatin plus imipenem, controlled study, device infection, drug screening, Equipment and Supplies, growth inhibition, Humans, hydrophilicity, Imipenem, in vitro study, infection prevention, Membranes, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, microtiter plate assay, nonhuman, priority journal, Prosthesis-Related Infections, Scanning electron microscopy, Staphylococcus epidermidis, surface property, sustained drug release, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {09248579 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72649093658\&partnerID=40\&md5=3fbe3d7e15447e7ae40bb5fdd3f63b61},
	author = {Extremina, C.I. and Fonseca, A.F.d. and Granja, P.L. and Fonseca, A.P.}
}
@article {2265,
	title = {Characterization of two DLC coatings for joint prosthesis: The role of albumin on the tribological behavior},
	journal = {Surface and Coatings TechnologySurf. Coat. Technol.},
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	year = {2010},
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {3451 - 3458},
	abstract = {A commonly used strategy for reduction of wear and friction of the sliding surfaces in prosthetic pairs is the use of hard coatings. DLCs (diamond like carbons) offer a promising solution, because these coatings, already used in other biomedical applications, exhibit a unique combination of chemical inertness, mechanical and tribological properties. In the present work we investigated the role of albumin, the most abundant protein in the periprosthetic fluid, on the tribological behavior of two DLCs with different compositions, against ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The results are compared with those obtained with uncoated stainless steel surfaces. We have characterized the coatings by atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, ultramicrohardness and wettability measurements. The adsorption of albumin onto the surfaces was investigated by ellipsometry and using a quartz crystal microbalance. Both DLCs adsorb a larger amount of protein than stainless steel. The tribological tests were performed in microtribometer aiming for a deeper understanding of the tribological mechanisms which occur at the submicrometric contact scale. Results showed no significant differences between the tribological behavior of the two coatings. Under the tested conditions, the tribological performance does not improve significantly with the application of the DLCs. Moreover, the presence of albumin on the lubricant leads to higher friction of the polymer against all counterfaces. This effect was attributed to the formation of bridges between the two sliding surfaces by the denaturated protein. The significant differences in the adsorbed amounts of protein onto the stainless steel and the two types of DLCs did not affect considerably the tribological behavior of these materials. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Adsorbed amount, Adsorption, Albumin adsorption, Atomic force microscopy, Atomic spectroscopy, Biomedical applications, Chemical inertness, Corrosion resistant alloys, Diamond like carbon, DLC coatings, Friction, Hard coatings, Joint prostheses, Mechanical and tribological properties, Mechanical properties, Microtribology, Microtribometer, Nonmetallic matrix composites, Oxide minerals, Polyethylenes, Proteins, Quartz, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Sliding surface, Stainless steel, Stainless steel surface, Steel corrosion, Surfaces, Tribological behaviors, Tribological mechanism, Tribological performance, Tribological tests, Tribology, UHMW-PE, UHMWPE, Ultramicrohardness, Wear and friction, Wettability measurements, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {02578972 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953715334\&partnerID=40\&md5=d724bda7404d809fed9bafb6a5a337e3},
	author = {Carapeto, A.P. and Serro, A.P. and Nunes, B.M.F. and Martins, M.C.L. and Todorovic, S. and Duarte, M.T. and Andr{\'e}, V. and Cola{\c c}o, R. and Saramago, B.}
}
@article {2286,
	title = {Dynamic cell-cell interactions between cord blood haematopoietic progenitors and the cellular niche are essential for the expansion of CD34                    +, CD34
                    +CD38
},
	journal = {Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineJ. Tissue Eng. Regenerative Med.},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {149 - 158},
	abstract = {Most clinical applications of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs) would benefit from their ex vivo expansion to obtain a therapeutically significant amount of cells from the available donor samples. We studied the impact of cellular interactions between umbilical cord blood (UCB) haematopoietic cells and bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the ex vivo expansion and differentiative potential of UCB CD34                        +-enriched cells. UCB cells were cultured: (a) directly in contact with BM MSC-derived stromal layers (contact); (b) separated by a microporous membrane (non-contact); or (c) without stroma (no stroma). Highly dynamic culture events occurred in HSC-MSC co-cultures, involving cell-cell interactions, which preceded HSC expansion. Throughout the time in culture [18 days], total cell expansion was significantly higher in contact (fold increase of 280 {\textpm} 37 at day 18) compared to non-contact (85 {\textpm} 25). No significant cell expansion was observed in stroma-free cultures. CD34 
                        + cell expansion was also clearly favoured by direct contact with BM MSCs (35 {\textpm} 5- and 7 {\textpm} 3-fold increases at day 18 for contact and non-contact, respectively). Moreover, a higher percentage of CD34 
                        +CD38
},
	keywords = {Antigens, CD34, Antigens, CD38, Antigens, CD7, article, Bone marrow microenvironment, CD34 antigen, CD38 antigen, CD7 antigen, cell adhesion, Cell Communication, cell contact, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell interaction, cell proliferation, Cells, Cultured, cellular distribution, clonogenic assay, coculture, Coculture Techniques, Colony-Forming Units Assay, controlled study, Ex vivo expansion, ex vivo study, Fetal Blood, flow cytometry, Haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cell, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, human, human cell, Humans, Lymphocytes, lymphoid cell, Mesenchymal stem cell, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, phenotype, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, somatic gene therapy, stem cell expansion, Stem Cell Niche, stroma cell, Suspensions, umbilical cord blood},
	isbn = {19326254 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77649221153\&partnerID=40\&md5=822edb72ad71976fb309b0e658137bc5},
	author = {Da Silva, C.L. and Gon{\c c}alves, R. and Dos Santos, F. and Andrade, P.Z. and Almeida-Porada, G. and Cabral, J.M.S.}
}
@article {2243,
	title = {Early spreading and propagation of human bone marrow stem cells on isotropic and anisotropic topographies of silica thin films produced via microstamping},
	journal = {Microscopy and MicroanalysisMicrosc. Microanal.},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MIMIFdoi: 10.1017/S1431927610094158PubMed ID: 20964878Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Pelaez-Vargas, A.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalrgica e Materiais, Porto, Portugal; email: alejopv@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: silicon dioxide, 10279-57-9, 14464-46-1, 14808-60-7, 15468-32-3, 60676-86-0, 7631-86-9; Silicon Dioxide, 7631-86-9References: Albrektsson, T., Sennerby, L., Wennerberg, A., State of the art of oral implants (2000) Periodontology, 47, pp. 15-26;Albrektsson, T., Wennerberg, A., Oral implant surfaces: Part 1-Review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them (2004) Int J Prosthodont, 17 (5), pp. 536-543; 
Batista, L.H., Junior, J.G., Silva, M.F., Tonholo, J., Atomic force microscopy of removal of dentin smear layers (2007) Microsc Microanal, 13 (4), pp. 245-250; 
Baudino, T.A., McFadden, A., Fix, C., Hastings, J., Price, R., Borg, T.K., Cell patterning: Interaction of cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts in three-dimensional culture (2008) MicroscMicroanal, 14 (2), pp. 117-125; 
Bohil, A.B., Robertson, B.W., Cheney, R.E., Myosin-X is a molecular motor that functions in filopodia formation (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103 (33), pp. 12411-12416; 
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Curtis, A., Wilkinson, C., Topographical control of cells (1997) Biomaterials, 18 (24), pp. 1573-1583; 
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Dalby, M.J., Riehle, M.O., Johnstone, H., Affrossman, S., Curtis, A.S., Investigating the limits of filopodial sensing: A brief report using SEM to image the interaction between 10 nm high nano-topography and fibroblast filopodia (2004) Cell Biol Int, 28 (3), pp. 229-236; 
Dur{\'a}n, A., Conde, A., Coedo, A.G., Dorado, T., Garc{\'\i}a, C., Cer{\'e}, S., Sol-gel coatings for protection and bioactiva- tion of metals used in orthopaedic devices (2004) J Mater Chem, 14 (14), pp. 2282-2290; 
Falconnet, D., Csucs, G., Grandin, H.M., Textor, M., Surface engineering approaches to micropattern surfaces for cell-based assays (2006) Biomaterials, 27 (16), pp. 3044-3063; 
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Gallego, D., Ferrell, N., Sun, Y., Hansford, D., Multilayer micromolding of degradable polymer tissue engineering scaffolds (2008) Mater Sci Eng C, 28 (3), pp. 353-358; 
Gallego-Perez, D., Higuita-Castro, N., Sharma, S., Reen, R.K., Palmer, A.F., Gooch, K.J., Lee, L.J., Hansford, D.J., High throughput assembly of spatially controlled 3D cell clusters on a micro/nanoplatform (2010) Lab Chip, 10 (6), pp. 775-782; 
Garcia, C., Cer{\'e}, S., Dur{\'a}n, A., Bioactive coatings prepared by sol-gel on stainless steel 316L (2004) J Non-Cryst Solids, 348, pp. 218-224; 
Healy, K.E., Thomas, C.H., Rezania, A., Kim, J.E., McKeown, P.J., Lom, B., Hockberger, P.E., Kinetics of bone cell organization and mineralization on materials with patterned surface chemistry (1996) Biomaterials, 17 (2), pp. 195-208; 
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Lee, E.-J., Lee, S.H., Kim, H.W., Kong, Y.M., Kim, H.-E., Fluoridated apatite coatings on titanium obtained by electronbeam deposition (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (18), pp. 3843-3851; 
Lim, J.Y., Topographic control of cell response to synthetic materials (2009) Tissue Eng Regen Med, 6 (1), pp. 365-370; 
Marzolin, C., Smith, S.P., Prentiss, M., Whitesides, G.M., Fabrication of glass microstructures by micro-molding of sol-gel precursors (1998) Adv Mater, 10 (8), pp. 571-574; 
Mata, A., Boehm, C., Fleischman, A.J., Muschler, G., Roy, S., Growth of connective tissue progenitor cells on microtextured polydimethylsiloxane surfaces (2002) J Biomed Mater Res, 62 (4), pp. 499-506; 
Mata, A., Kim, E.J., Boehm, C.A., Fleischman, A.J., Muschler, G.F., Roy, S., A three-dimensional scaffold with precise micro-architecture and surface micro-textures (2009) Biomaterials, 30 (27), pp. 4610-4617; 
Meirelles, L., Currie, F., Jacobsson, M., Albrektsson, T., Wennerberg, A., The effect of chemical and nanotopographical modifications on the early stages of osseointegration (2008) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 23 (4), pp. 641-647; 
Nayab, S.N., Jones, F.H., Olsen, I., Effects of calcium ion implantation on human bone cell interaction with titanium (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (23), pp. 4717-4727; 
Pelaez-Vargas, A., Ferrell, N., Fernandes, M.H., Hansford, D., Monteiro, F.J., Cells spreading on micro-fabricated silica thin film coatings (2009) Microsc Microanal, 15 (S3), pp. 77-78; 
Perrie, W., Rushton, A., Gill, M., Fox, P., O{\textquoteright}Neill, W., Femtosecond laser micro-structuring of alumina ceramic (2005) Appl Surf Sci, 248 (1-4), pp. 213-217; 
Rhee, S.W., Taylor, A.M., Tu, C.H., Cribbs, D.H., Cotman, C.W., Jeon, N.L., Patterned cell culture inside microfluidic devices (2005) Lab Chip, 5 (1), pp. 102-107; 
Rompen, E., Domken, O., Degidi, M., Pontes, A.E., Piattelli, A., The effect of material characteristics, of surface topography and of implant components and connections on soft tissue integration: A literature review (2006) Clin Oral Implants Res, 17 (S2), pp. 55-67; 
Sennerby, L., Dental implants: Matters of course and controversies (2000) Periodontol, 47, pp. 9-14; 
Silva, P.L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Adhesion and microstructural characterization of plasmasprayed hydroxyapatite/glass ceramic coatings onto Ti-6A1-4V substrates (1998) Surf Coat Technol, 102 (3), pp. 191-196; 
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Teixeira, S., Monteiro, F.J., Ferraz, M.P., Vilar, R., Eugenio, S., Laser surface treatment of hydroxyapatite for enhanced tissue integration: Surface characterization and osteoblastic interaction studies (2007) J Biomed Mater Res A, 81 (4), pp. 920-929; 
Vorobyev, A.Y., Guo, C., Femtosecond laser structuring of titanium implants (2007) Appl Surf Sci, 253 (17), pp. 7272-7280; 
Wang, Y.C., Ho, C.C., Micropatterning of proteins and mammalian cells on biomaterials (2004) Faseb J, 18 (3), pp. 525-527; 
Wennerberg, A., Albrektsson, T., Andersson, B., Krol, J.J., A histomorphometric study of screw shaped and removal torque titanium implants with three different surface topographies (1995) Clin Oral Impl Res, 6 (1), p. 24; 
Xia, Y., Whitesides, G.M., Soft lithography (1998) Ann Rev Mater Sci, 28 (1), pp. 153-184; 
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Zinger, O., Zhao, G., Schwartz, Z., Simpson, J., Wieland, M., Landolt, D., Boyan, B., Differential regulation of osteoblasts by substrate microstructural features (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (14), pp. 1837-1847
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {670 - 676},
	abstract = {While there has been rapid development of microfabrication techniques to produce high-resolution surface modifications on a variety of materials in the last decade, there is still a strong need to produce novel alternatives to induce guided tissue regeneration on dental implants. High-resolution microscopy provides qualitative and quantitative techniques to study cellular guidance in the first stages of cell-material interactions. The purposes of this work were (1) to produce and characterize the surface topography of isotropic and anisotropic microfabricated silica thin films obtained by sol-gel processing, and (2) to compare the in vitro biological behavior of human bone marrow stem cells on these surfaces at early stages of adhesion and propagation. The results confirmed that a microstamping technique can be used to produce isotropic and anisotropic micropatterned silica coatings. Atomic force microscopy analysis was an adequate methodology to study in the same specimen the sintering derived contraction of the microfabricated coatings, using images obtained before and after thermal cycle. Hard micropatterned coatings induced a modulation in the early and late adhesion stages of cell-material and cell-cell interactions in a geometry-dependent manner (i.e., isotropic versus anisotropic), as it was clearly determined, using scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies. {\textcopyright} Microscopy Society of America 2010.},
	keywords = {AFM, Atomic force microscopy, audiovisual equipment, cell adhesion and proliferation, Cell Culture Techniques, cell proliferation, conference paper, culture technique, cytology, Fluorescence microscopy, Guided tissue regeneration, human, Humans, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microscopy, Fluorescence, microstamping, Motion Pictures as Topic, myeloid progenitor cell, Myeloid Progenitor Cells, Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, silica sol-gel films, silicon dioxide, Soft lithography, Surface Properties, surface property, Tissue regeneration, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds},
	isbn = {14319276 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79451471917\&partnerID=40\&md5=c68d4037bb3535a092d46c2602a8b4bd},
	author = {Pelaez-Vargas, A. and Gallego-Perez, D. and Ferrell, N. and Fernandes, M.H. and Hansford, D. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2269,
	title = {Heparinized hydroxyapatite/collagen three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 8Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/s10856-010-4097-2PubMed ID: 20596760Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; Divis{\~a}o de Biomateriais, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; email: sandra_teixeira3@yahoo.comChemicals/CAS: collagen, 9007-34-5; cyanamide, 151-51-9, 420-04-2; heparin, 37187-54-5, 8057-48-5, 8065-01-8, 9005-48-5; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; n hydroxysuccinimide, 6066-82-6; trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 16655-63-3, 2508-19-2; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Substitutes; Collagen, 9007-34-5; Cross-Linking Reagents; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Heparin, 9005-49-6; PolymersReferences: Rose, F.R., Cyster, L.A., Grant, D.M., Scotchford, C.A., Howdle, S.M., Shakesheff, K.M., In vitro assessment of cell penetration into porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a central aligned channel (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (24), pp. 5507-5514. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.012, PII S0142961204000134;Hong, Z., Zhang, P., He, C., Qiu, X., Liu, A., Chen, L., Chen, X., Jing, X., Nano-composite of poly(L-lactide) and surface grafted hydroxyapatite: Mechanical properties and biocompatibility (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (32), pp. 6296-6304. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.018, PII S0142961205003297; 
Ignjatovic, N., Tomic, S., Dakic, M., Miljkovic, M., Plavsic, M., Uskokovic, D., Synthesis and properties of hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide composite biomaterials (1999) Biomaterials, 20 (9), pp. 809-816. , DOI 10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00234-8, PII S0142961298002348; 
Kothapalli, C.R., Shaw, M.T., Wei, M., Biodegradable HA-PLA 3-D porous scaffolds: Effect of nano-sized filler content on scaffold properties (2005) Acta Biomaterialia, 1 (6), pp. 653-662. , DOI 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.06.005, PII S1742706105000978; 
Liao, S., Wang, W., Uo, M., Ohkawa, S., Akasaka, T., Tamura, K., Cui, F., Watari, F., A three-layered nano-carbonated hydroxyapatite/collagen/PLGA composite membrane for guided tissue regeneration (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (36), pp. 7564-7571. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.050, PII S0142961205004199; 
Maeda, H., Kasuga, T., Hench, L.L., Preparation of poly(L-lactic acid)-polysiloxane-calcium carbonate hybrid membranes for guided bone regeneration (2006) Biomaterials, 27 (8), pp. 1216-1222. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.08.010, PII S0142961205007829; 
Kong, L., Gao, Y., Cao, W., Gong, Y., Zhao, N., Zhang, X., Preparation and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite scaffolds (2005) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, 75 (2), pp. 275-282. , DOI 10.1002/jbm.a.30414; 
Li, X.M., Feng, Q.L., Cui, F.Z., In vitro degradation of porous nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/PLLA scaffold reinforced by chitin fibres (2006) Mater Sci Eng C-Biomim Supramol Syst, 26 (4), pp. 716-720. , 1:CAS:528:DC\%2BD28XjvFyntr4\%3D; 
Sachlos, E., Gotora, D., Czernuszka, J.T., Collagen scaffolds reinforced with biomimetic composite nano-sized carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite crystals and shaped by rapid prototyping to contain internal microchannels (2006) Tissue Engineering, 12 (9), pp. 2479-2487. , DOI 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2479; 
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Pieper, J.S., Hafmans, T., Van Wachem, P.B., Van Luyn, M.J.A., Brouwer, L.A., Veerkamp, J.H., Van Kuppevelt, T.H., Loading of collagen-heparan sulfate matrices with bFGF promotes angiogenesis and tissue generation in rats (2002) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 62 (2), pp. 185-194. , DOI 10.1002/jbm.10267; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Beernink, R., Pieper, J.S., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Immobilization of heparin to EDC/NHS-crosslinked collagen. Characterization and in vitro evaluation (2001) Biomaterials, 22 (2), pp. 151-163. , 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00164-2 1:CAS:528:DC\%2BD3cXovFGnu7g\%3D 11101159; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Beernink, R., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Van Aken, W.G., Feijen, J., Improved endothelialization of vascular grafts by local release of growth factor from heparinized collagen matrices (2000) Journal of Controlled Release, 64 (1-3), pp. 103-114. , DOI 10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00145-5, PII S0168365999001455; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Beernink, R., Scharenborg, N.M., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Van Aken, W.G., Feijen, J., Endothelial cell seeding of (heparinized) collagen matrices: Effects of bFGF pre-loading on proliferation (after low density seeding) and pro-coagulant factors (2000) Journal of Controlled Release, 67 (2-3), pp. 141-155. , DOI 10.1016/S0168-3659(00)00202-9, PII S0168365900002029; 
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Teixeira, S., Rodriguez, M.A., Pena, P., De Aza, A.H., De Aza, S., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Physical characterization of hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (2009) Mater Sci Eng C, 29 (5), pp. 1510-1514. , 10.1016/j.msec.2008.09.052 1:CAS:528:DC\%2BD1MXmtVarurg\%3D
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {2385 - 2392},
	abstract = {Currently, in bone tissue engineering research, the development of appropriate biomaterials for the regeneration of bony tissues is a major concern. Bone tissue is composed of a structural protein, collagen type I, on which calcium phosphate crystals are enclosed. For tissue engineering, one of the most applied strategies consists on the development and application of three dimensional porous scaffolds with similar composition to the bone. In this way, they can provide a physical support for cell attachment, proliferation, nutrient transport and new bone tissue infiltration. Hydroxyapatite is a calcium phosphate with a similar composition of bone and widely applied in several medical/dentistry fields. Therefore, in this study, hydroxyapatite three dimensional porous scaffolds were produced using the polymer replication method. Next, the porous scaffolds were homogeneously coated with a film of collagen type I by applying vacuum force. Yet, due to collagen degradability properties, it was necessary to perform an adequate crosslinking method. As a result, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was employed as an efficient and non-toxic crosslinking method in this research. The composites were characterized by means of SEM, DSC and TNBS. Furthermore, heparin was incorporated in order to accomplish sustained delivery of a growth factor of interest namely, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2). BMP-2 binding and release of non-heparinized and heparinized scaffolds was evaluated at specific time points. The incorporation of heparin leads to a reduced initial burst phase when compared to the non heparinized materials. The results show a beneficial effect with the incorporation of heparin and its potential as a localized drug delivery system for the sustained release of growth factors. {\textcopyright} 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},
	keywords = {Achilles Tendon, Animals, Apatite, article, Beneficial effects, Binding and release, Biocompatible Materials, Biological materials, Biomaterials, Bone, Bone and Bones, bone morphogenetic protein 2, Bone morphogenetic proteins, Bone Substitutes, bone tissue, Bone tissue engineering, Bony tissue, Calcium, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphate crystals, Cattle, Cell attachments, Collagen, collagen degradation, collagen type 1, Collagen type I, controlled study, cross linking, Cross-Linking Reagents, Crosslinking, cyanamide, Degradability, differential scanning calorimetry, Drug delivery, drug delivery system, Durapatite, Grafts, Growth factor, heparin, Hydrogels, hydroxyapatite, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, n (3 dimethyllaminopropyl) n{\textquoteright} ethylcarbodiimide, n hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, Nutrient transport, Peptides, polymer, Polymer replication, Polymers, Polysaccharides, porosity, Porous scaffold, priority journal, protein binding, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, Specific time, Structural proteins, Sustained release, Three dimensional, Three-dimensional porous scaffolds, Three-dimensional scaffolds, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, unclassified drug, vacuum, Vacuum force},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956420058\&partnerID=40\&md5=a723fdb7ea856a5286080a1a4aab82a2},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Yang, L. and Dijkstra, P.J. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2266,
	title = {An improved collagen scaffold for skeletal regeneration},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32694PubMed ID: 20186736Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, C. C.; Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, United States; email: ct40@nyu.eduChemicals/CAS: alkaline phosphatase, 9001-78-9; retinoic acid, 302-79-4; Biocompatible Materials; Collagen, 9007-34-5; Protein IsoformsReferences: Pountos, I., Jones, E., Tzioupis, C., Mcgonagle, D., Giannoudis, P.V., Growing bone and cartilage. The role of mesenchymal stem cells (2006) J Bone Joint Surg Br, 88, pp. 421-426;Newman, A.P., Articular cartilage repair (1998) Am J Sports Med, 26, pp. 309-324; 
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {371 - 379},
	abstract = {Bone repair and regeneration is one of the most extensively studied areas in the field of tissue engineering. All of the current tissue engineering approaches to create bone focus on intramembranous ossification, ignoring the other mechanism of bone formation, endochondral ossification. We propose to create a transient cartilage template in vitro, which could serve as an intermediate for bone formation by the endochondral mechanism once implanted in vivo. The goals of the study are (1) to prepare and characterize type I collagen sponges as a scaffold for the cartilage template, and (2) to establish a method of culturing chondrocytes in type I collagen sponges and induce cell maturation. Collagen sponges were generated from a 1\% solution of type I collagen using a freeze/dry technique followed by UV light crosslinking. Chondrocytes isolated from two locations in chick embryo sterna were cultured in these sponges and treated with retinoic acid to induce chondrocyte maturation and extracellular matrix deposition. Material strength testing as well as microscopic and biochemical analyzes were conducted to evaluate the properties of sponges and cell behavior during the culture period. We found that our collagen sponges presented improved stiffness and supported chondrocyte attachment and proliferation. Cells underwent maturation, depositing an abundant extracellular matrix throughout the scaffold, expressing high levels of type X collagen, type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase. These results demonstrate that we have created a transient cartilage template with potential to direct endochondral bone formation after implantation. {\textcopyright} 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {alkaline phosphatase, animal cell, animal tissue, Animals, article, Biocompatible Materials, Body fluids, Bone, Bone and Bones, Bone Regeneration, Cartilage, cartilage cell, Cattle, Cell culture, cell maturation, chick embryo, Chondrocytes, Collagen, collagen implant, collagen type 1, collagen type 10, Compressive Strength, controlled study, embryo, enchondral ossification, Endochondral ossification, extracellular matrix, freeze drying, Humans, immunohistochemistry, Ligaments, materials testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, nonhuman, Phosphatases, protein cross linking, Protein Isoforms, retinoic acid, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Stress, Mechanical, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Type I collagen, Type X collagen, Ultraviolet radiation},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953822519\&partnerID=40\&md5=b16072278467a72588546ba56f337cc0},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Ringshia, R.A. and Legeros, R.Z. and Clark, E. and Yost, M.J. and Terracio, L. and Teixeira, C.C.}
}
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Sarmento, C., Luklinska, Z.B., Brown, L., Anseau, M., De Aza, P.N., De Aza, S., In vitro behavior of osteoblastic cells cultured in the presence of pseudowollastonite ceramic (2004) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 69 A, pp. 351-358
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {2254 - 2263},
	abstract = {This study concerns the preparation and in vitro characterization of an apatite-wollastonite-2M bioactive glass ceramic which is intended to be used for the regeneration of hard tissue (i.e. in dental and craniomaxillofacial surgery). This bioglass ceramic has been obtained by appropriate thermal treatment through the devitrification (crystallization) of a glass with a stoichiometric eutectic composition within the Ca                        3(PO 
                        4)2-CaSiO
                        3 binary system. Crack-free specimens of the bioglass ceramic were immersed in human bone marrow cell cultures for 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, in order to study biocompatibility. Cell morphology, proliferation and colonization were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A total protein content assay was used to evaluate the viability and proliferation of cultured bone marrow cells. The results showed that the cells were able to adhere and proliferate on the designed material due to the essentiality of silicon and calcium as accessory factors for cell activity stimulation. {\textcopyright} 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, Apatites, article, Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, bone marrow cell, bone prosthesis, Bone Substitutes, Calcium Compounds, calcium derivative, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, cell activity, cell adhesion, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell enlargement, cell growth, cell proliferation, cell structure, cell viability, Cells, Cultured, ceramics, chemistry, confocal laser microscopy, crystal structure, Crystallization, cytology, glass, Glass ceramics, human, human cell, Humans, in vitro study, materials testing, Mesenchymal stem cell, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, methodology, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, physiology, priority journal, protein content, Scanning electron microscopy, silicate, Silicates, Surface Properties, surface property, Tissue regeneration, Wollastonite, X ray fluorescence},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956625645\&partnerID=40\&md5=426d361faf4a2e3f988754fc5822ea56},
	author = {Magallanes-Perdomo, M. and De Aza, A.H. and Mateus, A.Y. and Teixeira, S. and Monteiro, F.J. and De Aza, S. and Pena, P.}
}
@article {2276,
	title = {In vivo evaluation of highly macroporous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 6Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32532PubMed ID: 19591232Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomaterials, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: sandra_teixeira3@yahoo.comChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Biocompatible Materials; Ceramics; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Jones, A.C., Milthorpe, B., Averdunk, H., Limaye, A., Senden, T.J., Sakellariou, A., Sheppard, A.P., Dwdw, H., Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 4947-4954;Aizawa, M., Shinoda, H., Uchida, H., Itatani, K., Okada, I., Matsumoto, M., Toyama, Y., Development and biological evaluation of apatite fibre scaffolds with large pore size and high porosity for bone regeneration (2003) Bioceramics, 240-242, pp. 647-650; 
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {567 - 575},
	abstract = {During the last decades, different materials of both natural and synthetic origin have been developed with the aim of inducing and controlling osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In order for that to happen, it is necessary that the material to be implanted obey a series of requirements, namely: osteoconduction, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Additionally, they must be low-priced, easy to produce, shape, and store. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well known ceramic with a composition similar to the mineral component of bone and is highly biocompatible and easy to obtain and/or process. On the other hand, collagen is the main structural protein present in the human body and bone. In this study, a polymer replication method was applied and a highly porous HA scaffold was produced. Collagen was later incorporated to improve the biological properties of the scaffold while resembling the bone composition. The scaffolds were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In vitro and in vivo testing was performed in all scaffolds produced. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vivo osteogenic potential of MSCs from two different species seeded on the different HA based porous scaffolds with collagen type I. The results indicate that all scaffolds exhibit relevant bone formation, being more prominent in the case of the HA scaffolds. {\textcopyright} 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {animal cell, animal experiment, animal model, Animals, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biodegradation, Bone, Bone and Bones, Bone formation, bone tissue, Calcium, Calcium alloys, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Cell Count, Cell culture, Cell Culture Techniques, Cells, Cultured, cellular distribution, Ceramic materials, ceramics, Collagen, collagen type 1, Durapatite, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Flowcharting, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxylation, in vitro study, In vivo bone formation, in vivo study, In-vivo, infrared spectroscopy, Macroporous, Macroporous scaffolds, male, materials testing, Mesenchymal stem cell, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, nonhuman, ossification, Osteogenesis, porous polymer, rat, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Stem cells, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950190285\&partnerID=40\&md5=612e26b56020935c7b0b1c564bffa89a},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Fernandes, H. and Leusink, A. and Van Blitterswijk, C. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and De Boer, J.}
}
@article {2245,
	title = {Innovative macroporous granules of nanostructured-hydroxyapatite agglomerates: Bioactivity and osteoblast-like cell behaviour},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32916PubMed ID: 20845490Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Laranjeira, M. S.; Divis{\~a}o de Biomateriais, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Universidade Do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: dce06004@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: alkaline phosphatase, 9001-78-9; colony stimulating factor 1, 81627-83-0; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; osteoprotegerin, 205944-50-9; polyurethan, 61789-63-7; Biocompatible Materials; Biological Markers; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; PolyurethanesReferences: Ferraz, M., Monteiro, F., Manuel, C., Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: A review of preparation methodologies (2004) J Appl Biomater Biomech, 2, pp. 74-80;Murugan, R., Ramakrishna, S., Development of nanocomposites for bone grafting (2005) Compos Sci Technol, 65, pp. 2385-2406; 
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Mendon{\c c}a, G., Mendon{\c c}a, D.B., Sim{\~o}es, L.G., Ara{\'u}jo, A.L., Leite, E.R., Duarte, W.R., Arag{\~a}o, F.J., Cooper, L.F., The effects of implant surface nanoscale features on osteoblast-specific gene expression (2009) Biomaterials, 30, pp. 4053-4062
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {891 - 900},
	abstract = {To modulate the biological response of implantable granules, two types of bioactive porous granules composed of nanostructured-hydroxyapatite (HA) agglomerates and microstructured-HA, respectively, were prepared using a polyurethane sponge impregnation and burnout method. The resulting granules presented a highly porous structure with interconnected porosity. Both types of granules were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Results showed that nanostructed-HA granules presented higher surface area and porosity than microstructured-HA granules. In vitro testing using MG63 human osteoblast-like cells showed that on both types of surfaces cells were able to adhere, proliferate, and migrate through the macropores, and a higher growth rate was achieved on nanostructured-HA granules than on microstructured-HA granules (76 and 40\%, respectively). In addition, these cells maintained similar expression levels of osteoblastic-associated markers namely collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein-2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and osteoprotegerin. These innovative nanostructured-HA granules may be considered as promising bioceramic alternative matrixes for bone regeneration and drug release application. {\textcopyright} 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Agglomeration, alkaline phosphatase, Apatite, article, Bioceramics, Biocompatible Materials, Biological Markers, Biological materials, Biological response, Biomaterials, Bone, bone morphogenetic protein 2, Bone morphogenetic protein-2, Bone Regeneration, cell adhesion, cell function, cell granule, cell migration, cell proliferation, Cells, Cultured, collagen type 1, Collagen type I, colony stimulating factor 1, Colony-stimulating factor, drug activity, Drug release, Durapatite, Expression levels, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transforms, Granulation, Granules, growth rate, human, human cell, Human osteoblast-like cells, Humans, hydroxyapatite, In-vitro, infrared spectroscopy, Interconnected porosity, Macro-porosity, Macropores, Macroporosity, Macroporous, materials testing, matrix, Mercury (metal), Mercury intrusion porosimetry, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microstructured, Nano-materials, Nano-structured, nanomaterial, Nanomaterials, Nanostructured materials, Nanostructures, osteoblast, Osteoblast response, Osteoblast-like cells, Osteoblasts, Osteoprotegerin, Phosphatases, polyurethan, Polyurethane sponge, Polyurethanes, porosity, Porous structures, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Surface area, surface property, X ray diffraction, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249252998\&partnerID=40\&md5=09d51d6c49d9f10e6c2d479b1fe4ace0},
	author = {Laranjeira, M.S. and Fernandes, M.H. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2252,
	title = {Proliferation and mineralization of bone marrow cells cultured on macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds functionalized with collagen type I for bone tissue regeneration},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32600Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; Divis{\~a}o de Biomateriais, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; email: sandra_teixeira3@yahoo.comChemicals/CAS: 1 (3 dimethylaminopropyl) 3 ethylcarbodiimide, 1892-57-5, 25952-53-8, 7084-11-9; DNA, 9007-49-2; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; methylene blue, 61-73-4; n hydroxysuccinimide, 6066-82-6; Collagen Type I; Cross-Linking Reagents; DNA, 9007-49-2; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Methylene Blue, 61-73-4Manufacturers: SigmarecticelReferences: Nair, M.B., Suresh Babu, S., Varma, H.K., John, A., A triphasic ceramic-coated porous hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering application (2008) Acta Biomaterialia, 4 (1), pp. 173-181. , DOI 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.07.004, PII S174270610700102X;Navarro, M., Ginebra, M.P., Planell, J.A., Zeppetelli, S., Ambrosio, L., Development and cell response of a new biodegradable composite scaffold for guided bone regeneration (2004) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 15 (4), pp. 419-422. , DOI 10.1023/B:JMSM.0000021113.88702.9d; 
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Teixeira, S., Rodriguez, M., Pena, P., De Aza, A., De Aza, S., Ferraz, M., Monteiro, F., Physical characterization of hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (2009) Mater Sci Eng: C, 29, pp. 1510-1514
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {1 - 8},
	abstract = {This study concerns the preparation and in vitro characterization of functionalized hydroxyapatite (HA) porous scaffolds, which are intended to be used as drug-delivery systems and bone-regeneration matrices. Hydroxyapatite scaffolds were prepared using the polymer replication method, and, after being submitted to a specific sintering cycle, collagen Type I was incorporated on the surface. After the coating procedure, collagen was crosslinked using the N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) conjugation method. In this study, hydroxyapatite scaffolds with uncrosslinked and cross-linked Type I collagen were evaluated. Cell morphology and deposition of extracellular matrix were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, whereas cell distribution was visualized by means of methylene blue staining. MTS and total DNA quantification assays were used to evaluate the viability and proliferation of human bone marrow cells cultured on all the materials for 28 days. Results showed that the cells were able to adhere, proliferate, and form a mineralized matrix on the surface of all the materials. Furthermore, the cells were able to spread from one pore to another and form cell clusters. The results show that these scaffolds are good candidates to serve as drug delivery vehicles and for tissue engineering purposes. {\textcopyright} 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {1 (3 dimethylaminopropyl) 3 ethylcarbodiimide, adult, Animal cell culture, Apatite, article, Automobile exhibitions, Bone, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, bone matrix, bone mineralization, Bone Regeneration, bone tissue, Bone tissue regeneration, Calcification, Physiologic, cell adhesion, Cell clusters, Cell culture, Cell distribution, Cell morphology, cell proliferation, cell structure, cell viability, Cells, Cultured, cellular distribution, Ceramic materials, chemistry, Coating procedures, Collagen, collagen type 1, Collagen type I, conjugation, controlled study, cross linking, cross linking reagent, Cross-Linking Reagents, Crosslinked, cytology, Cytotoxicity, DNA, DNA quantification, drug conjugation, Drug delivery, drug delivery system, Drug delivery vehicles, drug effect, Drug-delivery systems, Durapatite, Extracellular matrices, extracellular matrix, Functionalized, human, Human bone marrow cells, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, in vitro study, In-vitro, Macroporous, Macroporous ceramics, male, matrix, metabolism, methylene blue, Methylene blue staining, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, molecular scaffold, n hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, polymer, Polymer replication, porosity, Porous scaffold, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sintering cycles, spectrometry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds, Type I collagen, Young Adult},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956483928\&partnerID=40\&md5=de85a8bfe5af88cbc45e80302ab4dfd4},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Fernandes, M.H. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2256,
	title = {Synthesis and characterization of HAp nanorods from a cationic surfactant template method},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/s10856-010-4122-5PubMed ID: 20623177Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Moreira, J. A.; IFIMUP, IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade Do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; email: jamoreir@fc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Cations; Cetrimonium Compounds; Surface-Active Agents; cetrimonium, 6899-10-1References: Rao, C.N.R., Cheetham, A.K., Materials science at the nanoscale (2006) Nanomaterials Handbook, pp. 1-2. , Y. Gogotsi (eds). CRC Press, Taylor \& Francis Group New York;Guo, Y., Shi, D., Lian, J., Zdw, W., Cho, H., Liu, G., Quantum dot conjugated hydroxylapatite nanoparticles for in vivo imaging (2008) Nanotechnology, 19, 6p. , 175102; 
Queiroz, A.C., Teixeira, S., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Production of porous hydroxyapatite with potential for controlled drug delivery (2004) Mater Sci Forum, 455-456, pp. 358-360. , 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.455-456.358; 
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {2543 - 2549},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite (HAp) [Ca                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH) 
                        2] nanorods were synthesized using a surfactant templating method, with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles acting as template for HAp growth. The effects of the sintering temperature on the morphological and crystallographic characteristics and on chemical composition of the "as-prepared" structures are discussed. The experimental results show that low heat-treatment temperatures are preferred in order to obtain high quality nanorods, with diameters ranging between 20 and 50 nm. High heat-treatment temperatures enhance the thermal decomposition of HAp into other calcium phosphate compounds, and the sintering of particles into micrometer ball-like structures. The stability of aqueous suspensions of HAp nanorods is also discussed. {\textcopyright} 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
},
	keywords = {Ammonium compounds, Aqueous suspensions, article, Bromine compounds, Calcium, calcium phosphate, cationic surfactant, Cationic surfactants, Cations, Cetrimonium Compounds, Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chemical composition, Chemical compositions, Chemical structure, Crystallographic characteristics, Dyes, Heat treatment temperature, High quality, hydroxyapatite, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, nanorod, Nanorods, Nanotubes, Phosphate compounds, priority journal, Pyrolysis, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sintering temperatures, Surface-Active Agents, Surfactant template method, Surfactant templating, Suspensions (fluids), synthesis, Synthesis and characterizations, Thermal decompositions, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956933849\&partnerID=40\&md5=e2701a45f87b57009484629157a4bc95},
	author = {Coelho, J.M. and Moreira, J.A. and Almeida, A. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@book {2319,
	title = {Cellular alignment induction during early in vitro culture stages using micropatterned glass coatings produced by sol-gel process},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {396-398},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAEdoi: 10.4028/0-87849-353-0.303Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Pelaez-Vargas, A.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Divis{\~a}o de Biomateriais, Universidade do PortoPortugal; email: alejopv@ineb.up.ptReferences: Warashina, H., Sakano, S., Kitamura, S., Yamauchi, K.I., (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 3655-3661;Scarano, A., Piattelli, M., Caputi, S., Favero, G.A., Piattelli, A., (2004) J Periodontol, 75, pp. 292-296; 
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},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {303 - 306},
	abstract = {Cell behaviour such as adhesion, morphology, proliferation and functional activity are highly influenced by surface properties including hydrophobicity, roughness, texture and morphology. These surface properties may be controlled using a mixture of additive coating techniques to produce glass coatings by sol-gel process and soft lithography on dental ceramics. The purpose of this work was to compare cell adhesion and early orientation of Human Bone Marrow (HBM) cells cultured on micro-patterned (micro-PGC) and on flat glass coatings (FGC) produced by sol-gel processing. Spin coating was used to apply SiO                        2 flat coatings on glass substrates as model surfaces. Photolithography was applied to produce master patterns with microscale dimensions. A moulding technique was used to print micropatterned SiO 
                        2 glass coatings produced by a sol-gel process. The coatings were then sintered, sterilized and cultured with HBM cells derived from primary cultures, using a standardized protocol, for 1 and 7 days. Cell morphology and orientation were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Flat and MPGC with line shaped features were produced. Cells presented a typical osteoblastic morphology on flat surfaces while slimmer, preferentially oriented and more elongated morphologies could be seen on line micro-patterned surfaces. HBM cells cultured on flat glass coatings showed increased tendency to spread and to assume more randomized proliferation when compared to the cells on the micro-patterned glass coatings. Micro-patterned glass coatings showed higher orientation control and smaller delay in the rate of proliferation, in early stages of in vitro culture as compared to flat coatings. These preliminary studies revealed that Micro-PGC induce significant morphological changes and controlled orientation of HBM cells during early stages of cell proliferation.
},
	keywords = {Adhesion, cell adhesion, Cell behaviours, Cell culture, Cell morphologies, cell proliferation, Cells, Coatings, Colloids, Confocal laser scanning microscopies, confocal microscopy, Contact guidance, Controlled orientations, cytology, Dental ceramics, Dental Materials, Flat glass, Flat surfaces, Functional activities, Gelation, Gels, glass, Glass ceramics, Glass coatings, Glass substrates, In-vitro, Micro-patterned, Micro-patterned surfaces, Micro-scale, Micromachining, Micropatterning, Model surfaces, Morphological changes, morphology, Nanostructured materials, Orientation controls, Primary cultures, Scanning, Scanning electron microscopy, Scanning electrons, SEM, Silicon compounds, Soft lithographies, Sol-gel, Sol-gel process, Sol-gel processing, Sol-gels, Sols, Surface Properties, Thermal spraying, Trace analysis},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58849141765\&partnerID=40\&md5=7a4c975e741442308a8db69108047673},
	author = {Pelaez-Vargas, A. and Ferrell, N. and Fernandes, M.H. and Hansford, D.J. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2317,
	title = {Engineering endochondral bone: In vivo studies},
	journal = {Tissue Engineering - Part ATissue Eng. Part A},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
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},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {635 - 643},
	abstract = {The use of biomaterials to replace lost bone has been a common practice for decades. More recently, the demands for bone repair and regeneration have pushed research into the use of cultured cells and growth factors in association with these materials. Here we report a novel approach to engineer new bone using a transient cartilage scaffold to induce endochondral ossification. Chondrocyte/chitosan scaffolds (both a transient cartilage scaffold- experimental-and a permanent cartilage scaffold-control) were prepared and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Bone formation was evaluated over a period of 5 months. Mineralization was assessed by Faxitron, micro computed tomography, backscatter electrons, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. Histological analysis provided further information on tissue changes in and around the implanted scaffolds. The deposition of ectopic bone was detected in the surface of the experimental implants as early as 1 month after implantation. After 3 months, bone trabeculae and bone marrow cavities were formed inside the scaffolds. The bone deposited was similar to the bone of the mice vertebra. Interestingly, no bone formation was observed in control implants. In conclusion, an engineered transient cartilage template carries all the signals necessary to induce endochondral bone formation in vivo. {\textcopyright} Copyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2009.},
	keywords = {animal, animal experiment, animal tissue, Animals, article, Biological materials, Biomaterials, Bone, Bone and Bones, Bone formation, bone marrow, bone mineralization, Bone repair, bone transplantation, Calcification, Physiologic, Cartilage, cartilage cell, chick embryo, chitosan, Chondrocytes, Computerized tomography, controlled study, Cultured cell, cytology, drug effect, Ectopic bones, ectopic tissue, electron, enchondral ossification, Endochondral ossification, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Growth (materials), Growth factor, Histological analysis, histology, implantation, in vivo study, In-control, In-vivo, infrared spectroscopy, Ligaments, male, metabolism, methodology, Mice, Mice, Nude, micro-computed tomography, Microcomputed tomography, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mineral, Minerals, mouse, Mus, Mus musculus, nonhuman, Nude mice, nude mouse, ossification, physiology, priority journal, Prosthesis Implantation, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectroscopic analysis, Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Tissue changes, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds, Tomography, trabecular bone, vertebra},
	isbn = {19373341 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-64549096039\&partnerID=40\&md5=d389cb8b10be8945007a5b6996b8896f},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Mijares, D.Q. and Turner, G. and Amaral, I.F. and Barbosa, M.A. and Teixeira, C.C.}
}
@article {2308,
	title = {Physical characterization of hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds for tissue engineering},
	journal = {Materials Science and Engineering CMater. Sci. Eng. C},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 16Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.09.052Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Divis{\~a}o de Biomateriais, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: smsilva@ineb.up.ptReferences: Jones, A.C., Milthorpe, B., Averdunk, H., Limaye, A., Senden, T.J., Sakellariou, A., (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (20), p. 4947;Karageorgiou, V., Kaplan, D., (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (27), p. 5474; 
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},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1510 - 1514},
	abstract = {The present study refers to the preparation and characterization of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds to be used as matrices for bone regeneration or as specific release vehicles. Ceramics are widely used for bone tissue engineering purposes and in this study, hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds were produced using the polymer replication method. Polyurethane sponges were used as templates and impregnated with a ceramic slurry at different ratios, and sintered at 1300~{\textdegree}C following a specific thermal cycle. The characteristics of the hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds and respective powder used as starting material, were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and compressive mechanical testing techniques. It was possible to produce highly porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds presenting micro and macropores and pore interconnectivity. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Apatite, Bone, Bone regenerations, Bone tissue engineerings, Ceramic materials, Ceramic slurries, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopies, hydroxyapatite, infrared spectroscopy, Macro-pores, Mechanical testing, Physical characterizations, Polymer blends, Polymer replications, Polymers, Polyurethane sponges, Pore interconnectivity, Porous hydroxyapatites, Porous scaffolds, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectroscopic analysis, Starting materials, Thermal cycles, Tissue engineering, X- ray diffractions},
	isbn = {09284931 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349181295\&partnerID=40\&md5=ea36fd01a8565ecbd7230948b317995d},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Rodriguez, M.A. and Pena, P. and De Aza, A.H. and De Aza, S. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2318,
	title = {Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the communication between human osteoprogenitors and endothelial cells},
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},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {390 - 398},
	abstract = {Proper bone remodeling requires an active process of angiogenesis which in turn supplies the necessary growth factors and stem cells. This tissue cooperation suggests a cross-talk between osteoblasts and endothelial cells. This work aims to identify the role of paracrine communication through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in co-culture between osteoblastic and endothelial cells. Through a well defined direct contact co-culture model between human osteoprogenitors (HOPs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we observed that HUVECs were able to migrate along HOPs, inducing the formation of specific tubular-like structures. VEGF                        165 gene expression was detected in the HOPs, was up-regulated in the co-cultured HOPs and both Fit-1 and KDR gene expression increased in co- cultured HUVECs. However, the cell rearrangement observed in co-culture was promoted by a combination of soluble chemoattractive factors and not by VEGF
                        165 alone. Despite having no observable effect on endothelial cell tubular-like formation, VEGF appeared to have a crucial role in osteoblastic differentiation since the inhibition of its receptors reduced the co-culture-stimulated osteoblastic phenotype. This co-culture system appears to enhance both primary angiogenesis events and osteoblastic differentiation, thus allowing for the development of new strategies in vascularized bone tissue engineering. {\textcopyright} 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
},
	keywords = {angiogenesis, article, Cell Communication, cell contact, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell migration, cell motion, Cell Movement, Cells, Cultured, Co-culture, coculture, Coculture Techniques, controlled study, cytology, Endothelial Cells, endothelium cell, Enzyme Activation, gene expression, gene expression regulation, genetics, human, human cell, Human stem cells, human tissue, Humans, Humulus, messenger RNA, metabolism, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Migration, nucleotide sequence, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, Osteogenesis, paracrine signaling, phenotype, priority journal, Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, RNA, Messenger, Scanning electron microscopy, secretion, stem cell, umbilical cord, umbilical vein, upregulation, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, vasculotropin 165, vasculotropin A, vasculotropin receptor, vasculotropin receptor 1, vasculotropin receptor 2, Vegf},
	isbn = {07302312 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-62649105328\&partnerID=40\&md5=eedea600f709f22058168897dc998863},
	author = {Grellier, M. and Ferreira-Tojais, N. and Bourget, C. and Bareillke, R. and Guillemot, F. and Am{\'e}d{\'e}e, J.}
}
@article {2309,
	title = {Selective protein adsorption modulates platelet adhesion and activation to oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated self-assembled monolayers with C18 ligands},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 11Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32011PubMed ID: 18442116Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Gon{\c c}alves, I. C.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Universidade do Porto, Run do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: icastro@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; glutaraldehyde, 111-30-8, 37245-61-7; human serum albumin, 9048-49-1; Carbon, 7440-44-0; Ethylene Glycol, 107-21-1; Ligands; Serum AlbuminReferences: Nath, N., Hyun, J., Ma, H., Chilkoti, A., Surface engineering strategies for control of protein and cell interactions (2004) Surf Sci, 570, pp. 98-110;Mao, C., Qiu, Y.Z., Sang, H.B., Mei, H., Zhu, A.P., Shen, J., Lin, S.C., Various approaches to modify biomaterial surfaces for improving hemocompatibility (2004) Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 110, pp. 5-17; 
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Eberhart, R.C., Munro, M.S., Williams, G.B., Kulkarni, P.V., Shannon, W.A., Brink, B.E., Fry, W.J., Albumin adsorption and retention on C-18-alkyl-derivatized polyurethane vascular grafts (1987) Artif Organs, 11, pp. 375-382; 
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Pitt WG, Cooper SL. Albumin adsorption on alkyl chain derivatized polyurethanes. I. The effect of C-18 alkylation. T Biomed Mater Res 1988;22:359-382Johnston, E., Ratner, B.D., Protein Adsorption: Friend or Foe? (1998) Immobilized biomolecules in analysis: A practical approach, pp. 79-94. , Cass T, Ligler FS, editors, Oxford: Oxford University Press;; 
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Goncalves, I.C., Martins, M.C.L., Barbosa, M.A., Ratner, B.D., Protein adsorption on 18-alkyl chains immobilized on hydroxyl-ter- minated self-assembled monolayers (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 3891-3899; 
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Rodrigues, S.N., Goncalves, I.C., Martins, M.C.L., Barbosa, M.A., Ralner, B.D., Fibrinogen adsorption, platelet adhesion and activation on mixed hydroxyl-/methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (2006) Biomaterials, 27, pp. 5357-5367; 
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Barbosa, J.N., Barbosa, M.A., Aguas, A.P., Inflammatory responses and cell adhesion to self-assembled monolayers of alkanethio- lates on gold (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 2557-2563
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {642 - 653},
	abstract = {This study focuses on the selective binding of albumin to a nanostructured surfaces to inhibit other blood proteins from adsorbing thereby reducing platelet adhesion and activation. Tetra (ethylene-glycol)-terminated self- assembled monolayers (EG4 SAMs) with different percentages of CI 8 ligands on the surface were characterized by contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. A specific surface (2.5\% C18 SAM) was found to be selective for human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of both albumin and fibrinogen (HFG). The importance of this concentration of C18 ligands was stressed in reversibility studies since that surface exchanged almost all the preadsorbed HSA by HSA in solution, but not by HFG. The effect of protein adsorption in the subsequent adhesion and activation of platelets was studied by pre-immersing the surfaces in albumin and plasma before contact with platelets. Scanning electron microscopy and glutaraldehyde induced fluorescence technique images showed that as surfaces got more hydrophobic due to the immobilization of C18 ligands, the number of adherent platelets increased and their morphology changed from round to fully spread. Pre-immersion in HSA led to an 80{\textdegree}/o decrease in platelet adhesion and reduction of activation. Pre-immersion in 1\% plasma was only relevant in 2.5\% CI 8 SAMs since this was the only surface that demonstrated less adhesion of platelets comparing with buffer pre-immersion. However, they still adsorb more platelets then when HSA was preadsorbed. This was confirmed in competition studies between HSA and plasma that suggested that other plasma proteins were also adsorbing to this surface. {\textcopyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Absorption spectroscopy, Acoustic microscopes, Adhesion, Adsorption, Albumin, Aldehydes, Angle measurement, article, Biological materials, Biomaterials, Blood Platelets, Blood protein, Blood substitutes, Carbon, Cell Shape, chemical composition, Concentration of, Contact angle, controlled study, Ethylene, Ethylene Glycol, ethylene glycol derivative, fibrinogen, Fluorescence technique, glutaraldehyde, gold nanoparticle, human, human serum albumin, Human serum albumins, Humans, hydrophobicity, Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ligand, Ligands, Nanostructured surface, normal human, Oligo(ethylene glycol), Photoelectron spectroscopy, plasma, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma protein, Plasmas, Platelet adhesion, Platelet Adhesiveness, Platelets, Protein adsorption, protein binding, Proteins, Sams, Scanning electron microscopy, Selective binding, Selective protein adsorption, self assembled monolayer, Self assembled monolayers, Self-assembled monolayers, Serum Albumin, Specific surface, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Surface Properties, surface property, thrombocyte activation, thrombocyte adhesion, thrombocyte shape, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-66249128976\&partnerID=40\&md5=0be21ad44fe5cf556598975ea1655bed},
	author = {Gon{\c c}alves, I.C. and Martins, M.C.L. and Barbosa, M.A. and Naeemi, E. and Ratner, B.D.}
}
@article {2358,
	title = {Biocompatibility of highly macroporous ceramic scaffolds: Cell adhesion and morphology studies},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 23Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/s10856-007-3005-xPubMed ID: 17665126Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; email: smsilva@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Biocompatible Materials; Ceramics; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Jones, A.C., (2004) Biomaterials, 25, p. 4947;Karaggeorgiou, V., (2005) Biomaterials, 27, p. 5474; 
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},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {855 - 859},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds can be used for tissue engineering applications since they can serve as templates for cell adhesion, proliferation and ultimately for tissue repair. One way to address this issue is to evaluate the cell adhesion using several characterization techniques namely, cytotoxicity assays and cell visualization. On the other hand, when using highly macroporous scaffolds some techniques may not be adequate for evaluation, such as MTT. In this work, cytotoxicity assay (MTS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to evaluate cell adhesion in highly macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds. It was possible to observe that some techniques were not suitable to evaluate cell adhesion. In addition, it was shown that for this kind of scaffolds, confocal laser scanning microscopy is a powerful tool for cell adhesion and proliferation evaluation. {\textcopyright} 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},
	keywords = {article, Bioassay, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, cell adhesion, Cell Line, Tumor, cell proliferation, cell structure, Ceramic materials, ceramics, confocal laser microscopy, controlled study, Cytotoxicity, Cytotoxicity assay, Durapatite, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Macroporous ceramic scaffolds, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Osteoblasts, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Tissue engineering, Tissue Scaffolds},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39049162092\&partnerID=40\&md5=500dfec2998ea8943e9a38309d2b7e5b},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2357,
	title = {Bone ingrowth in macroporous Bonelike                    {\textregistered} for orthopaedic applications
},
	journal = {Acta BiomaterialiaActa Biomater.},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 13Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.06.009PubMed ID: 17716960Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Bone SubstitutesTradenames: BonelikeReferences: Akamatsu, Y., Koshino, T., Saito, T., Wada, J., Changes in osteosclerosis of the osteoarthritic knee after high tibial osteotomy (1997) Clin Orthop, 334, pp. 207-214;Coventry, M.B., Ilstrup, D.M., Wallrichs, S.L., Proximal tibial osteotomy. A critical long-term study of eighty-seven cases (1993) J Bone Joint Surg, 75 -A, pp. 196-201; 
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},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {370 - 377},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological behaviour of porous scaffold structures of Bonelike                        {\textregistered} which is suitable for either direct clinical use or tissue engineering applications. Porous cylindrical specimens 8 {\texttimes} 10 mm were implanted in the lateral aspect of the tibia of 13 patients (mean age 54 years), during osteotomy surgery for the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Implanted cylinders were retrieved at the same time as the removal of the blade plates at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Scanning electron microscopy and histological evaluations were performed to observe the biological responses of human bone tissue to porous Bonelike
                        {\textregistered}. The penetration depth was determined for all implantation periods, and after 6 months it was already possible to see new bone in the centre of the implanted cylinders, which gives 100\% of penetration depth for all implantations periods except for 3 months when bone could only be seen in the peripherical region. Regarding the percentage of the area covered by new bone calculated from two-dimensional histological sections, values of 53 {\textpm} 15, 76 {\textpm} 12 and 88 {\textpm} 9\% were achieved for 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. Due to its structural features porous Bonelike
                        {\textregistered} permitted effective vascularization and bone ingrowth, and therefore was fully osteointegrated as shown in the histological surveys. A slow biomaterial degradation with implantation time is envisaged since the material has displayed surface degradation. Bonelike
                        {\textregistered} scaffolds show potential for complete ingrowth of osseous tissue and restoration of vascularization throughout the defected site. {\textcopyright} 2007.
},
	keywords = {adult, aged, article, biomaterial, bone defect, Bone graft, bone growth, Bone Regeneration, Bone Substitutes, bone tissue, Bonelike, clinical article, controlled study, Female, histology, human, human tissue, Humans, implant, knee osteoarthritis, male, materials testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Middle Aged, molecular scaffold, Orthopaedic, orthopedics, Osseointegration, Osteoarthritis, osteotomy, porosity, Porous materials, priority journal, Prostheses and Implants, Scanning electron microscopy, tibia, Time Factors, Tissue engineering, tissue section, vascularization, {\textregistered}},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38949142954\&partnerID=40\&md5=ab5a278b6d421b9e8e96f9397b7c54e1},
	author = {Gutierres, M. and Lopes, M.A. and Sooraj Hussain, N. and Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F. and Afonso, A. and Cabral, A.T. and Almeida, L. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2352,
	title = {Cell-induced response by tetracyclines on human bone marrow colonized hydroxyapatite and Bonelike                    {\textregistered}
                
},
	journal = {Acta BiomaterialiaActa Biomater.},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 9Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.12.006PubMed ID: 18291737Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Farmacologia e Biocompatibilidade Celular, Faculdade de Medicina Dent{\'a}ria, Universidade do Porto (FMDUP), Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, s/n, 4200-392 Porto, Portugal; email: mhrf@portugalmail.ptChemicals/CAS: calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; doxycycline, 10592-13-9, 17086-28-1, 564-25-0; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; minocycline, 10118-90-8, 11006-27-2, 13614-98-7; Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Bone Substitutes; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Culture Media; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Minerals; Tetracycline, 60-54-8Tradenames: BonelikeReferences: Chambers, H., Protein synthesis inhibitors and miscellaneous antibacterial agents (2006) Goodman and Gilman{\textquoteright}s - The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, pp. 1173-1202. , Brunton L. (Ed), McGraw-Hill, Germany;Alkan, A., Erdem, E., Gunhan, O., Karasu, C., Histomorphometric evaluation of the effect of doxycycline on the healing of bone defects in experimental diabetes mellitus: a pilot study (2002) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 60, p. 898; 
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},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {630 - 637},
	abstract = {Semi-synthetic tetracyclines are commonly used antibiotics that also seem to play an important role in the modulation of the immuno-inflammatory imbalance, verified in several bone diseases. The association of a therapeutic agent (that prevents bacterial infection and induces tissue formation) to a biomaterial aiming to repair/regenerate bone defects could contribute to a more predictable clinical outcome. The present study intends to evaluate the proliferation and functional activity of osteoblast-induced human bone marrow cells, cultured on the surface of hydroxyapatite (HA) and Bonelike                        {\textregistered}, in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of doxycycline and minocycline. First passage bone marrow cells were cultured for 35 days on the surface of HA and Bonelike
                        {\textregistered} discs, in the absence or presence of 1 μg ml
},
	keywords = {adult, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme, antimicrobial activity, article, Bacteria (microorganisms), bone infection, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, Bone Substitutes, Bonelike, Calcium, calcium phosphate, Cell culture, cell function, cell proliferation, cell survival, cell viability, Cells, Cultured, concentration response, controlled study, Culture Media, culture medium, doxycycline, Durapatite, enzyme activity, extracellular matrix, glass, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, implant, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Middle Aged, Minerals, minocycline, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, stroma cell, Tetracycline, tetracycline derivative, Tetracyclines, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-41549100057\&partnerID=40\&md5=da9f976ed0f5c4ac2999670cc373bdd3},
	author = {Gomes, P.S. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@article {2342,
	title = {Comparative study of nanohydroxyapatite microspheres for medical applications},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 22Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31634PubMed ID: 17975824Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Mateus, A. Y. P.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: yovana@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: alginic acid, 28961-37-7, 29894-36-8, 9005-32-7, 9005-38-3; calcium hydroxide, 1305-62-0; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; calcium, 7440-70-2; dodecyl sulfate sodium, 151-21-3; neutral red, 553-24-2; phosphoric acid, 7664-38-2; Biocompatible Materials; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; PowdersReferences: Jarcho, M., Calcium phosphates ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics (1981) Clin Orthop Relat Res, 157, pp. 259-278;Bucholz, R., Carlton, A., Holmes, R., Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate bone graft substitutes (1987) Orthop Clin N Am, 18, pp. 323-334; 
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},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {483 - 493},
	abstract = {This study concerns the preparation, physical, and in vitro characterization of two different types of hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres, which are intended to be used as drug-delivery systems and bone-regeneration matrices. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-1 and HA-2) were prepared using the chemical precipitation synthesis with H                        3PO
                        4, Ca(OH) 
                        2, and a surfactant, SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), as starting reagents. The HA powders were dispersed in a sodium alginate solution, and spherical particles were obtained by droplet extrusion coupled with ionotropic gelation in the presence of Ca
                        2+. These were subsequently sintered to produce HA-1 and HA-2 microspheres with a uniform size and interconnected microporosity. Both powders and microspheres were characterized using FTIR and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to analyze the microspheres, and TEM was used to analyze the powders. Results showed that pure HA and mixtures of HA/β-TCP in the nanometer range and needlelike shape were obtained for HA-1 and HA-2 powders, respectively. Neutral Red, scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the behavior of osteoblastic-like MG-63 cells cultured on HA microspheres surfaces for 7 days. Results showed that good adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts on the HA microspheres surface. Cells built bridges between adjacent microspheres, forming microspheres-cells clusters in both types of materials. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
},
	keywords = {alginic acid, analytic method, Apatite, article, Biocompatible Materials, Biological materials, biomaterial, Bone Regeneration, Calcium, calcium hydroxide, calcium phosphate, cell adhesion, Cell Line, cell proliferation, Chemical precipitation, Chemotherapy, Comparative studies, comparative study, controlled study, dodecyl sulfate sodium, Drug delivery, Drug delivery system (DDS), Drug Delivery Systems, Drug dosage, Durapatite, Gelation, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite (HAP), Hydroxylation, In vitro characterization, in vitro study, infrared spectroscopy, materials testing, Medical applications, Mercury intrusion porosimetry, microsphere, Microspheres, Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA), Nanohydroxyapatite, nanoparticle, nanoparticles, neutral red, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, Particle Size, phosphoric acid, porosity, powder, Powders, precipitation, Precipitation (chemical), reagent, Regeneration (renovating), Scanning electron microscopy, surfactant, synthesis, Synthesis (chemical), X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-47049103112\&partnerID=40\&md5=138b3e2f3a97d8b398546d3f85567a0f},
	author = {Mateus, A.Y.P. and Barrias, C.C. and Ribeiro, C. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2337,
	title = {Nanocrystalline diamond: In vitro biocompatibility assessment by MG63 and human bone marrow cells cultures},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 25Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31742PubMed ID: 18085649Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R. F.; CICECO, Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: rsilva@cv.ua.ptChemicals/CAS: diamond, 7782-40-3; polystyrene, 9003-53-6; silicon nitride, 12033-89-5; Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Ceramics; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Diamond, 7782-40-3; Silicon Compounds; silicon nitride, 12033-89-5References: Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, A.S., Lemons, J.E., (1996) Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, , New York: Academic Press;;Emery, D.F.G., Clarke, H.J., Grover, M.L., Stanmore total hip replacement in younger patients: Review of a group of patients under 50 years of age at operation (1997) J Bone Joint Surg, 79, pp. 240-246; 
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},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {91 - 99},
	abstract = {Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) has a great potential for prosthetic implants coating. Nevertheless, its biocompatibility still has to be better understood. To do so, we employed several materials characterization techniques (SEM, AFM, micro-Raman spectroscopy) and cell culture assays using MG63 osteoblast-like and human bone marrow cells. Biochemical routines (MTT assays, Lowry{\textquoteright}s method, ALP activity) supported by SEM and confocal microscopy characterization were carried out. We used silicon nitride (Si                        3N
                        4) substrates for NCD coatings based on a previous demonstration of the superior adhesion and tribological performance of these NCD coated ceramics. Results demonstrate an improved human osteoblast proliferation and the stimulation of differentiated markers, like ALP activity and matrix mineralization, compared with standard polystyrene tissue culture plates. The nanometric featuring of NCD, associated to its chemical affinity are key points for bone regeneration purposes. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
},
	keywords = {adult, alkaline phosphatase, ALP activity, Animal cell culture, Architectural acoustics, article, Atomic force microscopy, Biocompatibility, Bone, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, Bone Regeneration, Cell culture, cell proliferation, cell survival, Cells, Cells, Cultured, ceramics, Cladding (coating), Coated Materials, Biocompatible, confocal microscopy, controlled study, diamond, Diamonds, enzyme activity, extracellular matrix, human, Human bone marrow cells, human cell, Humans, Imaging techniques, Implants (surgical), In vitro biocompatibility, in vitro selection, Joint replacement, male, Materials characterization, materials testing, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Microscopic examination, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mineralization, MTT assaying, Nano-crystalline diamond, nanocrystal, Nanocrystalline alloys, Nanocrystalline materials, nanoparticles, Nanostructured materials, Nitrides, Nonmetals, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, polystyrene, Prostheses and Implants, Raman spectrometry, Scanning electron microscopy, Secondary emission, Silicon, Silicon compounds, Silicon nitride, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Surface Properties, Tissue engineering},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51849084188\&partnerID=40\&md5=a41a73f23c0c63950b4613f44d51bd23},
	author = {Amaral, M. and Dias, A.G. and Gomes, P.S. and Lopes, M.A. and Silva, R.F. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@book {2363,
	title = {Three dimensional macroporous calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {361-363 II},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; email: smsilva@ineb.up.ptReferences: Rose, F.R., Cyster, L.A., Grant, D.M., Scotchford, C.A., Howdle, S.M., Shakesheff, K.M.K.M., In vitro assessment of cell penetration into porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a central aligned channel (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (24), pp. 5507-5514;Anthony, C., Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (20), pp. 4947-4954; 
Teixeira, S., Fernandes, H.M., de Boer, J., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and morphological analysis on interconnected macroporous structures (2007) Key Engineering Materials, 330-332, pp. 1129-1132. , Vols
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {947 - 950},
	abstract = {Calcium phosphate ceramics are widely used as bone substitutes since they are biocompatible and bioactive. Having a chemical composition close to natural bone, calcium phosphate ceramics are promising bone substitute materials in orthopaedics, maxillofacial surgery and dentistry. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are the most commonly used calcium phosphates, because their calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios are close to that of natural bone and they are relatively stable in physiological environment. HA is a major constituent of bone materials and is resorbed after a long time of residence in the body. In this work, highly porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds were produced by polymer replication method and their properties evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and micro computerized tomography (μ-CT).},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Bone, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Computerized tomography, Maxillofacial prostheses, Maxillofacial surgery, Micro computerized tomography, Porous, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Tissue engineering},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38149045804\&partnerID=40\&md5=d137e6232587d31ba95a0c04c781c90a},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Oliveira, S. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2378,
	title = {Laser surface treatment of hydroxyapatite for enhanced tissue integration: Surface characterization and osteoblastic interaction studies},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31073PubMed ID: 17252543Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; email: smsilva@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Ceramics; Durapatite, 1306-06-5Manufacturers: Plasma BiotalReferences: Teixeira S, Queiroz AC, Monteiro FJ, Ferraz MP, Vilar R, Eugenio S. Osteoblast proliferation and morphology analysis on laser modified hydroxyapatite surfaces: Preliminary results. Bioceramics 2006;18 (Parts 1, 2):309-311, 105-108Fernandez-Pradas, J.M., Cleries, L., Martinez, E., Sardin, G., Esteve, J., Morenza, J.L., Influence of thickness on the properties of hydroxyapatite coatings deposited by KrF laser ablation (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 2171-2175;Fernandez-Pradas, J.M., Cleries, L., Serra, P., Sardin, G., Morenza, J.L., Evolution of the deposition rate during pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings and its relation with target morphology (2001) Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process, 72, pp. 613-618; 
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Carvalho, P., Manzanares, M.C., Franch, J., Belmonte, A.M., Lafuente, M.P., Serra, I., Fernandez-Pradas, J.M., Morenza, J.L., Osteointegration of calcium phosphate coatings obtained by pulsed laser deposition (2003) J Dent Res, 82, p. 573; 
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Boyan, B.D., Lossdoerfer, S., Wang, L., Zhao, G., Lohmann, C.H., Cochran, D.L., Schwartz, Z., Osteoblasts generate an osteogenic microenvironment when grown on surfaces with rough microtopographies (2003) Eur Cell Mater, 6, pp. 22-27; 
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Xavier, S.P., Carvalho, P.S.P., Beloti, M.M., Rosa, A.L., Response of rat bone marrow cells to commercially pure titanium submitted to different surface treatments (2003) J Dent, 31, pp. 173-180
},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {920 - 929},
	abstract = {Biocompatibility has long been associated with surface microtopography, microtexture, and microchemistry. The surface topography eventually affects the nature and the intensity of the interactions that occur at biomaterial- biological interface (cell adhesion, mobility, spreading, and proliferation). Therefore, it is necessary to produce and work with controlled microtopographical surfaces that present reproducible microdomains of a dimension similar to that of the biological elements of interest (in this case, osteoblasts). There are a number of substrates that already have been studied in terms of surface topography; however, few studies are related to hydroxyapatite (HA) substrates. As it is well established, HA is a well-known ceramic that is extremely used in medical applications, namely implants and coatings. In this work, the surface topography of dense HA substrates was altered by using KFr excimer laser. The surface was characterized by atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements, while the cell distribution and morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results revealed that the surface is characterized by a homogeneous columnar structure with high specific area. Moreover, cells were able to attach and spread on the surface of the samples, and gradually grow into nearly confluent monolayers. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {article, Atomic force microscopy, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, cell adhesion, Cell Communication, Cell Line, Tumor, cell motility, cell proliferation, cell spreading, cellular distribution, ceramic prosthesis, ceramics, chemistry, confocal laser microscopy, controlled study, Durapatite, Excimer laser, Excimer lasers, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, laser, Lasers, material coating, Microchemistry, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microtexture, monolayer culture, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, reproducibility, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface microtopography, Surface modification, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface topography, Surface treatment, Tissue engineering},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249742544\&partnerID=40\&md5=b6cb0aaa7b8e4a267b97d91d7171862f},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P. and Vilar, R. and Eug{\'e}nio, S.}
}
@book {2384,
	title = {Microspheres based on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles aggregates for bone regeneration},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {330-332 I},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 8Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Pataquiva Mateus, A.Y.; INEB - Institute de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: yovana@ibmc.up.ptReferences: Liou, S., Chen, S., Liu, D., (2003) Biomaterials, 24, p. 3981;Gauthier, O., Bouler, J., Weiss, P., Bosco, J., Daculsi, G., Aguado, E., (1999) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 47, p. 28; 
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Pataquiva-Mateus, A.Y., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, , Submitted paper
},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {243 - 246},
	abstract = {This study concerns the preparation and characterisation of microspheres associating alginate and two different types of hydroxyapatite (HA), which are intended to be used as drug delivery systems and bone regeneration matrices. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-1 and HA-2) were prepared using a chemical precipitation synthesis based on H3PO4, Ca(OH)2 and a surfactant, SDS (sodium dodecylsulphate), as starting reagents. These two powders of nanoHA and alginate were used to prepare two different types of microspheres. Both powders and microspheres were characterised using FTIR, TEM, SEM, mercury porosimetry analysis and X-ray diffraction Results show that pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and mixtures of HA/β-TCP in the nanometre range were obtained from both HA syntheses. Microspheres with different characteristics were obtained from these two types of hydroxyapatite.},
	keywords = {Alginate, Bone, Bone Regeneration, Chemical precipitation, Controlled drug delivery, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydroxyapatite, Microspheres, Microstructure, nanoparticles, Nanostructured materials, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface active agents, transmission electron microscopy},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846333853\&partnerID=40\&md5=f694c3d331dea2c82aba11cef4dddd59},
	author = {Pataquiva Mateus, A.Y. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2402,
	title = {Assessment of Bonelike{\textregistered} graft with a resorbable matrix using an animal model},
	journal = {Thin Solid FilmsThin Solid Films},
	volume = {515},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: THSFAdoi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.153Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptReferences: Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, Singapore, , Scientific W. (Ed);Hench, L.L., (1998) Biomaterials, 19, p. 1419; 
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},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {362 - 367},
	abstract = {Synthetic bone grafts have been developed to provide an alternative to autografts and allografts. Bonelike{\textregistered} is a patented synthetic osteoconductive bone graft that mimics the mineral composition of natural bone. In the present preliminary animal studies a user-friendly version of synthetic bone graft Bonelike{\textregistered} have been developed by using a resorbable matrix, Floseal{\textregistered}, as a vehicle and raloxifene hydrochloride as a therapeutic molecule, that is known to decrease osteoclast activity and therefore enhanced bone formation. From histological and scanning electron microscopy evaluations, the use of Bonelike{\textregistered} associated with Floseal{\textregistered} and raloxifene hydrochloride showed that new bone was rapidly apposed on implanted granules and also that the presence of the matrix and therapeutic molecule does not alter the proven highly osteoconductivity properties of Bonelike{\textregistered}. Therefore, this association may be one step-forward for the clinical applications of Bonelike{\textregistered} scaffolds since it is much more easy-to-handle when compared to granular materials. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {animal model, Bone, Bonelike{\textregistered}, FloSeal{\textregistered}, Grafting (chemical), Histological analysis, Mathematical models, Raloxifene hydrochloride, Scanning electron microscopy},
	isbn = {00406090 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750074198\&partnerID=40\&md5=f24aac62995c1d96ae0e344ccd428ea5},
	author = {Lobato, J.V. and Hussain, N.S. and Botelho, C.M. and Maur{\'\i}cio, A.C. and Afonso, A. and Ali, N. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2392,
	title = {Fibrinogen adsorption, platelet adhesion and activation on mixed hydroxyl-/methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 70Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.010PubMed ID: 16842847Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Martins, M.C.L.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: cmartins@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; glutaraldehyde, 111-30-8, 37245-61-7; gold, 7440-57-5; thiol derivative, 13940-21-1; Alkanes; Biocompatible Materials; Fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; hydroxide ion, 14280-30-9; Hydroxides; Sulfhydryl CompoundsReferences: Savage, B., Ruggeri, Z.M., Selective recognition of adhesive sites in surface-bound fibrinogen by glycoprotein-iib-iiia on nonactivated platelets (1991) J Biol Chem, 266 (17), pp. 11227-11233;Tsai, W.B., Grunkemeier, J.M., McFarland, C.D., Horbett, T.A., Platelet adhesion to polystyrene-based surfaces preadsorbed with plasmas selectively depleted in fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, or von Willebrand{\textquoteright}s factor (2002) J Biomed Mater Res, 60 (3), pp. 348-359; 
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},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {5357 - 5367},
	abstract = {The effect of surface wettability on fibrinogen adsorption, platelet adhesion and platelet activation was investigated using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing different ratios of longer chain methyl- and shorter chain hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiols (C15CH3 vs. C11OH) on gold. Protein adsorption studies were performed using radiolabeled human fibrinogen (HFG). Platelet adhesion and activation studies with and without pre-adsorbed fibrinogen, albumin and plasma were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a glutaraldehyde-induced fluorescence technique (GIFT). Results demonstrated a linear decrease of HFG adsorption with the increase of OH groups on the monolayer (increase of the hydrophilicity). Platelet adhesion and activation also decrease with increase of hydrophilicity of surface. Concerning SAMs pre-immersed in proteins, fibrinogen adsorption was related with high platelet adhesion and activation. The passivant effect of albumin on platelet adhesion and activation was only demonstrated on SAMs contained C11OH. When all the blood proteins are present (plasma) platelet adhesion was almost absent on SAMs with 65\% and 100\% C11OH. This could be explained by the higher albumin affinity of the SAMs with 65\% C11OH and the lower total protein adsorption associated with SAMs with 100\% C11OH. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Albumin, alkane derivative, Alkanes, article, binding affinity, Biocompatible Materials, Blood Platelets, Cells, Cultured, Chemical reactions, controlled study, Crystallization, fibrinogen, Fluorescence, fluorescence analysis, glutaraldehyde, gold, human, human cell, Humans, hydrophilicity, Hydroxides, hydroxyl group, materials testing, methyl group, Methylation, monolayer culture, Monolayers, normal human, Organic compounds, plasma, Plasma protein, Platelet activation, Platelet adhesion, Platelet Adhesiveness, priority journal, Protein adsorption, protein binding, Proteins, Radiolabeled human fibrinogen (HFG), Scanning electron microscopy, Self assembled, SEM, Sulfhydryl Compounds, surface property, thiol derivative, thrombocyte adhesion, wettability},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746216936\&partnerID=40\&md5=c2c54ad0448df431fbd884394915eb51},
	author = {Rodrigues, S.N. and Gon{\c c}alves, I.C. and Martins, M.C.L. and Barbosa, M.A. and Ratner, B.D.}
}
@article {2411,
	title = {Histological and scanning electron microscopy analyses of bone/implant interface using the novel Bonelike{\textregistered} synthetic bone graft},
	journal = {Journal of Orthopaedic ResearchJ. Orthop. Res.},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 6Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JOREDdoi: 10.1002/jor.20117Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; DEMM, Faculty of Engg., University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Bone SubstitutesTradenames: Bonelike; JSM 630IF, JeolManufacturers: JeolReferences: Peter, P., Heinrich, R., Meinrad, P., (2003) Orthopaedic Issues in Osteoporosis, , YH An, editor. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1999) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd; 
Corpe, R.S., Steflik, D.E., Whitehead, R.Y., Correlative experimental animal and human clinical retrieval evaluations (2000) Crit Rev Biomed Eng, 28, pp. 395-398; 
Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Four calcium phosphate ceramics as bone substitutes for non-weight bearing (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 216-224; 
Koshino, T., Murase, T., Takagi, T., New bone formation around porous hydroxyapatite wedge implanted in opening wedge high tibial osteotomy in patients with osteoarthritis (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1579-1582; 
LeGeros, R.Z., (1991) Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine, pp. 4-45. , Meyers HM, editor. New York: Karger; 
Macdonald, D.E., Betts, F., Stranick, M., Physicochemical study of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated implants in humans (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 480-490; 
Oonishi, H., Yamamoto, M., Ishimaru, H., The effect of hydroxyapatite coating on bone growth into porous titanium alloy implants (1989) J Bone Surg Br, 71, pp. 213-216; 
Thomas, K.A., Hydroxyapatite coatings (1994) Orthopedics, 17, pp. 267-278; 
Doron, H., Amy, L.L., Bone graft substitutes (2003) Oper Tech Plastic Reconstruct Surg, 9, pp. 151-160; 
Write, S., The bone-graft market in Europe. Commentary extracted from a report entitled "Emerging technologies in orthopedics I.: Bone graft substitutes, bone growth stimulators and bone growth factors" (1999), pp. 591-595. , London: Datamonitor plcBotelho, C.M., Brooks, R.A., Best, S.M., Biological and physical-chemical characterization of phase pure HA and si-substituted hydroxyapatite by different microscopy techniques (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254, p. 845; 
Costa, M.A., Gutierres, M., Almeida, L., In vitro mineralisation of human bone marrow cells cultured on bonelike{\textregistered} (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254-256, pp. 821-824; 
Gutierres, M., Hussain, N.S., Afonso, A., Biological behaviour of bonelike{\textregistered} graft Implanted in the tibia of humans (2005) Key Eng Mater, 284-286, pp. 1041-1044; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39, pp. 244-251; 
Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: Fracture toughness and hardness dependence on microstructural characteristics (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 2085-2090; 
Lopes, M.A., Silva, R.F., Monteiro, F.J., Microstructural dependence of Young{\textquoteright}s and shear moduli of P 2O 5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 749-754; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Structural insights of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites by Rietveld refinement (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1905-1910; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Microstructural characterization of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Push-out testing and histological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites implanted in the tibia of rabbits (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 463-469; 
Felson, D.T., Naimark, A., Anderson, J., The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: The Framingham Study (1987) Arthritis Rheum, 30, pp. 914-918; 
Guincamp, C., Pap, T., Schedel, J., Gene therapy in osteoarthritis (2000) Joint Bone Spine, 67, pp. 570-571; 
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Pendleton, A., Arden, N., Dougados, M., EULAR recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a task force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT) (2000) Ann Rheum Dis, 59, pp. 936-944; 
Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., Knowles, J.C., Sintered hydroxyapatite compositions and method for the preparation thereof (1999) Eur. Pat. WO 0068164; 
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Hing, K.A., Assessment of porous hydroxyapatite for bone replacement (1996), (Ph D Thesis). London: University of LondonLopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Direct and indirect effects of P 2O 5-glass reinforced-hydroxyapatite composites and growth and function of osteoblast-like cells (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1165-1172; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Ross, M.H., Romrell, L.J., Kaye, G.I., (1995) Histology - A Text and Atlas, , 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams \& Wilkins; 
Lobato, J.V., Hussain, N.S., Botelho, C.M., Assessment of the potential of Bonelike{\textregistered} graft for bone regeneration by using an animal model (2005) Key Eng Mater, 284-286, pp. 877-880; 
Duarte, F., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Bonelike{\textregistered} composites for the regeneration of bone lesions (2004) Mater Sci Forum, 455-456, pp. 370-373; 
Laurencin, C.T., (2003) Bone Graft Substitutes, , West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {953 - 958},
	abstract = {Synthetic bone grafts provide an alternative to autografts and allografts. Bonelike{\textregistered} is a patented synthetic bone graft that mimics the mineral composition of bone. The aim of the present work was to assess the biological behavior of Bonelike{\textregistered} graft in humans, before using the material in orthopedic applications of bone regeneration, for example, in opening wedge high tibial osteotomies for medial knee osteoarthritis. Bonelike{\textregistered} granules were implanted in cortical bone of 11 patients undergoing osteotomies, and new bone formation, osteoconductive properties, and resorption characteristics of the granules were analyzed. The granules ranged from 500 to 1000 μm and were implanted in the lateral aspect of the tibia. The patients{\textquoteright} mean age was 59 years (range 48 to 70 years); there were eight women and three men, all suffering from medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. At surgery, a 1 {\texttimes} 1 {\texttimes} 1-cm cortical defect was created 3 cm distal to the entry point of the screws, in line with the long axis of tibia. The implanted Bonelike{\textregistered} graft sample was extracted for analysis during removal of the metallic prosthesis after implantation times of 6, 9, and 12 months. Radiological follow-up, scanning electron microscopy, histological analysis, and histomorphometric measurements were conducted on the retrieved samples to assess bone regeneration in the defect area. Osteoconductive capacity was demonstrated by extensive mature bone formation around the implanted granules and high levels of percentage bone-to-graft contact (from 67-84\%). Bonelike{\textregistered} acted as an excellent bioactive scaffold, allowing the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of bone cells on its surface, and therefore regeneration of the defects was achieved in a rapid, controlled manner. Our results suggest that Bonelike{\textregistered} graft is an excellent candidate for orthopedic applications where rapid new bone formation is a fundamental requirement. {\textcopyright} 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {adult, aged, article, Bone, Bone and Bones, bone cell, bone conduction, bone development, Bone graft, bone prosthesis, bone radiography, Bone Regeneration, bone screw, Bone Substitutes, bone transplantation, Bonelike{\textregistered}, cell differentiation, cell migration, cell proliferation, Clinical applications, clinical article, controlled study, Female, follow up, Histological analysis, histology, human, Humans, knee osteoarthritis, male, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Middle Aged, morphometrics, orthopedics, ossification, Osteoconduction, Osteogenesis, osteolysis, Pathology, priority journal, Prostheses and Implants, prostheses and orthoses, prosthesis material, Scanning electron microscopy, surgical technique, Synthetic bone graft, tibia osteotomy, ultrastructure},
	isbn = {07360266 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744465532\&partnerID=40\&md5=ef625229b1616ab24217a9235a89286e},
	author = {Gutierres, M. and Hussain, N.S. and Lopes, M.A. and Alfonso, A. and Cabral, A.T. and Almeida, L. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2422,
	title = {In vivo performance of biodegradable calcium phosphate glass ceramics using the rabbit model: Histological and SEM observation},
	journal = {Journal of Biomaterials ApplicationsJ. Biomater. Appl.},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 10Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBAPEdoi: 10.1177/0885328206052466Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica (INEB), Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; Bone Substitutes; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; CeramicsReferences: Parikh, S.N., Bone Graft Substitutes in Modern Orthopedics (2002) Orthopedics, 25 (11), pp. 1301-1309;Tomford, W.W., Bone Allografts: Past, Present and Future (2000) Cell and Tissue Banking, 1, pp. 105-109; 
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Raynaud, S., Champion, E., Lafon, J.P., Bernache-Assollant, D., Calcium Phosphate Apatites with Variable Ca/P Atomic Ratio III Mechanical Properties and Degradation in Solution of Hot Pressed Ceramics (2002) Biomaterials 23, 4, pp. 1081-1089; 
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Dias, A.G., Lopes, M.A., Gibson, I.R., Santos, J.D., In vitro Degradation Studies of Calcium Phosphate Glass Ceramics Prepared by Controlled Crystallization (2003) Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 330 (1-3), pp. 81-89; 
Dias, A.G., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Protein Adsorption Effect on in vitro Acellular Biodegradation of CaO-P 2O 5 Glass Ceramics (2004) Advanced Materials Forum, 455-456, pp. 398-401; 
Dias, A.G., Skakle, J.M.S., Gibson, I.R., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., In situ Thermal and Structural Characterization of Bioactive Calcium Phosphate Glass Ceramics Containing TiO 2 and MgO Oxides: HT-XRD Studies (2005) Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 351, pp. 810-817; 
Dias, A.G., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, T., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Osaka, A., Crystallisation Studies of Biodegradable CaO-P 2O 5 Glass with MgO and TiO 2 for Bone Regeneration Applications (2004) Glass Technology, 45 (2), pp. 78-79; 
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Dias, A.G., Lopes, M.A., Gibson, I.R., Skakle, J.M.S., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Santos, J.D., Studies of Calcium Phosphate Glass Ceramic Containing TiO 2 and MgO Ions: Dissolution Behavior, , vitro (submitted)
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {253 - 266},
	abstract = {Two MK5 (45CaO-45P                        2O
                        5-5MGO-5K
                        2O, in mol\% and MT13 (45CaO-37P
                        2O
                        5-5MgO-13TiO 
                        2, in mol\%) glasses are prepared in the meta- and pyrophosphate regions and crystallized to obtain MK5B and MT13B, respectively. MK5B was obtained by controlled crystallization, and MT13B by powder sintering. As a result of these heat treatment processes, the crystalline phases precipitated in the glassy matrix are KCa(PO
                        3)
                        3, β-Ca(PO
                        3)
                        2, β-Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 and Ca
                        4P
                        6O
                        19 phases for MK5B and CaTi
                        4(PO
                        4)
                        6, TiP
                        2O
                        7, α- and β-Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 phases for MT13B. To assess the in vivo biological behavior of these glass ceramics, a mixed granulometry in the range 250-355 μm and 355-425 μm with a ratio of 1/1 was implanted for 2, 4, and 12 weeks in the tibiae of Japanese white rabbits. The results showed that the in vivo behavior was strongly affected by their solubility. All implanted materials, MK5B and MT13B, and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as control material, showed signs of degradation in vivo. However, the levels of degradation were quite different throughout the implantation periods. The highest degradation was observed for MK5B glass ceramic and the lowest for MT13B with β-TCP in-between. All implanted materials allow for new bone formation in the bone defect area. At the longest implantation period (12 weeks), the MT13B and β-TCP materials were almost completely surrounded by new bone tissue, whereas MK5B showed some unfilled spaces. This behavior is discussed in terms of the high degradation observed in previous studies. {\textcopyright} 2006 SAGE Publications.
},
	keywords = {Absorbable Implants, animal, Animals, article, Biodegradable glass ceramics, biodegradable implant, Biodegradation, bone prosthesis, Bone Substitutes, bone tissue, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, ceramics, chemistry, disease model, Disease Models, Animal, glass, Glass ceramics, histology, Imaging techniques, In vivo testing, materials testing, Optical microscopy, Pathology, rabbit, Rabbits, Scanning electron microscopy, tibia fracture, Tibial Fractures, Tissue, treatment outcome, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {08853282 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-31644441745\&partnerID=40\&md5=68f1ef16695697c5125c50fd348eccb0},
	author = {Dias, A.G. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Afonso, A. and Tsuru, K. and Osaka, A. and Hayakawa, S. and Takashima, S. and Kurabayashi, Y.}
}
@article {2416,
	title = {Structural analysis of dextran-based hydrogels obtained chemoenzymatically},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied BiomaterialsJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater.},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 12Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRGdoi: 10.1002/jbm.b.30394PubMed ID: 16211568Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ferreira, L.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: lino@mit.eduChemicals/CAS: acrylic acid, 10344-93-1, 79-10-7; dextran, 87915-38-6, 9014-78-2; nitrogen, 7727-37-9; Biocompatible Materials; Dextrans, 9004-54-0; Hydrogels; Nitrogen, 7727-37-9; Water, 7732-18-5References: Peppas, N.A., Bures, P., Leobandung, W., Ichikawa, H., Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations (2000) Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 50, pp. 27-46;Park, K., Park, H., Biocompatibility issues of implantable drug delivery systems (1996) Pharm Res, 13, pp. 1770-1776; 
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},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {55 - 64},
	abstract = {This work reports the results of structural analysis in novel dextran-acrylate (dexT70-VA) hydrogels generated chemoenzymatically. Porous structure as well as hydrogel surface and interior morphologies were evaluated by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), nitrogen adsorption (NA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, as a function of the degree of substitution (DS), and initial water content used in the preparation of the hydrogel. MIP analysis showed that the overall networks were clearly macroporous with pore sizes ranging from 0.065 to 10 μm. As expected, the average pore size decreased as DS increased and as initial water content decreased. Moreover, the porosity values ranged from 75 up 90\%, which shows that these hydrogels present an interconnected pore structure. Nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the specific surface area of dexT70-VA hydrogels increased either by increasing the DS or by decreasing the initial water content of the hydrogel. SEM results revealed that the surface of hydrogels with lower DS presented either a porous structure or a polymeric "skin" covering the pores, whereas hydrogels with higher DS were totally porous. Furthermore, the interior morphology varied according to the DS and the initial water content of the hydrogels. Finally, the average pore size was also determined from the swelling of hydrogel using a theoretical model developed by FIory-Rehner. The comparison of the SEM and MIP results with the ones obtained by the equilibrium swelling theory of Flory-Rehner shows that this approach highly underestimates the average pore size. {\textcopyright} 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {acrylic acid, article, Biocompatible Materials, Chemical structure, Degree of substitution (DS), dextran, dextran acrylate, Dextrans, enzyme activity, Enzymes, equilibrium swelling theory, Gas adsorption, hydrogel, Hydrogels, materials testing, Mathematical models, Mercury intrusion porosimetry, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Molecular Structure, morphology, nitrogen, polymer, porosity, Scanning electron microscopy, Structural characterization, structure analysis, Surface Properties, theoretical model, unclassified drug, Water, water content},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645418697\&partnerID=40\&md5=dedaf3c637b57831457b05f5bc57beb6},
	author = {Ferreira, L. and Figueirecio, M.M. and Gil, M.H. and Ramos, M.A.}
}
@article {2421,
	title = {Three-dimensional culture of human osteoblastic cells in chitosan sponges: The effect of the degree of acetylation},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 19Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30522PubMed ID: 16270345Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Amaral, I.F.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: iamaral@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: alkaline phosphatase, 9001-78-9; chitosan, 9012-76-4; collagen, 9007-34-5; Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Chitosan, 9012-76-4; Collagen, 9007-34-5References: Bruder, S.P., Caplan, A.I., Bone regeneration through cellular engineering (2000) Principles of Tissue Engineering, pp. 683-696. , Lanza RP, Langer R, Vacanti J, editors. San Diego: Academic Press;Anselme, K., Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 667-681; 
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Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Zucchini, C., Ilari, P., Pugnaloni, A., Belmonte, M.M., Biagini, G., Castaldini, C., Osteoconductive properties of methylpyrrolidinone chitosan in an animal-model (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 925-929; 
Lee, J.Y., Nam, S.H., Im, S.Y., Park, Y.J., Lee, Y.M., Seol, Y.J., Chung, C.P., Lee, S.J., Enhanced bone formation by controlled growth factor delivery from chitosan-based biomaterials (2002) J Control Release, 78, pp. 187-197; 
Zhao, F., Yin, Y.J., Lu, W.W., Leong, J.C., Zhang, W.J., Zhang, J.Y., Zhang, M.F., Yao, K.D., Preparation and histological evaluation of biomimetic three-dimensional hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network composite scaffolds (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 3227-3234; 
Nettles, D.L., Elder, S.H., Gilbert, J.A., Potential use of chitosan as a cell scaffold material for cartilage tissue engineering (2002) Tissue Eng, 8, pp. 1009-1016; 
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Chatelet, C., Damour, O., Domard, A., Influence of the degree of acetylation on some biological properties of chitosan films (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 261-268; 
Dhiman, H.K., Ray, A.R., Panda, A.K., Characterization and evaluation of chitosan matrix for in vitro growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 5147-5154; 
Amaral, I.F., Lamghari, M., Sousa, S.R., Sampaio, P., Barbosa, M.A., Rat bone marrow stromal cells osteogenic differentiation and fibronectin adsorption on chitosan membranes: The effect of the degree of acetylation (2005) J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 75 A, pp. 387-397; 
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Brugnerotto, J., Lizardi, J., Goycoolea, F.M., Arguelles-Monal, W., Desbrieres, J., Rinaudo, M., An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization (2001) Polymer, 42, pp. 3569-3580; 
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Aiba, S., Studies on Chitosan: 1. Determination of the degree of N-acetylation of chitosan by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and gel-permeation chromatography (1986) Int J Biol Macromol, 8, pp. 173-176; 
Hirano, S., Ohe, Y., Ono, H., Selective N-acylation of chitosan (1976) Carbohydr Res, 47, pp. 315-320; 
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Domard, A., Chitosan interactions (1997) Advances in Chitin Science, pp. 410-420. , Domard A, Roberts GAF, Varum KM, editors. Lyon, France: Jacques Andr{\'e} Publisher;
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {335 - 346},
	abstract = {In this investigation, the effect of the degree of acetylation (DA) of chitosan on the behavior of human osteoblastic MG-63 cells cultured in three-dimensional chitosan matrices was assessed. Chitosan sponges with DAs in the range of 4 to 49\% were prepared and characterized in terms of microstructure, porosity, and pore size. Collagen sponges were used as 3D control. Cell proliferation was determined using the MTT assay while the retention of the osteoblastic phenotype was monitored by assaying alkaline phosphatase activity. Cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and viability were assessed using different microscopy techniques. Chitosan sponges showed a similar microstructure regardless the DA, except for the highest DA used, where a more heterogeneous pore distribution was observed. In terms of cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and cell viability, cells cultured in chitosan scaffolds performed as well as in the 3D control regardless the DA, except for the highest DA used, where an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was found. However, while in sponges with DAs <= 13\% cells attached and spread displaying long cell filopodia and numerous cell-to-cell contacts, in sponges with higher DAs cells tended to remain spherical and grow into spheroid-like cellular aggregates. In the present study, the DA played a key role in determining the affinity of osteoblastic cells towards the substrates, possibly by influencing the nature of the initial adsorbed protein layer. {\textcopyright} 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Acetylation, Aggregates, alkaline phosphatase, article, Bone Regeneration, bone tissue, Bone tissue engineering, Cell culture, Cell Culture Techniques, Cell filopodia, cell growth, cell proliferation, Cell Shape, cell structure, cell survival, cell viability, chitosan, Collagen, confocal microscopy, controlled study, Cytoskeletal organization, cytoskeleton, Degree of acetylation (DA), enzyme activity, gel permeation chromatography, human, human cell, Humans, infrared spectroscopy, Microstructure, morphology, osteoblast, Osteoblastic cells, Osteoblasts, Phosphatase activity, porosity, Proteins, Scaffold, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Substrates, Tissue engineering},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645101773\&partnerID=40\&md5=5adc6336963ec1c8a83d8ec89943159d},
	author = {Amaral, I.F. and Sampaio, P. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@book {2425,
	title = {Assessment of the potential of Bonelike{\textregistered} graft for bone regeneration by using an animal model},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {284-286},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lobato, J.V.; ICBAS-Instituto de Ci{\^e}ncias Biom{\'e}dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar 2, PT-4099-003 Porto, Portugal; email: jvlobato@netcabo.ptReferences: Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., Knowles, J.C., Sintered Hydroxyapatite Compositions and Method for the Preparation Thereof European Patent WO 0068164Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Push-out Testing and Histological Evaluation of Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites Implanted in the Tibia of Rabbits (2001) J.Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 463-469;Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites; Secondary Phases Proportions and Densification Effects on Biaxial Bending Strength (1999) J.Biomed Mater Res, 48, pp. 734-740; 
Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites: Fracture Tougfiness and Hardness Dependence on Microstructural Characteristics (1999) Biomaterials, 2, pp. 2085-2090
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {877 - 880},
	abstract = {Bonelike{\textregistered} graft that mimics the inorganic composition of bone tissue has been developed and characterized over the last decade. To evaluate the osteoconductivity of Bonelike{\textregistered} two granule size ranges, one ranging from 150-250μm and the other from 250-500μm were implanted in the femurs of New Zealand White rabbits, aiming at being clinically used in different medical applications, such as dentistry and orthopaedics. In order to facilitate the medical application of the Bonelike{\textregistered} graft the use of a commercially available polymeric vehicle was also analyzed. Radiological examination, histological studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that the surface of Bonelike{\textregistered} granules was almost completely surrounded by new bone formation after 12 weeks of implantation, which proves its highly osteoconductive behaviour.},
	keywords = {animal model, Animal models, Animals, Biomaterials, Biomedical engineering, Biomimetic materials, Bone, bone tissue, Bonelike graft, Bonelike{\textregistered} graft, Granular materials, In vivo studies, Scanning electron microscopy},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744512103\&partnerID=40\&md5=8f2f8e274f848eb0b105fca4880c0db5},
	author = {Lobato, J.V. and Hussein, N.S. and Botelho, C.M. and Rodrigues, J.M. and Lu{\'\i}s, A.L. and Maur{\'\i}cio, A.C. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@book {2433,
	title = {Biological behaviour of Bonelike{\textregistered} graft implanted in the tibia of humans},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {284-286},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Gutierres, M.; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Hospital de S{\~a}o Jo{\~a}o, Largo Hern{\^a}ni Monteiro, 4200 Porto, Portugal; email: m.gutierres@clix.ptReferences: Bauer, T.W., Muschler, G.F., Bone Graft Materials. An Overview of the Basic Science (2000) Clin orthop Rel. Res, 371, pp. 10-27;Perry, C.R., Bone Repair Techniques, Bone Graft and Bone Graft Substitutes (1999) Clin Orthop Rel Res, 360, pp. 71-86; 
Ilan, D.I., Ladd, A.L., Bone graft substitutes (2003) Operative Tech. in plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 9 (4), pp. 151-160; 
Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., Knowles, J.C., Sintered Hydroxyapatite Compositions and Method for the Preparation Thereof European Patent WO 0068164Lopes, M.A., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: Structural, Physicochemical characterisation and Biological performance (1999), PhD thesis, FEUP, University of Porto, PortugalCoventry, M.B., Osteotomy of the upper portion of the tibia for degenerative arthritis of the knee: A preliminary report (1965) J. Bone Joint Surg.Am, 47, p. 984; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., (2001) J.Biomed Mat Res, 54, pp. 463-469
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {1041 - 1044},
	abstract = {This paper reports the ability of Bonelike{\textregistered} to regenerate bone defected areas when implanted in the tibia of 3 patients (average age of 59 years) during a high tibial osteotomy (HTO) to treat medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Bonelike{\textregistered} is a synthetic bone graft designed to mimic the inorganic composition of bone using a patent process that consists of liquid sintering hydroxyapatite in the presence of CaO-P                        2O
                        5 based glass. The preliminary clinical evaluation performed showed that an intimate contact between new formed bone and Bonelike{\textregistered} was established (67{\textpm}10\%), with no fibrous interface. Therefore, Bonelike{\textregistered} is a single-handedly viable osteoconductive synthetic grafting material as it has been demonstrated from the profiles of radiological, histological and scanning electron microscopy analyses for the six months implantation period.
},
	keywords = {Biological behavior, Bone, Bonelike{\textregistered} graft, Clinical trials, histology, hydroxyapatite, Implants (surgical), Radiology, Scanning electron microscopy, Surgery, Synthetic grafting material},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744540330\&partnerID=40\&md5=c7f109dc068a35ed53047b8426a85a1d},
	author = {Gutierres, M. and Hussain, N.S. and Afonso, A. and Almeida, L. and Cabral, T. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2458,
	title = {Bonelike{\textregistered}/PLGA hybrid materials for bone regeneration: Preparation route and physicochemical characterisation},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 8Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/s10856-005-6687-yLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB - Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; lactic acid, 113-21-3, 50-21-5; polyglycolic acid, 26124-68-5; cyclohexane, 110-82-7; methanol, 67-56-1; polyglactin, 26780-50-7, 34346-01-5; silane, 7803-62-5; water, 7732-18-5; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Lactic Acid, 50-21-5; Polyglycolic Acid, 26009-03-0; polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer; Polymers; SilanesTradenames: Bonelike, AldrichManufacturers: AldrichReferences: Aoki, H., (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, , JAAS;Glimcher, M.J., (1976) Handbook of Physiology, Endocrinology, , edited by R. O. Greep and E. B. Astwood (American Physiological Society, Washington D.C.); 
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},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {253 - 259},
	abstract = {Bonelike{\textregistered}/PLGA hybrid materials have been developed using γ-MPS as silane-coupling agent between the inorganic and organic phases for controlled drug delivery applications. Silanization showed to be more effective when cyclohexane was used as a non-polar solvent (nP method) due to a chemical interaction between Bonelike{\textregistered}, and the silane film, while by using a 95/5 (V/V) methanol/water as a polar solvent (P method), a much thinner film was achieved. Functional groups of PLGA, such as the carbonyl group (C=O), were identified using Raman and FTIR-ATR analysis and therefore these groups may be used to link therapeutic molecules. These novel hybrid materials prepared by combining silanization and post-hybridisation processes are expected to find use in medical applications of bone regeneration and as drug delivery carrier for therapeutic molecules. {\textcopyright} 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.},
	keywords = {analytic method, article, Biological materials, Bone, Bone Regeneration, carbonyl derivative, chemical bond, chemical interaction, chemical reaction, Chemical reactions, chemistry, Chemistry, Physical, cyclohexane, Drug delivery, drug delivery system, Drug therapy, Durapatite, film, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Hybrid materials, hybridization, hydroxyapatite, infrared spectroscopy, Lactic Acid, methanol, methodology, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Molecules, physical chemistry, polyglactin, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid polyglycolic acid copolymer, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, polymer, Polymers, priority journal, Raman spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, reaction analysis, Scanning electron microscopy, silane, silane derivative, Silanes, Silanization, solvent effect, Solvents, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, synthesis, Water, X ray, X-Rays},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-15244353590\&partnerID=40\&md5=55644ee9e5b6fa323ca5693fafe0d8d7},
	author = {Oliveira, J.M. and Miyazaki, T. and Lopes, M.A. and Ohtsuki, C. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2438,
	title = {Chemical modification of chitosan by phosphorylation: An XPS, FT-IR and SEM study},
	journal = {Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer EditionJ. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 50Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBSEEdoi: 10.1163/156856205774576736Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Amaral, I.F.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: iamaral@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: chitosan, 9012-76-4; phosphate, 14066-19-4, 14265-44-2; apatite, 64476-38-6; butanol, 35296-72-1, 71-36-3; calcium ion, 14127-61-8; Chitosan, 9012-76-4; PhosphatesReferences: Khor, E., (2001) Chitin: Fulfilling a Biomaterials Promise, , Elsevier Science, Oxford;Vande Vord, P.J., Matthew, H.W.T., DeSilva, S.P., Mayton, L., Wu, B., Wooley, P.H., (2002) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 59, p. 585; 
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},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {1575 - 1593},
	abstract = {In the present work, the surface of chitosan membranes was modified using a phosphorylation method carried out at room temperature. Phosphorylation may be of particular interest in materials for orthopaedic applications, due to the cation-exchange properties of phosphate functionalities. Phosphate groups chelate calcium ions, thus inducing the deposition of an apatite-like layer known to improve the osteoconduction of polymer-based implants. Additionally, the negatively charged phosphate functionalities, together with the positively charged amine groups from chitosan, are expected to provide chitosan with an amphoteric character, which may be useful as a combinatorial therapeutic strategy, by simultaneously allowing the immobilization of signalling molecules like growth factors. Phosphorylation was carried out at room temperature using the H                        3 PO
                        4/Et
                        3 PO
                        4/P
                        2O
                        5/butanol method. Surface characterization was performed by XPS, ATR-FT-IR, and SEM. Cross-sections were analyzed by SEM fitted with EDS. The phosphate content increased with the reaction time, as shown by XPS and ATR-FT-IR, a P/N atomic ratio of 0.73 being obtained after 48 h of treatment. High-resolution XPS spectra regarding C
                        1s, O
                        1s, N
                        1s and P
                        2p are discussed. The introduction of a neutralization step led to a reduction of P content, which pointed out to the presence of phosphates ionically bound to protonated amines, in addition to phosphate esters. EDS analysis of cross-sections revealed a gradual P reduction up to 50\% towards the inner part of the membrane. {\textcopyright} VSP 2005.
},
	keywords = {Acetylation, amine, animal, Animals, Apatite, article, bone conduction, butanol, calcium ion, cation exchange, cephalopod, chelate, Chemical modification, chemistry, Chitin, chitosan, comparative study, controlled study, Decapodiformes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Growth factor, immobilization, Implants (surgical), infrared spectroscopy, isolation and purification, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, molecular weight, organophosphate, phosphate, Phosphate groups, Phosphates, Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation method, Plastics applications, priority journal, reflectometry, room temperature, Scanning electron microscopy, SEM-EDS, signal transduction, spectrometry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Surface chemical reaction, Surface Properties, surface property, temperature, time, Time Factors, viscosity, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)},
	isbn = {09205063 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644875542\&partnerID=40\&md5=cb42a0fba6d2000d93b90af9724a5bc1},
	author = {Amaral, I.F. and Granja, P.L. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2448,
	title = {In vitro studies of calcium phosphate glass ceramics with different solubility with the use of human bone marrow cells},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30357PubMed ID: 15988737Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; FMDUP-Faculdade de Medicina Dent{\'a}ria da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200 Porto, Portugal; email: mhrf@portugalmail.ptChemicals/CAS: alkaline phosphatase, 9001-78-9; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; polystyrene, 9003-53-6; titanium dioxide, 1317-70-0, 1317-80-2, 13463-67-7, 51745-87-0; Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; Ceramics; Glass ceramics, 85422-94-2References: Yaszemski, M.J., Payne, R.G., Hayes, W.C., Langer, R., Mikos, A.C., Evolution of bone transplantation: Molecular, cellular and tissue strategies to engineer human bone (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 175-185;Rueger, J.M., Bone replacement materials-state of the art and the way ahead (1998) Orthopade, 27, pp. 72-79; 
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},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {347 - 355},
	abstract = {Two glass ceramics in the CaO-P                        2O
                        5-MgO system with the incorporation of K
                        2O or TiO
                        2 oxides were prepared with the goal of using them as potential bone graft substitutes. The incorporation of TiO
                        2 and K
                        2O led to the preparation of specific crystalline phases in the structure of the glass ceramics, which show different degrees of biodegradation. In fact, the 45CaO-45P
                        2O 
                        5-5MgO-5K
                        2O has been previously demonstrated to be much more soluble in aqueous solutions than the 45CaO-37P
                        2O 
                        5-5MgO-13TiO
                        2 glass ceramic. The in vitro biological activity of the two calcium phosphate glass ceramics was studied with the use of human bone marrow osteoblast cell cultures maintained for 28 days, and seeded materials were assessed for cell proliferation and function. The Ti-containing glass ceramic showed a stable surface throughout the culture time, on macroscopic and SEM observation. Osteoblast cells proliferated gradually, especially during the third week, with a high alkaline phosphatase activity and formation of a mineralized matrix. On SEM observation, attached cells appeared with a spreadpolygonal morphology typical of the osteoblast cells, with extensive cell-to-cell contact. Cell behavior on the seeded material was similar to that found on cultures performed on tissue-culture-grade polystyrene; except for the presence of lower cell numbers during the first 2 weeks. By contrast, the K-containing glass ceramic showed a highly instable surface with dissolution/precipitation processes occurring throughout the culture time. Few cells adhered to the material surface, and subsequent proliferation was also hindered, especially from the first week onwards. Cell numbers were significantly lower than those observed in the Ti-containing glass ceramic during most of the incubation time. Results suggest that the different in vitro biological behavior of these two glass ceramics is mainly due to the significant differences in the surface degradation rate, which is directly correlated to the chemical composition of the mother glass. {\textcopyright} 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
},
	keywords = {alkaline phosphatase, aqueous solution, article, Biodegradation, Bone, Bone graft, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, bone mineralization, bone prosthesis, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphate glass ceramic, Calcium phosphate glass ceramics, Calcium phosphates, cell contact, Cell culture, cell proliferation, Cells, ceramics, chemical composition, controlled study, crystal structure, Dissolution, enzyme activity, extracellular matrix, glass, Glass ceramics, human, Human bone marrow cells, human cell, Humans, in vitro study, In vitro testing, Magnesia, magnesium derivative, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, polystyrene, Precipitation (chemical), Scanning electron microscopy, Solubility, Spectrum Analysis, Surface treatment, Titanium dioxide},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-23844483883\&partnerID=40\&md5=722984f31e5a2ccf0f02a5bf5f182aaf},
	author = {Dias, A.G. and Lopes, M.A. and Trigo Cabral, A.T. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@article {2455,
	title = {Inflammatory cell recruitment and adhesion to methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers: Effect of implantation time},
	journal = {Microscopy Research and TechniqueMicrosc. Res. Tech.},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MRTEEdoi: 10.1002/jemt.20141PubMed ID: 15816035Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Barbosa, J.N.; INEB, Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: judite@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: gold, 7440-57-5; thiol derivative, 13940-21-1; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Gold, 7440-57-5References: Anderson, J.M., Biological responses to materials (2001) Annu Rev Mater Res, 31, pp. 81-110;Babensee, J.E., Anderson, J.M., Mclntire, L.V., Mikos, A.G., Host response to tissue engineered devices (1998) Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 33, pp. 111-139; 
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},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {37 - 42},
	abstract = {The contribution of methyl groups in implant-triggered inflammation was investigated in vivo using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold. The CH                        3-coated implants were inserted in an air-pouch cavity induced in BALB/c mice. The in situ inflammatory response was monitored 24, 48, and 72 hours later. Inflammatory cells recovered from the air pouches were counted and observed by light microscopy. The cellularity of the implant surfaces was defined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In comparison with gold implants, the CH
                        3-coated SAMs recruited a significantly higher number of inflammatory cells. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were more numerous than mononuclear cells (Mo) in the exudates recovered from the air pouches with CH
                        3-coated SAMs. The opposite PMN/Mo proportion was observed in air pouches of the two control groups (mice receiving gold implants or sham-operated animals). A low density of adherent cells was seen on CH 
                        3-coated implants, with no significant quantitative differences during the time course of the study. In contrast, the gold-coated surfaces were covered with numerous cells during all of the 3 days of the inflammation. In conclusion, implants with CH
                        3 surfaces are likely to induce PMN-dominated local acute inflammation but these surfaces are not associated with a significant adherence of leukocytes to the implant. {\textcopyright} 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
},
	keywords = {Air-pouch model, animal experiment, animal model, Animalia, Animals, article, biomaterial, cell adhesion, Cell Count, cell density, cell surface, Cell-surface interactions, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Contact angle, controlled study, gold, implantation, Implants, Experimental, Inflammation, inflammatory cell, Inflammatory responses, leukocyte adherence, Leukocytes, male, materials testing, methyl group, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mononuclear cell, mouse, neutrophil, nonhuman, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Self-assembled monolayers, Surface Properties, thiol derivative, Time Factors},
	isbn = {1059910X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17144372986\&partnerID=40\&md5=1d2d00c4efe22d960872f5e785c7d4c7},
	author = {Barbosa, J.N. and Barbosa, M.A. and {\'A}guas, A.P.}
}
@article {2460,
	title = {Proliferation, activity, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on calcium titanium phosphate microspheres},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 34Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30217PubMed ID: 15543603Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Barrias, C.C.; INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Laboratorio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: ccbarrias@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: alkaline phosphatase, 9001-78-9; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; osteocalcin, 136461-80-8; titanium, 7440-32-6; Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Osteocalcin, 104982-03-8; titanium phosphate, 17017-57-1; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Senuma, Y., Franceschin, S., Hilborn, J.G., Tissieres, P., Bisson, I., Frey, P., Bioresorbable microspheres by spinning disk atomization as injectable cell carrier: From preparation to in vitro evaluation (2000) Biomaterials, 21 (11), pp. 1135-1144;Hsu, F.Y., Chueh, S.C., Wang, Y.J., Microspheres of hydroxyapatite/ reconstituted collagen as supports for osteoblast cell growth (1999) Biomaterials, 20 (20), pp. 1931-1936; 
McGlohorn, J.B., Grimes, L.W., Webster, S.S., Burg, K.J., Characterization of cellular carriers for use in injectable tissue-engineering composites (2003) J Biomed Mater Res, 66 A (3), pp. 441-449; 
Wu, T.J., Huang, H.H., Lan, C.W., Lin, C.H., Hsu, F.Y., Wang, Y.J., Studies on the microspheres comprised of reconstituted collagen and hydroxyapatite (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (4), pp. 651-658; 
Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells seeded on injectable hydroxyapatite microspheres (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254-256, pp. 877-880; 
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Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., A novel route for the preparation of injectable ceramic porous microspheres for bone tissue engineering (2003) Ceramics, Cells and Tissues Annual Conferences: Bioceramic Surfaces Behavior in Vitro and in Vivo, pp. 228-232. , Ravaglioli A, Krajewski A, editors. Faenza: ISTEC-CNR editions; 
Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., (2004) Preparation and Characterisation of Calcium-phosphate Microspheres for Biomedical Applications, , Submitted for publication; 
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Shu, R., McMullen, R., Baumann, M.J., McCabe, L.R., Hydroxyapatite accelerates differentiation and suppresses growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts (2003) J Biomed Mater Res, 67 A (4), pp. 1196-1204; 
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Knabe, C., Berger, G., Gildenhaar, R., Klar, F., Zreiqat, H., The modulation of osteogenesis in vitro by calcium titanium phosphate coatings (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 4911-4919
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {57 - 66},
	abstract = {In this study, the behavior of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on calcium titanium phosphate (CTP) microspheres was analyzed. Cell adhesion and proliferation were estimated by the neutral red assay and by total DNA quantification. Morphology and deposition of extracellular matrix were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy. The expression of the osteoblastic phenotype was evaluated by monitoring alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin secretion. Results revealed that cells were able to attach and spread on the surface of CTP microspheres, and gradually grow into nearly confluent monolayers. Moreover, cells were able to bridge adjacent microspheres forming microsphere-cell clusters. Cells produced an abundant amount of fibrillar extracellular matrix that covered the substrate surface. Alkaline phosphatase activity peaked around days 7-14 and then decreased until day 21. Cells secreted osteocalcin, with higher levels being detected at day 14 than at day 21. Taken together, these results suggest that CTP microspheres are appropriate scaffolds for the growth and differentiation of cells along the osteoblastic lineage. {\textcopyright} 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {alkaline phosphatase, animal cell, Animals, article, Bioassay, Bone, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, bone marrow stromal cell, Bone marrow stromal cells, Calcium, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium titanium phosphate, cell adhesion, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell growth, cell lineage, cell proliferation, cell structure, Confluent monolayers, confocal laser microscopy, Confocal laser scanning microscopy, controlled study, Deposition, DNA determination, enzyme activity, Enzyme kinetics, extracellular matrix, Microscopy, Electron, microsphere, Microspheres, nonhuman, osteoblast, osteocalcin, Osteogenesis, Osteogenic differentiation, phenotype, protein expression, protein secretion, rat, Rats, Scanning electron microscopy, Stromal Cells, surface property, Tissue culture, Tissue engineering, Titanium, unclassified drug},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10444223137\&partnerID=40\&md5=ab1b84ba6dd86274c0102567dffe1418},
	author = {Barrias, C.C. and Ribeiro, C.C. and Lamghari, M. and S{\'a} Miranda, C. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2440,
	title = {Synthesis and characterization of new injectable and degradable dextran-based hydrogels},
	journal = {PolymerPolymer},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 49Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: POLMAdoi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.089Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Maia, J.; Departamento de Engenharia Qu{\'\i}mica, Universidade de Coimbra, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal; email: joao.rm.silva@networkcontacto.comReferences: Ferreira, L., Carvalho, R., Gil, M.H., Dordick, J.S., (2002) Biomacromolecules, 3, p. 333;Ferreira, L., Gil, M.H., Dordick, J.S., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 3957; 
Ferreira, L., Rafael, A., Lamghari, M., Barbosa, M.A., Gil, M.H., Cabrita, A.M.S., (2004) J Biomed Mater Res, 68, p. 584; 
Lee, K.Y., Mooney, D.J., (2001) Chem Rev, 101 (7), p. 1869; 
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Wong, W.H., Mooney, D.J., (1997) Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds, pp. 49-82. , A. Atala D.J. Mooney Birkh{\"a}user Boston; 
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Lee, K.Y., Alsberg, E., Mooney, D.J., (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 56, p. 228; 
Lee, K.Y., Bouhadir, K.M., Mooney, D.J., (2000) Macromolecules, 33, p. 97; 
Kim, S.-H., Chu, C.C., (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, Appl Biomater, 53, p. 258; 
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Ferreira, L., Gil, M.H., Cabrita, A.M.S., Dordick, J.S., (2005) Biomaterials, 26, p. 4707
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {9604 - 9614},
	abstract = {Injectable and degradable hydrogels are very interesting networks for drug delivery and cell transplantation applications since they can be administered in the human body in a minimally invasive way. In most cases, the crosslinking reaction occurs by photopolymerisation or free radical polymerisation; however, the use of chemical initiators may promote cell death. In the current work, injectable and degradable dextran-based hydrogels were prepared without the use of initiators. Dextran, a natural glucose-containing polysaccharide, was oxidized with sodium periodate (dexOx) and the derivatives characterized by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy{\textquoteright}s as well as by colorimetric techniques. The oxidized derivatives were crosslinked with adipic acid dihydrazide (AAD), forming a gel within 2-4 min. The obtained hydrogels were characterized by their mechanical properties, swelling and degradation behavior under physiologic conditions. In addition, the hydrogel interior morphology as well as porous structure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). MIP analysis showed that dexOx hydrogels crosslinked with 10\% of AAD were macroporous with pore sizes ranging from 0.32 to 0.08 μm. As expected, the average pore size increased during hydrogel degradation as confirmed by SEM and MIP studies. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Cell Death, Cell transplantation, Colorimetry, Crosslinking, Degradation, Drug delivery, Drug dosage, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Free radical polymerization, hydrogel, Hydrogels, Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), morphology, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Photopolymerization, Polysaccharides, Pore size, Porosimeters, Scanning electron microscopy, Synthesis (chemical)},
	isbn = {00323861 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-26844528911\&partnerID=40\&md5=134ba47873a69e30382b727af0d99863},
	author = {Maia, J. and Ferreira, L. and Carvalho, R. and Ramos, M.A. and Gil, M.H.}
}
@book {2488,
	title = {Biological Activity of Two Glass Ceramics in the Meta- and Pyrophosphate Region: A Comparative Study},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Dias, A.G.; Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, DEMM, Rua Dr. Roberta Frias, 4200 Porto, PortugalReferences: Dias, A.G., Lopes, M.A., Gibson, I., Santos, J.D., J. Non-Crystal. Solids, , in press;Dias, A.G., Lopes, M.A., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Santos, J.D., Osaka, A., Physiscs and Chemistry of Glasses, , in press; 
Dias, A.G., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Advance Materials Science, , in press; 
Rykke, M., Rolla, G., Sonju, T., (1988) Scand. J. Dent. Res., 96, pp. 517-522
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {825 - 828},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Based upon the CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass system, two glass ceramics were prepared in the metaand pyrophosphate regions. The present work describes preliminary results concerning the biological activity of MK5B (45CaO-45P
                        2O
                        5-5MgO-5K20, in mol \%) and MT13B (45CaO-37P
                        2O
                        55-5MgO-13TiO
                        2, in mol \%) using MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Both materials supported cell growth and proliferation which increased with the incubation time. However, cell growth was significantly lower on seeded MK5B samples. SEM observation showed that cell adhesion and spreading were hampered on this material. Evident degradation of the material surface was observed with simultaneous cell proliferation and material precipitation. By contrast, MT13B presented a relatively stable surface throughout the culture time. Results suggest that the in vitro biological behaviour of MK5B and MT13B is related with differences in the degradation rates of the two materials during the culture time.
},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Biodegradable glass ceramics, Biodegradation, Bone, cell proliferation, Cells, Crystallization, Degradation, Glass ceramics, incubation time, MG63 osteoblast-like cells, Scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0348146001\&partnerID=40\&md5=5245524d4dfb5615946aadcf5eb7c37a},
	author = {Dias, A.G. and Costa, M.A. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandas, M.H.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2486,
	title = {CaO-P                    2O
                    5 Glass-Hydroxyapatite Thin Films Obtained by Laser Ablation: Characterisation and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation
},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ferraz, M.P.; Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: mpferraz@ufp.ptReferences: Arias, J.L., (1997) J Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 8, pp. 873-876;Peraire, C., (1997) 13 th European Conference on Biomaterials, p. 75. , G{\"o}teborg, Sweden, 4-7 Sept; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, p. 373; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M.H., Trigo-Cabral, A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., (1999) J. Mat Sci: Mat. Med, 10 (9), p. 567
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {347 - 350},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have been applied to improve adhesion of non-cemented implants to host bone. Plasma spraying is the most common technique leading to thick calcium phosphate films (\&gt;120μm). Pulse laser deposition (PLD), is a possible alternative method to obtain thin (\&lt;10 μm), well adherent hydroxyapatite (HA) films. Similarly to synthetic HA, biological apatites contain Ca                        2+, PO
                        4
                        3- and OH
},
	keywords = {2O, 5 glass, Adhesion, Bioactivity, Bone, Calcium Compounds, CaO-P, Coatings, Deposition, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Homogeneous mixtures, Hydroxylapatite thin films, Implants (surgical), In vitro bioactivity, Laser ablation, Plasma spraying, Scanning electron microscopy, Thin films, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347516195\&partnerID=40\&md5=ddd47b73956669a35aa9041ce9102612},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and Gi{\~a}o, D. and Leon, B. and Gonzalez, P. and Liste, S. and Serra, J. and Arias, J. and Perez-Amor, M.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@article {2471,
	title = {A comparative study of CaO-P                    2O
                    5-SiO
                    2 gels prepared by a sol-gel method
},
	journal = {Materials Chemistry and PhysicsMater Chem Phys},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 9Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MCHPDdoi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.06.015Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Hussain, N.S.; DEMM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; email: sooraj@fe.up.ptReferences: Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, p. 1487;Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, Singapore; 
Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T., (1992) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 143, p. 84; 
Kokubo, T., Yoshihara, S., Nishimura, N., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., (1991) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, p. 1739; 
Ota, Y., Iwashita, T., Kasuga, T., Abe, Y., Seki, A., (2001) Key Eng. Mater., 192-195, p. 421; 
Kasuga, T., Ota, Y., Nogami, M., Abe, Y., (1996) Phos. Res. Bull., 6, p. 75; 
Ota, Y., Kasuga, T., Abe, Y., (1997) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 (1), p. 225; 
Zhang, Y., Santos, J.D., (2000) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 227, p. 14; 
Yoldas, B.E., (1975) Ceram. Bull., 54, p. 286; 
Thomas, I.M., (1988) Sol-gel Technology for Thin Films, Fibres, Preforms, Electronics and Specialty Shapes, p. 2. , L.C. Klein (Ed.), Noyes, NJ; 
Brinker, C.J., Scherer, G.W., (1990) Sol-gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-gel Processing, , Academic Press, New York; 
Hench, L.L., West, J.K., (1990) Chem. Rev., 90, p. 33; 
Hench, L.L., (1998) Sol-gel Silica: Properties, Processing and Technology Transfer, , Noyes, New Jersey; 
Salinas, A.J., Martin, A.I., Vallet-Reg{\'\i}, M., (2002) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 61 (4), p. 524; 
Laczka, M., Cholewa, K., Lazca-Osyczka, A., (1997) J. Alloys Comp., 248, p. 42; 
Roman, J., Padilla, S., Vallet-Reg{\'\i}, M., (2003) Chem. Mater., 15 (3), p. 798; 
Li, R., Clark, A.E., Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Appl. Biomater., 2, p. 231; 
R{\'a}mila, A., Vallet-Reg{\'\i}, M., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, p. 2301; 
Balas, F., Arcos, D., P{\'e}rez-Pariente, J., Vallet-Reg{\'\i}, M., (2001) J. Mater. Res., 16 (5), p. 1345; 
Peitl, O., Zanotto, E.D., Hench, L.L., (2001) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 292, p. 115; 
Casu, M., Casula, M.F., Corrias, A., Pachina, G., (2003) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 315, p. 97; 
Motke, S.G., Yawale, S.P., Yawale, S.S., (2002) Bull. Mater. Sci., 25 (1), p. 75; 
M{\'e}ndez-Vivar, J., Mendoza-Bandala, A., (2000) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 261, p. 127; 
Popa, M., Calderon-Moreno, J.M., Popescu, L., Kakihana, M., Torecillas, R., (2002) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 297, p. 290; 
Sooraj Hussain, N., Prabhakara Reddy, Y., Buddhudu, S., (2002) Spectrosc. Lett., 35 (2), p. 275; 
Mackenzie, J.D., (1986) Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing, p. 112. , L.L. Hench, D.R. Ulrich (Eds.), Wiley/Interscience; 
Aoki, H., (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, , Jpn. Assoc. Apatite Sci. (JASS)
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {5 - 8},
	abstract = {This paper reports on the results concerning the preparation and systematic analysis of CaO-P                        2O
                        5-SiO
                        2 gels by a sol-gel process. The concentration of SiO
                        2 influence on these gels and found the results are very encouraging. Studies have revealed that the concentration of SiO
                        2 has a marginal influence on the phase formation of these gels. It has appreciable changes from less configured particles at lower values of concentration, with an ultimate growth in a highly crystalline fibrous nature at higher concentrations of SiO
                        2. The authors have examined the changes in the morphology of these gels by a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive analyser (SEM/EDS techniques) and also from the profiles of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectral data and reported the crystalline product containing the fibrous β-Ca(PO
                        3)
                        2 as a major phase in the materials studied. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Bioactivity, Calcium Compounds, Calcium phosphosilicates, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Gels, morphology, Phase composition, Phase formation, Phosphorus Compounds, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica, Sol-gel process, Sol-gels, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {02540584 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4644336194\&partnerID=40\&md5=14333a8b36bde426323bc7e90ad3386e},
	author = {Hussain, N.S. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@book {2485,
	title = {Effects of some variables on R.F. Magnetron Sputtered Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Inst. Sup. de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino A., 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptReferences: Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bonfield, W., Revell, P.A., (1997) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 8, pp. 731-736;Raynaud, S., Champion, E., Bernache-Assolant, D., Tetard, D., (1998) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 9, pp. 221-227; 
Weng, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., De Groot, K., (1996) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 30, pp. 5-11; 
Gross, K.A., Gross, V., Berndt, C.C., (1998) Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81 (1), pp. 106-112; 
Edwards, J.T., Brunski, J.B., Higuchi, (1997) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 36, pp. 454-468; 
Yang, C.Y., Lin, R.M., Wang, B.C., Lee, T.M., Chang, E., Hang, Y.S., Chen, P.Q., (1997) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 37, pp. 335-345; 
Ogiso, M., Yamamura, M., Kuo, P.T., Borgese, D., Matsumoto, T., (1998) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 39, pp. 364-372; 
Van Dijk, K., Schaeken, H.G., Wolke, J.G.C., Maree, C.H.M., Habraken, F.H.P.M., Jansen, J.A., (1995) Materials in Clinical Applications, pp. 249-256. , P. Vincenzini, (ed.); 
Yoshinari, M., Hayakawa, T., Wolke, J.G.C., Nemoto, K., Jansen, J.A., (1997) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 37, pp. 60-67; 
Wolke, J.G.C., De Groot, K., Jansen, J.A., (1998) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 39, pp. 524-530
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {323 - 326},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {RF sputtering may be used to produce thin, well adherent bioactive coatings with long term stability to ensure contact with bone tissue. RF Sputtered Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were produced onto Ti at 200 and 150 W. S.E.M. analysis indicated that films obtained with 200 W were thicker than those with 150 W. Significant variations were observed, depending on the location of the substrates with respect to the sample holder in the sputtering chamber, with thickness ranging from 1.8 to 3.2 μm. EDS analysis of 200 W films revealed the presence of Ca and P, in ratios typical of HA. XPS of thinner films obtained at 150 W, showed Ca and P, but also some carbonate probably partially substituting OH. Anodic polarisation curves of samples coated at 200 W and 150 W and for different sputtering times, compared to Ti substrate, indicate that HA films were protective and that the degree of protection increased with film thickness, i.e., with power intensity and time of deposition.},
	keywords = {Bioactive coatings, Bone, Coatings, Corrosion protection, hydroxyapatite, Magnetron sputtering, Plasma spraying, Polarization, RF sputtering, Scanning electron microscopy, Sputter deposition, Sputtering chambers, Thin films, Titanium},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347659048\&partnerID=40\&md5=3b3caf6fcde1c71242d25a74b296f870},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Sousa, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Barral, R. and Santos, J.D. and Lopes, M.A.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@article {2467,
	title = {Electrochemical behaviour of titanium coated stainless steel by r.f. sputtering in synthetic sweat solutions for electrode applications},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 13Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSAdoi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2004.04.006Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fonseca, C.; Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laboratorio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: cfonseca@fe.up.ptReferences: Cooper, R., Osselton, J.W., Shaw, J.C., (1980) EEG Technology, pp. 20-28. , Butterworths and Co. Ltd;Femandez, M., Pallas-Aieny, R., (2000) Biomed. Iustrum. Technol., pp. 125-130. , March/April; 
Searle, A., Kirkup, L., (2000) Physiol. Meas., 21, pp. 271-283; 
Mancuso, G., Tosti, A., Fanti, P.A., Berdondini, R.M., Mongiorgi, R., Morandi, A., (1990) Dermatologica, 181, pp. 324-326; 
Puig, L., Rocamora, V., Romani, J., Saavedra, M., Alomar, A., (1989) Pediatr. Dermatol., 15, pp. 27-30; 
Ko, W.K., Hynecek, J., Dry electrodes and electrode amplifiers (1974) Biomedical Electrode Technology, , HA. Miller, D.C. Harrison (Eds.), Academic Press, New York; 
Binnie, C.D., Rowan, A.J., Gutter, Th., (1982) A Manual of Electroencephalographic Technology, pp. 81-97. , Cambridge University Press; 
Tahfiri, B.A., Knight, R.T., Smith, R.L., (1998) Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 90, pp. 376-383; 
Dunseath, Jr., (1991), NoB-polarizable dry biomedical electrode, US patent 5,003,978Burke, M.J., Gleeson, D.T., (2000) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 47 (2), pp. 155-162; 
Taheri, B., (2002), Biopotential sensor electrode, US patent 6,434,424 B1Pan, J., Leygraf, C., Ektressabi, A.M., (1997) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 35, pp. 309-318; 
Fathi, M.H., Salehi, M., Saatchi, A., Mortazavi, V., Moosavi, S.B., (2003) Dent. Mater., 19, pp. 188-198; 
Kao, C.T., Ding, S.J., Chen, Y.C., Huang, T.H., (2002) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 63 (6), pp. 786-792; 
Dogan, H., Findik, F., Morgnl, O., (2002) Mater. Des., 23 (7), pp. 605-610; 
Randin, J.-O., (1988) J. Bjomed. Mater. Res., 22, pp. 649-666; 
Aladjem, A., (1973) J. Mater. Sci., 8, pp. 688-693; 
Cai, Z., Nakajima, H., Woldu, M., Berglund, A., Bergman, M., Okabe, T., (1999) Biomaterials, 20, p. 183190; 
Caao, C.Y., Jin, L.F., Macdonald, D.D., (1982) J. Electrochem. Soc., 129, pp. 1874-1879; 
Armstrong, R.D., Edmondson, K., (1973) Electrochim. Acta, 18, pp. 937-943; 
Femandes, J., (1997) Corros{\~a}o Por Picadas Em Aluminio Modificado Por Implanta{\c c}{\'a}o I{\'o}ica De Tungst{\'e}nio, , PhD thesis, IST, Lisbon; 
Rammelt, U., Reinhard, G., (1987) Corros. Sci., 27, pp. 373-382; 
Park, J.R., MacDonald, D.D., (1983) Corros. Sci., 23, pp. 295-315; 
MacDonald, J.R., Johnson, W.B., (1987) Impedance Spectroscopy, , John Wiley, New York
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {3005 - 3018},
	abstract = {The r.f. sputtering technique was used to deposit titanium thin films on stainless steel substrates, aiming at the application of the coated samples as skin contact materials for "dry" active electrodes. In this work the electrochemical behaviour of the coated samples was investigated in synthetic sweat solutions and their performance was compared with that of uncoated stainless steel and bulk titanium. The characterisation of the samples was carried out by electrochemical techniques and scanning electron microscopy. The coated samples displayed corrosion resistance values in synthetic sweat solutions much higher than stainless steel samples and of the same order of the values measured for bulk titanium in the same conditions. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {A. Sputtered films, A. Stainless steel, A. Titanium, B. EIS, coating, Corrosion resistance, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical techniques, electrochemistry, electrode, Electrodes, Protective coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Sputtering, Stainless steel, Synthetic sweat solutions, Thin films, Titanium},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4644222640\&partnerID=40\&md5=7a4d452b2c52c155967ea2edb0cabb58},
	author = {Fonseca, C. and Vaz, F. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@conference {2470,
	title = {"In vitro" bioactivity evaluation of CaO-P                    2O 
                    5 glass-hydroxylapatite thin coatings produced by pulsed laser deposition
},
	booktitle = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials CongressTrans. World Biomater. Congr.},
	series = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials Congress},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 64310Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Arias, J.L.; Depto. de F{\'\i}sica Aplicada, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende 9, E-36200 Vigo, SpainReferences: Arias, J.L., (1997) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 8, p. 873;Ferraz, M.P., (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, p. 373; 
Ferraz, M.P., (1999) J. Mat Sci Mat Med, 10, p. 567
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1774},
	address = {Sydney},
	abstract = {The synthesis of coatings based on hydroxyapatites (HA) and glass modified hydroxyapatite targets by pulsed laser deposition, was presented. It was observed that coatings produced from HA targets keep their crystallinity through all their thickness, while there is a loss of crystallinity towards the surface of the HA+1.5G coatings. On immersion in SBF for three days, the coatings produced from HA targets suffered a loss of crystallinity near the surfaces, while the crystallinity of the coatings produced from HA+1.5G targets increased. It was also observed that addition of 1.5wt\% of CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glasses to HA thin coatings produced by pulsed laser deposition leads to a significant structural change of the coating surface.
},
	keywords = {Apatites, Bioactivity, Calcium Compounds, Coatings, Crystalline materials, Crystalline phases, hydroxyapatite, Mixtures, Phosphorus Compounds, Pressure effects, Pulsed laser deposition, Scanning electron microscopy, Substrates, Thin coatings, X ray diffraction, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {1877040193 (ISBN); 9781877040191 (ISBN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13844299568\&partnerID=40\&md5=869dc43fe34d9345a4c3b944a06faad1},
	author = {Arias, J.L. and Liste, S. and Gonz{\'a}lez, P. and Serra, J. and Le{\'o}n, B. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and Giao, D. and P{\'e}rez-Amor, M.}
}
@book {2499,
	title = {In Vitro Mineralisation of Human Bone Marrow Cells Cultured on Bonelike{\textregistered}},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 6Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Costa, M.A.; Inst. Cie. Blomed. de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Abel Salazar, 4000 Porto, PortugalReferences: Santos, J.D., Campbell, J.K., Winston, G.H., European Patent N{\textdegree} WO0068164, 2000Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 1905;Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res.:App. Biomater., 48, p. 734; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 1165; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., (2001) J. Mat. Sci.: Mat. Med., 12, p. 629; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inoue, H., (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 54, p. 463; 
Duarte, F., Santos, J.D., Afonso, A., Advanced Materials Forum, , in press; 
Coelho, M.J., Fernandes, M.H., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 1095; 
Kleerekoper, M., (1996) Principles of Bone Biology, p. 1053. , Academic Press
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {821 - 824},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Bonelike{\textregistered} is a CaO-P                        2O
                        5 based glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) designed to mimic the inorganic composition of the bone tissue. This work evaluates the response of human bone marrow cells to Bonelike{\textregistered} concerning cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation. HA was used as control material. Results showed that Bonelike{\textregistered} allowed the proliferation of bone marrow cells and their complete differentiation, as evidenced by the formation of cell-mediated mineralisation. In comparison with HA, Bonelike{\textregistered} had a positive effect on the expression of alkaline phosphatase and also on the formation of a mineralised matrix, two osteoblast markers.
},
	keywords = {Bone, Bonelike{\textregistered}, Cell culture, cell proliferation, Composition, Grafts, Human bone marrow cells, hydroxyapatite, In vitro mineralisation, mineralization, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346255201\&partnerID=40\&md5=470ac94fd75d1a53b887d44f59fbf7d1},
	author = {Costa, M.A. and Gutierres, M. and Almeida, L. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@article {2481,
	title = {Inflammatory responses and cell adhesion to self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 34Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.047PubMed ID: 14751741Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Barbosa, J.N.; INEB - Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomaterials, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: judite@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Gold, 7440-57-5; Sulfhydryl CompoundsReferences: Tang, L., Jiang, W., Welty, S.E., The participation of P- and E-selectins on biomaterial-mediated tissue responses (2002) J Biomed Mater Res, 62, pp. 471-477;Thomsen, P., Gretzer, C., Macrophage interactions with modified material surfaces (2001) Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci, 5, pp. 163-176; 
Kao, W.J., Liu, Y., Gundloori, R., Li, J., Lee, D., Einerson, N., Burmania, J., Stevens, K., Engineering endogenous inflammatory cells as delivery vehicles (2002) J Control Release, 78, pp. 219-233; 
Anderson, J.M., Mechanisms of inflammation and infection with implanted devices (1993) Cardiovasc Pathol, 2, pp. 33S-41S; 
Anderson, J.M., Inflammatory response to implants (1988) ASAIO J, 11, pp. 101-107; 
Babensee, J.E., Anderson, J.M., McLntire, L.V., Mikos, A.G., Host response to tissue engineered devices (1998) Adv Drug Deliver Rev, 33, pp. 111-139; 
Mrksich, M., Whitesides, G.M., Interactions of SAMs with proteins (1996) Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 25, pp. 55-57; 
Ulman, A., Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers (1996) Chem Rev, 96, pp. 1533-1554; 
Mrksich, M., Tailored substrates for studies of attached cell culture (1998) Cell Mol Life Sci, 54, pp. 653-662; 
Nuzzo, R.G., Allara, D.L., Adsorption of biofunctional organic dissulfides on gold surfaces (1983) J Am Chem Soc, 105, pp. 4481-4483; 
Pan, S., Castner, D.G., Ratner, B.D., Multitechnique surface characterization of derivatization efficiencies for hydroxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (1998) Langmuir, 14, pp. 3545-3550; 
Sedwick, A.D., Sin, Y.M., Edwards, J.C., Willoughby, D.A., Increased inflammatory reactivity in newly formed lining tissue (1983) J Pathol, 141, pp. 483-495; 
Castro, A.G., Esaguy, N., MacEdo, P.M., {\'A}guas, A.P., Silva, M.T., Live but not heat-killed mycobacteria cause rapid chemotaxis of large numbers of eosinophils in vivo and are ingested by the attracted granulocytes (1991) Infect Immun, 59, pp. 3009-3014; 
Isaji, M., Momose, Y., Naito, J., Enhancement of inflammatory reactions in a non-immunological air pouch model in rats (1989) Br J Exp Pathol, 70, pp. 705-716; 
Tegoulia, V.A., Cooper, S.L., Leukocyte adhesion on model surfaces under flow: Effects of surface chemistry, protein adsorption, and shear rate (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 50, pp. 291-301; 
Lin, J., Chuang, W., Synthesis, surface characterization, and platelet reactivity evaluation for the self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiol with sulfonic acid functionality (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 51, pp. 413-423; 
Hooper, K.A., Nickolas, T.L., Yurkow, E.J., Kohn, J., Laskin, D., Characterization of the inflammatory response to biomaterials using a rodent air pouch model (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 50, pp. 365-374; 
Wooley, P.H., Morren, R., Andary, J., Sud, S., Yang, S., Mayton, L., Markel, D., Nasser, S., Inflammatory responses to orthopaedic biomaterials in the murine air pouch (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 517-526; 
Gelb, H., Schumacher, H.R., Cuckler, J., Ducheyne, P., Baker, D.G., In vivo inflammatory response to polymethylmethacrylate particulate debris: Effect of size, morphology, and surface area (1994) J Orthop Res, 12, pp. 83-92; 
Wooley, P.H., Mayton, L., Sud, S., Nasser, S., Synergistic inflammatory responses to metallic and polymeric particles in the murine air pouch model of aseptic loosening (1996) Arthritis Rheum, 39, pp. 175-183; 
Moore, R., Beredjiklian, P., Rhoad, R., Theiss, S., Cuckler, J., Ducheyne, P., Baker, D.G., A comparison of the inflammatory potential of particulates derived from two composite materials (1997) J Biomed Mater Res, 34, pp. 137-147; 
Krause, T.J., Robertson, F.M., Greco, R.S., Measurement of intracellular hydrogen peroxide induced by biomaterials implanted in a rodent air pouch (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 65-69; 
Yang, S., Ren, W., Park, Y., Sieving, A., Hsu, S., Nasser, S., Wooley, P.H., Diverse cellular and apoptotic responses to variant shapes of UHMWPE particles in a murine model of inflammation (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 3535-3543; 
Lindblad, M., Lestelius, M., Johansson, A., Tengvall, P., Thomsen, P., Cell and soft tissue interactions with methyl- and hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiols on gold surfaces (1997) Biomaterials, 18, pp. 1059-1068; 
Tengvall, P., Askendal, A., Lundsr{\"o}m, I., Complement activation by 3-mercapto-1,2-propanediol immobilized on gold surfaces (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 1001-1007; 
Liu, L., Elwing, H., Complement activation on thiol-modified gold surfaces (1996) J Biomed Mater Res, 30, pp. 535-541; 
Tang, L., Liu, L., Elwing, H.B., Complement activation and inflammation triggered by model biomaterial surfaces (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 333-340; 
K{\"a}lltorp, M., Oblogina, S., Jacobsson, S., Karlsson, A., Tengvall, P., Thomsen, P., In vivo cell recruitment, cytokine release and chemiluminescence response at gold, and thiol functionalized surfaces (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 2123-2137; 
Tang, L., Ugarova, T.P., Plow, E.F., Eaton, J.W., Molecular determinants of acute inflammatory responses to biomaterials (1997) J Clin Invest, 97, pp. 1329-1334; 
Hu, W., Eaton, J.W., Tang, L., Molecular basis of biomaterial-mediated foreign body reactions (2001) Blood, 98, pp. 1231-1238; 
Silver, J.H., Hergenrother, R.W., Lin, J., Lim, F., Lin, H., Okada, T., Chaudhury, M.K., Cooper, S.L., Surface and blood-contacting properties of alkylsiloxane monolayers supported on silicone rubber (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 535-548; 
Werth{\'e}n, M., Sellborn, A., K{\"a}lltorp, M., Elwing, H., Thomsen, P., In vitro study of monocyte viability during the initial adhesion to albumin- and fibrinogen-coated surfaces (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 827-832; 
Tang, L., Eaton, J.W., Fibrin(ogen) mediates acute inflammatory responses to biomaterials (1993) J Exp Med, 178, pp. 2147-2156; 
Liu, L., Elwing, H., Complement activation on solid surfaces as determined by C3 deposition and hemolytic consumption (1994) J Biomed Mater Res, 28, pp. 767-773; 
Tengvall, P., Askendal, A., Lundstrom, I., Complement activation by IgG immobilized on methylated silicon (1996) J Biomed Mater Res, 31, pp. 305-312; 
K{\"a}lltorp, M., Askendal, A., Thomsen, P., Tengvall, P., Ellipsometric studies in vitro on kinetics of rat complement activation (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 44, pp. 222-225; 
Barbosa, J.N., Barbosa, M.A., {\'A}guas, A.P., Adhesion of human leukocytes to biomaterials: An in vitro study using alkanethiolate monolayers with different chemically functionalized surfaces (2003) J Biomed Mater Res, 65, pp. 429-434
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {2557 - 2563},
	abstract = {The acute inflammatory response and the adhesion of cells to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of well-defined surface chemistry was studied in vivo using a rodent air-pouch model of inflammation. SAMs with three different terminal functional groups (OH, COOH and CH                        3) were implanted in subcutaneous air pouches induced in BALB/c mice. After 24h, inflammatory cells were recovered from the air pouches and the implants were removed and prepared for observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The implants coated with OH and CH
                        3, were found to cause the highest recruitment of inflammatory cells into the subcutaneous pouches. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) leukocytes predominated over mononuclear cells in inflammatory exudates of SAMs-coated implants, the opposite being found in uncoated implants (controls). CH
                        3-coated implants induced the highest number of inflammatory cells and also the largest percentage of PMNs seen in the subcutaneous pouches. Control and OH-covered implants presented the higher densities of attached inflammatory cells detected by SEM. In contrast, the CH
                        3-coated implants showed a very low density of cells adherent to the implant surface. We conclude that the chemical nature and the degree of hydrophobicity of the surface of implants modulate both the local acute inflammatory reaction and the adhesion of leukocytes. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Air-pouch model, alkane derivative, animal cell, animal experiment, animal model, Animals, article, Biomaterials, cell adhesion, Cell culture, cell density, cell surface, Cell-surface interactions, controlled study, exudate, gold, gold complex, hydrophobicity, implantation, Inflammation, Inflammatory responses, leukocyte, Leukocytes, male, material coating, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mouse, neutrophil, nonhuman, polymorphonuclear cell, priority journal, Rodentia, Scanning electron microscopy, Self assembly, Self-assembled monolayers, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Surface chemistry, surface property},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0742324843\&partnerID=40\&md5=4fc63f7a8a6d1c445f0be27356884543},
	author = {Barbosa, J.N. and Barbosa, M.A.A. and {\'A}guas, A.P.}
}
@book {2479,
	title = {Influence of characteristics of the starting hydroxyapatite powders and of deagglomeration procedure, on rheological behaviour of HA suspensions},
	series = {Materials Science ForumMater Sci Forum},
	volume = {455-456},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 63332Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MSFOELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ferreira, J.M.F.; Dept. of Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, Univ. of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: jmf@cv.ua.ptReferences: Kanazawa, T., (1989) Inorganic Phosphate Materials, 52, p. 15. , Materials Science Monographs, (Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam);Elliot, J.C., (1994) Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates. Studies in Organic Chemistry, 18. , Elsevier Science, Netherlands; 
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 885; 
Saggio-Woyanski, J., Scott, C., (1992) Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71, p. 1674; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lorenzo, L.M.R., (1999), PhD Thesis MadridOlhero, S.M., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Powder Thecnology, , accepted for publication
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {361 - 365},
	address = {Caparica},
	abstract = {In order to evaluate how the characteristics of starting HA powders affect their dispersion ability, several tests were made, including particle size distribution, particle morphology (SEM) and rheological measurements of the suspensions. To enable the preparation of concentrated suspensions as high as possible, the influence of deagglomeration procedure on rheological behaviour of hydroxyapatite aqueous suspensions was evaluated. The results revealed significant differences in the dispersing ability of the powders and on the maximum achievable solids loading. In fact, the maximum solids volume fraction that was possible to incorporate in the initial suspension of HA                        R was only 35-vol.\%, while with the HA
                        S it has been possible to start from 45-vol.\% suspensions. Ball milling revealed to be more efficient than planetary milling in the preparation of HA
                        R suspensions, and enabled to achieve a maximum solids volume fraction of 45-vol.\% at the end of long milling period, which included successive incremental additions of powder. The powder HA
                        S exhibited a much better dispersing ability, enabling the preparation of 60-vol.\% solids only after two hours of planetary milling.
},
	keywords = {Agglomeration, Bioceramics, crystallography, Deagglomeration, Foaming processes, hydroxyapatite, medicine, morphology, Particle size analysis, Powder characteristics, Powders, rheology, Scanning electron microscopy, Sedimentation, Sintering},
	isbn = {02555476 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17044460745\&partnerID=40\&md5=5c72052a267f3f7c544667ce61b5e434},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Santos, J.D. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Martins R. and Fortunato E. and Ferreira I. and Dias C.}
}
@article {2475,
	title = {Laser surface modification of hydroxyapatite and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 12Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.054PubMed ID: 15120506Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Queiroz, A.C.; INEB-Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; email: aqueiroz@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Biocompatible Materials; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Macromolecular SubstancesReferences: Krejci, C.B., Bissada, N.F., Farah, C., Greenwell, H., Clinical evaluation of porous and nonporous hydroxyapatite in the treatment of human periodontal bony defects (1987) J Periodontol, 58, pp. 521-528;Seymour, R.A., Heasman, P.A., MacGregor, I.D.M., The pathogenesis of periodontal disease (1992) Drugs, Diseases, and the Periodontium, pp. 1-10. , I.D.M. MacGregor. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 
Systemic antibiotics in periodontics (1996) J Periodontol, 67, pp. 831-838; 
Steinberg, D., Friedman, M., Soskolne, A., Sela, M.N., A new degradable controlled release device for treatment of periodontal disease: In vitro release study (1990) J Periodontol, 61, pp. 393-398; 
Soskolne, W.A., Heasman, H.A., Stabholz, A., Smart, G.J., Palmer, M., Flashner, M., Newman, H.N., Sustained local delivery of chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontitis: A multi-center study (1997) J Periodontol, 68, pp. 32-38; 
Prado Da Silva, M.H., Lemos, A.F., Gibson, I.R., Ferreira, J.M.F., Santos, J.D., Porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite materials produced with different organic additives (2002) J Non-Cryst Solids, 304, pp. 286-292; 
Barinov, S.M., Baschenko, Y.V., Application of ceramic composits as implants: Result and problem (1992) Bioceramics and the Human Body, pp. 206-210. , A. Krajewski. UK: Elsevier Science Publishers; 
Koshino, T., Murase, T., Takagi, T., Saito, T., New bone formation around porous hydroxyapatite wedge implanted in opening wedge high tibial osteotomy in patients with osteoarthritis (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1579-1582; 
Nishihara, K., Studies on peri-root tissue formation around new type artificial root made of dense hydroxyapatite (1993) Clin Mater, 12, pp. 159-167; 
Chang, B., Lee, C., Hong, K., Youn, H., Ryu, H., Chung, S., Park, K., Osteoconduction at porous hydroxyapatite with various pore configurations (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1291-1298; 
Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Serro, A.P., Saramago, B., Hydrophobicity, surface tensions, and zeta potential measurements of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 370-375; 
Santos, J.D., Silva, P.L., Knowles, J.C., Talal, S., Monteiro, F.J., Reinforcement of hydroxyapatite by adding P 2O 5-CaO glasses with Na 2O, K 2O and MgO (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 187-189; 
Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry analysis of effects of glass on response of osteosarcoma cells to plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite/CaO-P 2O 5 coatings (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 47, pp. 603-611; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., CaO-P2O5 Glass hydroxyapatite double-layer plasma-sprayed coating: In vitro bioactivity evaluation (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 376-383; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inoue, H., Push-out testing and histological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites implanted in the tibia of rabbits (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 463-469; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Gibson, I.R., Knowles, J.C., Adsorption and release of sodium ampicillin from hydroxyapatite and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1393-1400; 
Cl{\`e}ries, L., Fern{\'a}ndez-Pradas, J.M., Morenza, J.L., Behaviour in simulated body fluid of calcium phosphate coating obtained by laser ablation (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1861-1865; 
D{\textquoteright}Alession, L., Teghil, R., Zaccardo, I., Ferro, D., Marotta, V., Pulsed laser ablation and deposition of bioactive glass as coating material for biomedical applications (1999) Appl Surf Sci, 138-139, pp. 527-532; 
Fern{\'a}ndez-Pradas, J.M., Cl{\`e}ries, L., Serra, P., Sardin, G., Morenza, J.L., Evolution of the depositon rate during pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings and its relation with target morphology (2001) Appl Phys a, 72, pp. 613-618; 
Zeng, H., Lacefield, W.R., XPS, EDX and FTIR analysis of pulsed laser deposited calcium phosphate bioceramic coatings: The effects of various process parameters (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 23-30; 
Serra, P., Fern{\'a}ndez-Pradas, J.M., Sardin, G., Morenza, J.L., Interaction effects of an excimer laser beam with hydroxyapatite targets (1997) Appl Surf Sci, 109-110, pp. 384-388; 
Serra, P., Morenza, J.L., Fluence dependence of hydroxyapatite laser ablantion plumes (1998) Thin Solid Films, 335, pp. 43-48; 
Foltyn, S.R., Dye, R.C., Ott, K.C., Peterson, E., Hubbard, K.M., Hutchinson, W., Muenchausen, R.E., Wu, X.D., Target modification in the excimer laser deposition of YBa 2Cu 3O 7-x thin films (1991) Appl Phys Lett, 59, pp. 594-596; 
Oliveira, V., Conde, O., Vilar, R., UV laser micromachining of ceramic materials: Formation of columnar topographies (2001) Adv Eng Mater, 3, pp. 75-81; 
Ricci, J.L., Alexander, H., Laser microtexturing of implant surfaces for enhanced tissue integration (2001) Key Eng Mater, 198-199, pp. 179-202; 
Khor, K.A., Vreeling, A., Dong, Z.L., Cheang, P., Laser treatment of plasma sprayed HA coatings (1999) Mater Sci Eng a, 266, pp. 1-7; 
Sobol, E.M., (1995) Phase transformations and ablation in laser-treated solids, , New York: Wiley; 
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Rey, C., Shimizu, M., Collins, B., Glimcher, M.J., Resolution enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of the environment of phosphate ion in the early deposits of a solid phase calcium phosphate in bone and enamel and their evolution with age: Investigations in the ν 4 PO 4 3- domain (1990) Calcif Tissue Int, 46, pp. 384-394; 
Rey, C., Shimizu, M., Collins, B., Glimcher, M.J., Resolution enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of the environment of phosphate ion in the early deposits of a solid phase calcium phosphate in bone and enamel and their evolution with age: Investigations in the ν 3 PO 4 3- domain (1991) Calcif Tissue Int, 49, pp. 383-388; 
Elliott, J.C., Structure and chemistry of apatites and other calcium orthophosphates (1994) Inorganic Chemistry, 18, p. 50. , Elliott J.C. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 
Dupraz, A., Nguyen, T.P., Richard, M., Dalcusi, G., Passuti, N., Influence of a cellulosic ether carrier on the structure of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic particles in an injectable composite material (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 663-673; 
Franke, R., Chass{\'e}, Th., Streubel, P., Meisel, A., Auger parameters and relaxation energies of phosphorus in solid compounds (1991) J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phemon, 56, pp. 381-388; 
Heitz, J., Pedarning, J.D., Bauerle, D., Petzow, G., Excimer laser ablation and micro-patterning of ceramic Si 3N 4 (1997) Appl Phys a, 65, pp. 259-261; 
Foltyn, S.R., Surface modification of materials by cumulative laser irradiation (1994) Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films, pp. 89-113. , D.B. Chrisey, \& G.K. Hubler. New York: Wiley; 
Lappalainen, J., Frantti, J., Lanto, V., Surface structure and particulate generation in Pb 0.97Nd 0.02(Zr 0.55Ti 0.45)O 3 ablation targets during pulsed laser deposition (1999) J Am Cer Soc, 82, pp. 889-896; 
{\'O}brien, T.P., Lawler, J.F., Lunney, J.G., Blau, W.J., The effect of laser fluence on the ablation and deposition of YBa 2Cu 3O 7 (1992) Mater Sci Eng, 13, pp. 9-13; 
Man, H.C., Zhang, X.M., Yue, T.M., Lau, W.S., Excimer-laser surface modification of engineering ceramics for adhesive bonding (1997) J Mater Proc Techn, 66, pp. 123-129; 
S{\'a}nchez, F., Morenza, J.L., Trtik, V., Characterization of the progressive growth of columns by excimer laser irradiation of silicon (1999) Appl Phys Lett, 75, pp. 3303-3305; 
Pedraza, A., Fowlkes, J.D., Lowndes, D.H., Self organized silicon microcolumns arrays generated by pulsed laser irradiation (1999) Appl Phys a, 69, pp. 731-S734; 
Usoskin, A., Freyhardt, H.C., Krebs, H.U., Influence of light scattering on the development of laser induced ridge-cone structure on target surfaces (1999) Appl Phys a, 69, pp. 823-S826
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {4607 - 4614},
	abstract = {Surface treatment of materials with excimer laser radiation often results in the formation of a rough columnar or cone-shaped surface topography, which leads to a considerable increase in the surface area. As a result, the search for a non-porous bioactive material with adequate mechanical properties and a high surface to volume ratio, similar to porous materials, which could be used for drug delivery in the treatment of periodontitis, justified assessing excimer laser surface treatment to promote controlled roughning of hydroxyapatite (HA) and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (GR-HA). A KrF excimer laser with 248nm radiation wavelength and 30ns pulse duration was used for surface modification. The laser treatment was carried out in air, using wide ranges of radiation fluence and number of laser pulses. In order to identify the physico-chemical changes induced by the laser treatment and the column formation mechanisms in these materials, the treated surfaces were characterised by laser profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Laser processing induced the formation of a surface topography consisting of cone-shaped features. The constitution of the surface layer was also modified, as revealed by FTIR, XPS and XRD. This work has shown that laser surface modification increases the surface area of HA and GR-HA and is a promising technique to increase the reactivity and drug delivery capability of both materials. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {article, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, drug delivery system, Durapatite, Excimer laser, Excimer lasers, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, glass, hydroxyapatite, infrared spectroscopy, laser, Lasers, Macromolecular Substances, materials testing, Molecular Conformation, Non-porous bioactive materials, periodontitis, physical chemistry, porosity, priority journal, Profilometry, Radiation Dosage, Reinforcement, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface area, Surface modification, Surface Properties, Surface treatment, topography, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS, XRD},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2342427815\&partnerID=40\&md5=24da3c08c0c7b636d9d5039812944b52},
	author = {Queiroz, A.C. and Santos, J.D. and Vilar, R. and Eug{\'e}nio, S. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@book {2497,
	title = {Porous Hydroxyapatite and Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite for Controlled Release of Sodium Ampicillin},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Queiroz, A.C.; Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: aqueiroz@ineb.up.ptReferences: Krejci, C.B., Bissada, N.F., Farah, C., Greenwell, H., (1987) J Periodontol, 58, pp. 521-528;Seymour, R.A., Heasman, P.A., MacGregor, I.D.M., The pathogenesis of periodontal disease (1992) Drugs, Diseases, and the Periodontium, pp. 1-10. , MacGregor IDM, editor. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 
Steinberg, D., Friedman, M., Soskolne, A., Sela, M.N., (1990) J Periodontol, 61, pp. 393-398; 
Santos, J.D., Silva, P.L., Knowles, J.C., Talal, S., Monteiro, F.J., (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 187-189; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J Biomed Mat Res, 45, pp. 376-383; 
Queiroz, A.C., Teixeira, S., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Key Engineering Materials, , submitted; 
Nishihara, K., (1993) Clin Materials, 12, pp. 159-167; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Gibson, I.R., Knowles, J.C., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1393-1400
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {997 - 1000},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) and glass reinforced hydroxyapatite (GRHA) with adequate macro and microporous structure were developed, aiming at being used as drug delivery carrier of antibiotics, for the in situ treatment of periodontitis. Materials were characterised by XRD and FTIR, presenting no changes from similar dense materials. Mercury intrusion porosimetry revealed micropores of less than 1 μm, accounting for 15\% of the total porosity. Compression tests have shown close values for HA and GRHA, with the former showing slightly higher values of strength. Ampicillin adsorption was more effective on porous than on dense HA, and was similar for HA and GRHA.},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Antibiotics, Coatings, Dense materials, Diseases, Drug delivery, Drug dosage, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite, hydroxyapatite, Mercury (metal), Porous, Porous materials, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium, Strength of materials, Ultraviolet spectroscopy, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347516111\&partnerID=40\&md5=a85b6393d2a4a2d3ee4b384bf4c3de78},
	author = {Queiroz, A.C. and Teixeira, S. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2490,
	title = {Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Manuel, C.M.; Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Lab. de Biomaterials, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150 -180 Porto, Portugal; email: cmmanuel@fe.up.ptReferences: Manuel, C.M., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., (2003) Key Engineering Materials, pp. 240-242;Jarcho, M., Bolen, C.H., Thomas, M.B., Bobick, J., Doremus, R.H., (1976) J Mat Sci, pp. 2027-2035; 
Jarcho, M., Salsbury, R.L., Thomas, M.B., Doremus, R.H., (1979) J Mat Sci, pp. 142-150; 
Puleo, D.A., Holleran, L.A., Doremus, R.H., Bizios, R., (1991) J Biomed Mat Res, 25, pp. 711-723; 
Fowler, B.O., Moreno, E.C., Brown, W.E., (1966) Arch. Oral Biol., 11, pp. 477-492
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {903 - 906},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {In this work, CaP nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical precipitation using three different approaches and were characterised and quantified in terms of their composition. Different precipitating, ageing and drying temperatures were applied and affected HA to TCP ratio. Sintering induced formation of large agglomerates and affected the relative composition, specifically, increased concentrations of TCP as proved by SEM, FTIR and XRD. Different reactants also affected chemical final product composition. Contacts with fibroblasts and osteoblasts revealed better adhesion to sintered substrates.},
	keywords = {Agglomeration, Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, Bone, Calcium Compounds, Cell culture, Cytocompatibility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydroxyapatite, nanoparticles, Nanostructured materials, orthopedics, Precipitation (chemical), Scanning electron microscopy, Synthesis (chemical), Tricalcium phosphate, Wet chemical precipitation, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346885495\&partnerID=40\&md5=a9f5b3807570c06984809bcb048ffc33},
	author = {Manuel, C.M. and Foster, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P. and Doremus, R.H. and Bizios, R.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2477,
	title = {Production of porous hydroxyapatite with potential for controlled drug delivery},
	series = {Materials Science ForumMater Sci Forum},
	volume = {455-456},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 63332Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MSFOELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Queiroz, A.C.; INEB, Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, R do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: aqueiroz@ineb.up.ptReferences: Krejci, C.B., Bissada, N.F., Farah, C., Greenwell, H., (1987) J. Periodontology, 58, p. 521;Seymour, R.A., Heasman, P.A., MacGregor, I.D.M., The pathogenesis of periodontal disease (1992) Drugs, Diseases, and the Periodontium, , Oxford University Press; 
(1996) Journal of Periodontology, 67, p. 831; 
Soskolne, W.A., Heasman, H.A., Stabholz, A., Smart, G.J., Palmer, M., Flashner, M., Newman, H.N., (1997) Journal of Periodontology, 68, p. 32; 
Da Silva, M.H.P., Lemos, A.F., Gibson, I.R., Ferreira, J.M.F., Santos, J.D., (2002) J. of Non-crystaline Solids, 304, p. 286; 
Chang, B., Lee, C., Hong, K., Youn, H., Ryu, H., Chung, S., Park, K., (2000) Biomat., 21, p. 1291; 
Ewers, R., Simons, B., (1992) Biomaterials - Hard Tissue Repair and Replacement, , Elsevier Sc; 
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 26, p. 885; 
Barinov, S.M., Baschenko, Y.V., (1992) Bioceramics and the Human Body, , Elsevier Sc; 
Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bonfield, W., Revell, P.A., (1997) J. Mater. Sc.: Materials in Medicine, 8, p. 731; 
Queiroz, A.C., Teixeira, S., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., (2003) Bioceramics, , accepted for; 
Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Gibson, I.R., Knowles, J.C., (2001) Biomaterial, 22, p. 1393
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {358 - 360},
	address = {Caparica},
	abstract = {Porous hydroxyapatite was prepared in order to be used as a drug carrier and promote bone ingrowth. For this purpose, the microstructure should have interconnective pores and micro as well as macro porosity, for bone cell adhesion and bone ingrowth. The porous hydroxyapatite prepared by the burn-out method exhibits all these features. For measuring porosity, SEM analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry and BET were used. FT-IR and XRD analysis revealed that only hydroxyapatite phase was present, being this result similar to the one found for dense samples. The morphology obtained appears to be well adapted to bone growth and drug adsorption.},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Antibiotics, Bioceramics, Controlled drug delivery, Drug Carriers, Drug delivery, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydroxyapatite, morphology, Polyurethanes, porosity, Porous, Porous materials, Scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {02555476 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17044442244\&partnerID=40\&md5=7baa6f22534360d57deb7862546fb275},
	author = {Queiroz, A.C. and Teixeira, S. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J.},
	editor = {Martins R. and Fortunato E. and Ferreira I. and Dias C.}
}
@book {2496,
	title = {Study of a Silicate Cement for Dental Applications},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Pereira, S.; Fac. de Medicina Dent{\'a}ria, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, PortugalReferences: Craig, R.G., Rovers, J.M., (2002) Restorative Dental Materials. 9th Ed., pp. 593-627. , St Louis: Mosby;Gladwin, M., Bagby, M., (2000) Clinical Aspects of Dental Materials. First Edition, pp. 81-92. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins; 
Leinfelder, K.F., Changing Restorative Traditions: The Use of Bases and Liners (1994) JADA, 125, pp. 65-67; 
Macchi, R.L., (2000) Mat. Dentales. 3 a Ed., pp. 129-135. , Buenos Aires: Edit. M{\'e}dica P.americana S.A; 
Wise, D.L., (1995) Encyclopedic Handbook of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, pp. 1398-1411. , New York: Marcel Dekver; 
Gordan, V.V., Mj{\"o}r, I.A., Hucke, R.D., Smith, G.E., Effect of Different Liner Treatments on Postoperative Sensivity of Amalgam Restorations (1999) Quintessence Int, 30, pp. 55-59; 
Me, M., Nakai, H., Effect of Immersion in Water on Linear Expansion and Strength of Three Base/Liner Materials (1995) Dent Mater, 14, pp. 70-77; 
Leevailoj, C., Cochran, M.A., Matis, B.A., Moore, B.K., Platt, J.A., Microleakage of Posterior Packable Resin Composites with and without Flowable Liners (2001) Oper Dent, 26, pp. 302-307; 
Weiner, R.S., Weiner, L.K., Kugel, G., Teaching the Use of Bases and Liners: A Survey of the North American Dental Schools (1996) JADA, 127, pp. 1640-1645; 
Pereira, S., Branco, R., Cavalheiro, J., Afonso, A., Vasconcelos, M., (2003) Sealing Ability of a New Dental Base Material, , Bioeng; 
(1991) Specification for Dental Water-based Cements, , ISO 9917 (F)
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {659 - 662},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Dental cements have a wide field of applications in clinical practice. The use as a base material is a very important one in dentistry. The aim of this study is to assess some relevant properties of a silicate cement (SC) developed for dental applications, comparing it with two other cements already commercialised, a zinc phosphate cement De Trey Zinc Cement Improved{\textregistered} (DT) and ProRootMTA{\textregistered}(MTA). Their compressive strength, dimensional changes and weight variation in water after setting, according to ISO standards were compared. The mean compressive strength of DT, MTA and SC were, respectively, 134MPa, 31MPa and 46MPa. There were no statistically significant differences for the three tested cements at the various time intervals, in respect to their weight variation or dimensional changes. However, there was a little loss of weight for DT (0.15\%) and for MTA (3\%) and a gain of 3\% for the SC. Regarding the dimensional changes, all materials undergo little expansion, more significant in the MTA and in the SC samples of 2,07\% and 0,4\%, respectively. The new Silicate Cement, presented enough compressive strength, low weight variation, very small dimensional changes and good adaptation to the surface of dental cavity. For these reasons this new cement could be a valuable proposal as a base material for dental applications.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Body fluids, Ceramic materials, ceramics, Compressive Strength, Dental cement, Dental cements, Dental prostheses, Dimensional stability, Precipitation (chemical), Scanning electron microscopy, Silicate cements, Silicates, Stainless steel, Weight variation},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346255102\&partnerID=40\&md5=b43c6052d3f4c9fcaff59b75a9cad543},
	author = {Pereira, S. and Cavalheiro, J. and Branco, R. and Afonso, A. and Vasconcelos, M.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@conference {2468,
	title = {XRD and FT-IR characterisation of hydroxyapatite sputtered films on titanium},
	booktitle = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials CongressTrans. World Biomater. Congr.},
	series = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials Congress},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 64310Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Inst. Sup. de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr.Antonio Bernardino A., 431, 4200- 072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptReferences: Wolke, J.G.C., (1998) J.Biomed. Mat. Res, 39, pp. 524-530;Silva, R.A., Proceedings of Bioceramics 16, , to be published
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {163},
	address = {Sydney},
	abstract = {XRD and FT-IR were used to characterize hydroxyapatite (HA) films, which were prepared using rf sputtering. The morphology of the sample films was analyzed using SEM. From the FT-IR spectrum, sputtered HA films showed structural changes, namely the decrease of the strength of the liberational mode of OH group, indicating the presence of a poorly crystalline phase. XRD results of films obtained at 500 W and 400 W showed that the crystallinity of the 500 W 4h e 2h samples was low, just showing a very incipient degree of crystalline structural structural arrangement, while in the 400 W-4h and 2h samples there was no crystalline structure, with only a slight diffraction of the 002 and 301 HA planes.},
	keywords = {Absorption bands, Adsorption, Bioactive films, Biomaterials, Bone, crystal structure, Crystallinity, Deposition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite films, morphology, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sputtering, Surface topography, Thin films, Titanium, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {1877040193 (ISBN); 9781877040191 (ISBN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13844280872\&partnerID=40\&md5=4b0c92bd00c80cb724aa79ae88c5976e},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Sousa, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Barrai, R. and Lopes, M.A.}
}
@article {2515,
	title = {Albumin and fibrinogen adsorption on Cibacron blue F3G-A immobilised onto PU-PHEMA (polyurethane-poly (hydroxyethylmethacrylate)) surfaces},
	journal = {Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer EditionJ. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 16Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBSEEdoi: 10.1163/156856203766652057PubMed ID: 12807146Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Martins, M.C.L.; Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: cmartins@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: cibacron blue f3ga, 12236-82-7, 53127-08-5; dextran, 87915-38-6, 9014-78-2; fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; polymacon, 25053-81-0, 25249-16-5, 98932-78-6; polyurethan, 61789-63-7; Albumins; Biocompatible Materials; Cibacron Blue F 3GA, 12236-82-7; Fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; Membranes, Artificial; Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate, 25249-16-5; TriazinesReferences: Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J., Lemons, J.L., (1996) Biomaterials Science - an Introduction to Materials in Medicine, , (Eds), Academic Press, San Diego, CA;Greco, R.S., (1994) Implantation Biology, the Host Response and Biomedical Devices, , (Ed.), CRC Press, Ann Arbour, MI; 
Sapatnekar, S., Anderson, J.M., (1999) Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation. Scientific, Technical and Clinical Testing of Implant Materials, p. 353. , A. F. von Recum (Ed.), Taylor \& Francis, Philadelphia, PA; 
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Paulsson, M., Kober, M., Freij-Larsson Stollenwerk, C., Wessl{\'e}n, B., Ljungh, {\r A}., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 845; 
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(1993) Iodine-125, A Guide to Radioiodination Techniques, 64. , Amersham Life Science; 
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http://www.lasurface.com/Beamson, G., Briggs, D., (1992) High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers - The Scienta ESCA300 Database, , (Eds), Wiley, Chichester; 
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Salih, B., Zenobi, R., (1998) Anal. Chem., 70, p. 1536; 
{\"O}sterberg, E., Bergstr{\"o}m, K., Holmberg, K., Schuman, T.P., Riggs, J.A., Burns, N.L., (1995) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 29, p. 741; 
Beeskow, T., Kroner, K.H., Anspach, F.B., (1997) J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 196, p. 278; 
Frazier, R.A., Matthijs, G., Davies, M.C., Roberts, C.J., Schacht, E., Tendler, S.J.B., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 957; 
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Kao, J.M., Rose, R., Yousef, M., Hunter, S.K., Rodgers, V.G.J., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 47, p. 537; 
Tegoulia, V.A., Cooper, S.L., (2002) Colloid. Surf. B: Biointerf., 24, p. 217
},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {439 - 455},
	abstract = {In the present work, it is intended to study the effect of Cibacron blue F3G-A (CB) immobilised onto PU-PHEMA (polyurethane-poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate)) surfaces on protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion. CB immobilisation was carried out by covalent binding between its triazine ring and the hydroxyl groups of the polymer. Characterisation of the films was carried out by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR), contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CB efficiency was evaluated using radiolabelled albumin and fibrinogen from pure solutions, mixtures of both and plasma. Bacterial adhesion tests before and after albumin pre-coating were also performed. The presence of CB increases albumin and fibrinogen adsorption to PU-PHEMA surfaces. The incorporation of CB onto the PU-PHEMA surface also increases bacterial adhesion. Although albumin pre-coating decreases bacterial adhesion onto PU (67\% decrease) and PU-PHEMA-CB (80\%), bacterial adhesion is always lower on PU and PU-PHEMA surfaces than on PU-PHEMA-CB. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to what has been described for CB bound to dextran, CB immobilisation on PU-PHEMA surfaces presents low selectivity to albumin and increased bacterial adhesion relatively to PU and PU-PHEMA surfaces.},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Albumin, Albumins, article, Bacterial adhesion, bacterium adherence, Biocompatible Materials, Chemical structure, Cibacron blue, cibacron blue f3ga, Contact angle, controlled study, covalent bond, dextran, fibrinogen, hydroxyl group, immobilization, infrared spectroscopy, isotope labeling, Membranes, Artificial, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, nonhuman, PHEMA, Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate, polymacon, polyurethan, priority journal, Protein adsorption, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Surface Properties, triazine derivative, Triazines, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS},
	isbn = {09205063 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038316702\&partnerID=40\&md5=6f911799b67ba3289c643eb874879e1f},
	author = {Martins, M.C.L. and Wang, D. and Ji, J. and Feng, L. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2517,
	title = {Albumin and fibrinogen adsorption on PU-PHEMA surfaces},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 41Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00002-4PubMed ID: 12628827Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Martins, M.C.L.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Algre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; email: cmartins@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: acrylic acid ethyl ester, 140-88-5; fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; poly(2 hydroxyethyl acrylate), 26022-14-0; polyetherurethan, 76600-67-4; polymacon, 25053-81-0, 25249-16-5, 98932-78-6; protein, 67254-75-5; Albumins; Biocompatible Materials; Fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), 26022-14-0; Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate, 25249-16-5; Water, 7732-18-5References: Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J., Lemons, J.L., (1996) Biomaterials science - An introduction to materials in medicine, , CA, USA, San Diego: Academic Press;Greco, R.S., (1994) Implantation biology, the host response and biomedical devices, , Ann Arbour, USA: CRC Press; 
Sapatnekar, S., Anderson, J.M., Hemocompatibility: Effects on humoral elements (1999) Handbook of biomaterials evaluation, Scientific technical and clinical testing of implant materials, pp. 353-365. , A.F. von Recum. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Taylor \& Francis; 
Lopez, G.P., Ratner, B.D., Tidwell, C.D., Haycox, C.L., Rapoza, R.J., Horbett, T.A., Glow discharge plasma deposition of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether for fouling-resistant biomaterials surfaces (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 415-439; 
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Paulsson, M., Kober, M., Freij-Larsson, C., Stollenwerk Wessl{\'e}n, B., Ljungh, {\r A}., Adhesion of staphylococci to chemically modified and native polymers, and the influence of preadsorbed fibronectin, vitronectin and fibrinogen (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 845-853; 
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},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {2067 - 2076},
	abstract = {Materials that adsorb specific proteins may find a variety of applications in the biomedical field. The aim of this study was the preparation of a hydrophilic surface, with low protein adsorption, to be used in the future as a support for the immobilisation of several species, e.g. Cibacron Blue F3G-A, which has been described to induce specific albumin adsorption. Poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) and poly(hydroxyethylacrylate) (PHEA) were chosen as the hydrophilic surface because they can be easily polymerised and possess hydroxyl groups that can be used for the immobilisation of different compounds. Thin films of PHEMA and PHEA were successfully graft polymerised onto the surface of a commercial poly(etherurethane) (PU) using ceric ion as initiator. Grafting polymerisations were followed by mass gain and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Since stability tests demonstrated that only PU-PHEMA was stable in alkaline solutions, a necessary condition to future immobilisations, the investigation was focused on the coating of PU with PHEMA. PU-PHEMA films were characterised in detail using several techniques as mass gain, ATR-FTIR, contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Protein adsorption was evaluated using radiolabelled albumin and fibrinogen from pure solutions and from mixtures of both proteins. PU surfaces modified with PHEMA have demonstrated low protein adsorption, showing their potential use as substrates. This opens the possibly of exploring the advantages of selective adsorption by appropriate immobilisation of specific molecules. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {acrylic acid ethyl ester, Adsorption, Albumin, Albumins, article, ATR-FTIR, Biocompatible Materials, Chemical modification, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, fibrinogen, film, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Graft polymerisation, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hydrophilic surfaces, hydrophilicity, hydroxyl group, infrared spectroscopy, isotope labeling, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, molecular stability, Pellethane, PHEMA, poly(2 hydroxyethyl acrylate), polyetherurethan, Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate, polymacon, Polymerization, priority journal, protein, Protein adsorption, Proteins, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, surface property, Thin films, unclassified drug, Water, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037400503\&partnerID=40\&md5=dc989d7fe65e35d20f250cf3e7c245f9},
	author = {Martins, M.C.L. and Wang, D. and Ji, J. and Feng, L. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2519,
	title = {Dissolution studies of hydroxyapatite and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite ceramics},
	journal = {Materials CharacterizationMater Charact},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Conference code: 61615Cited By (since 1996): 15Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MACHEdoi: 10.1016/S1044-5803(03)00092-5Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Prado da Silva, M.H.; DEMP, UFC, Campus PICI, Bl. 714, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil; email: mhprado@dem.ufc.brReferences: Barinov, S.M., Baschenko, Y.V., Application of ceramic composites as implants: Result and problem (1992) Bioceramics and the Human Body, pp. 206-210. , A. Ravaglioli, \& A. Krajewski. United Kingdom: Elsevier;Nishihara, K., Studies on peri-root tissue formation around new type artificial root made of dense hydroxyapatite (1993) Clin. Mater., 12, pp. 159-167; 
Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Serro, A.P., Saramago, B., Hydrophobicity, surface tensions, and zeta potential measurements of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 45, pp. 370-375; 
Santos, J.D., Silva, P.L., Knowles, J.C., Talal, S., Monteiro, F.J., Reinforcement of hydroxyapatite by adding P 2O 5-CaO glasses with Na 2O, K 2O, MgO (1996) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 7, pp. 187-189; 
Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry analysis of effects of glass on response of osteosarcoma cells to plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite/CaO-P 2O 5 coatings (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 47, pp. 603-611; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., CaO-P 2O 5 glass hydroxyapatite double-layer plasma-sprayed coating: In vitro bioactivity evaluation (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 45, pp. 376-383; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Push-out testing and histological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites implanted in the tibia of rabbits (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 54, pp. 463-469; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, pp. 649-656; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Huang, Z.T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., Ca, P-rich layer formed on high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 331-343; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Solution able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes of bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 721-734; 
Klein, C.P.A.T., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., De Groot, K., Features of calcium phosphate plasma-sprayed coatings: An in vitro study (1994) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 28, pp. 961-967; 
Klein, C.P.A.T., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., De Groot, K., Calcium phosphate plasma-sprayed coatings and their stability: An in vivo study (1994) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 28, pp. 909-917; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., Chemical reaction of bioactive glass and glass-ceramics with a simulated body fluid (1992) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 3, pp. 79-83; 
Zhang, H., Li, S., Yan, Y., Dissolution behaviour of hydroxyapatite powder in hydrothermal solution (2001) Ceram. Int., 27, pp. 451-454; 
LeGeros, R.Z., LeGeros, J.P., Calcium phosphate biomaterials in medical applications (1996) Bioceramics, 9, pp. 7-10. , T. Kokubo, T. Nakamura, \& F. Miyaji. Otsu, Japan: Elsevier; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Gibson, I.R., Knowles, J.C., Adsorption and release studies of sodium ampicillin from hydroxyapatite and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1393-1400; 
Langenbucher, F., Benz, D., K{\"u}rth, W., M{\"o}ller, H., Otz, M., Standardized flow-cell method as an alternative to existing pharmacopoeial dissolution testing (1989) Pharm. Ind., 51 (11), pp. 1276-1281; 
Kokubo, T., (1990) CRC Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, 1, p. 41. , T. Yamamuro, L.L. Hench, \& J. Wilson. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 
International Standard ISO/FDIS 10993-14, Biological evaluation of medical devices: Part 14 (2001) Identification and Quantification of Degradation Products from Ceramics
},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {197 - 202},
	address = {Rio de Janeiro},
	abstract = {In the continuous agitation assays, glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (GR-HA) was shown to form a calcium phosphate (CaP) layer, but hydroxyapatite (HA) only formed dispersed precipitates. The formation of this layer was first detected on the GR-HA with a 7.5\% glass addition (7.5 GR-HA) after only 3 days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). The time required for layer formation decreased as the amount of glass added to the HA increased. The dissolution rate of the materials followed a similar pattern, i.e. the dissolution rate for GR-HA was higher than for HA, and increased with the addition of glass. The immersion of 7.5 GR-HA in water showed almost linear dissolution kinetics over the immersion periods (3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days). The concentration of calcium ions in solution and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the 7.5 GR-HA specimens immersed in water and in SBF revealed a clear competition between the material dissolution and the precipitation of a CaP phase. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy with alternated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analysis indicated that the CaP phase that formed during longer immersion times (30 and 60 days) could be a carbonate-substituted CaP precipitate. As expected from previous work, the GR-HA behavior in terms of its in vitro bioactivity is higher than HA because a homogeneous CaP layer is formed and the precipitation occurs faster. From the dissolution test and in accordance with the chemical composition of the samples, GR-HA was more soluble than HA. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Ceramic materials, Dissolution, glass, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite, hydroxyapatite, Immersion times, Scanning electron microscopy},
	isbn = {10445803 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141895021\&partnerID=40\&md5=9226464f75e2ecd20d23f9d42e61d69e},
	author = {Queiroz, A.C. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J. and Prado da Silva, M.H.},
	editor = {Solorzano G. and Freire Jr. F.L. and Soares G.A. and Souza P.L.}
}
@article {2520,
	title = {Surface engineering of poly(DL-lactide) via electrostatic self-assembly of extracellular matrix-like molecules},
	journal = {BiomacromoleculesBiomacromolecules},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 48Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BOMAFdoi: 10.1021/bm025773pPubMed ID: 12625735Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ji, J.; Department of Polymer Science/Eng., Zhejing University, Hangzhou 310027, China; email: jianji@mail.hz.zj.cnChemicals/CAS: gelatin, 9000-70-8; polyethyleneimine, 74913-72-7; polylactide, 26680-10-4; poly(lactide), 26969-66-4; PolyestersTradenames: AXIOVERT 200, Zeiss; ESCA LAB 200A, VG; Radiance 2100, Biorad; Shimadzu UV-1201, Shimadzu; SPA 400, Seiko; Vectro 22, BrukerManufacturers: Biorad; Bruker; Seiko; Shimadzu; VG; ZeissReferences: Sittinger, M., Perka, C., Schutz, O., Haupl, T., Burmester, G.R.Z., (1999) Rheumatol., 58, pp. 130-135;Kim, B.S., Mooney, D.J., (1998) Trends Biotechnol., 16, p. 224; 
Bertrand, P., Jonas, A., Laschewsky, A., Legras, R., (2000) Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, p. 319; 
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Sano, M., Lvov, Y., Kunitake, T., (1996) Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 26, pp. 153-187; 
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Iler, R., (1966) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 21, p. 569; 
Fromhertz, P., (1980) Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimension, p. 338. , Baumeister, W., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin; 
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Decher, G., Hong, J.-D., (1991) Ber. Bunsen-Ges., 95, p. 1430; 
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Lvov, Y., Haas, H., Decher, G., Mohwald, H., Mikhailov, A., Mtchedlishvily, B., Morgunova, E., Vainshtein, B., (1994) Langmuir, 10, p. 4232; 
Kleinfeld, E., Ferguson, G., (1994) Science, 265, p. 370; 
Hong, J.-D., Lowack, K., Schmitt, J., Decher, G., (1993) Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 93, p. 98; 
Schmitt, J., Grunewald, T., Krajer, K., Pershan, P., Decher, G., Loshe, M., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 7058; 
Korneev, D., Lvov, Y., Decher, G., Schmitt, J., Yarodaikin, S., (1995) Physica B, 214, p. 954; 
Iodine-125, a Guide to Radioiodination Techniques (1993), p. 64. , Amersham Life ScienceHwan, M.K., Sang, B.H., Moon, S.K., Jong, S.K., Goo, T.O., Dong, H.H., (1996) J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods, 36, pp. 163-169; 
Adamson, A.W., Gast, A.P., (1997) Physical Chemsitry of Surfaces, pp. 27-28. , John Wiley \& Sons: New York; 
Klagsbrum, M., (1979) Methods Enzymol., 58, p. 560; 
Blum, R.N., Wright, R.A., (1992) J. Gen. Intern. Med., 7, pp. 140-144; 
Okuda, M., Miura, I., Juji, F., Takashima, H., (1994) Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 104 (1 SUPPL. 1), pp. 6-8; 
Mosmann, T., (1983) J. Immunol. Methods, 65, pp. 55-63; 
Zund, G., Ye, Q., Hoerstrup, S.P., Schoeberlein, A., Schmid, A.C., Grunenfelder, J., Vogt, P., Turina, M., (1999) Eur. J. Cardio-thoracic Surg., 15, pp. 519-524; 
Risbud, M.V., Bhonde, M.R., Bhonde, R.R., (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 57, pp. 300-305; 
Strand, B.L., Ryan, T.L., In{\textquoteright}t Veld, P., Kulseng, B., Rokstad, A.M., Skjak-Brek, G., Espevik, T., (2001) Cell Transplant., 10, pp. 263-275; 
De Ceuninck, F., Gaufillier, S., Bonnaud, A., Sabatini, M., Lesur, C., Pastoureau, P., (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 285, pp. 926-931; 
Bancel, S., Hu, W.S., (1996) Biotechnol. Prog., 12, pp. 398-402; 
Davids, S., (1993) Test Procedures for the Blood Compatibility of Biomaterials, pp. 287-330. , Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht
},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {378 - 386},
	abstract = {We report the development of new biomacromolecule coatings on biodegradable biomaterials based on electrostatic assembly of extracellular matrix-like molecules. Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) was employed to engineer poly(DL-lactide) (PDL-LA) substrate to obtain a stable positively charged surface. An extracellular matrix- (ECM-) like biomacromolecule, gelatin, was selected as the polyelectrolyte to deposit on the activated PDL-LA substrate via the electrostatic assemble technique. The extracellular matrix-like multilayer on the PDL-LA substrate was investigated by attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrscopy (XPS), contact angle, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The gradual buildup of the protein layer was investigated by UV-vis spectra, and it was further given a quantitative analysis of the protein layer on the PDL-LA substrate via the radioiodination technique. The stability of the protein layer under aqueous condition was also tested by the radiolabeling method. Chondrocyte was selected as the model system for testing the cell behavior and morphology on modified PDL-LA substrates. The chondrocyte test about cell attachment, proliferation, cell activity and cell morphology by SEM, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) investigation on extracellular matrix-like multilayer modified PDL-LA substrate was shown to promote chondrocyte attachment and growth. Comparing conventional coating methods, polyelectrolyte multiplayers are easy and stable to prepare. It may be a good choice for the modification of 3-D scaffolds used in tissue engineering. These very flexible systems allow broad medical applications for drug delivery and tissue engineering.},
	keywords = {animal cell, Animalia, Animals, article, Atomic force microscopy, biodegradability, biomaterial, cartilage cell, cell activity, cell adhesion, cell function, cell growth, cell proliferation, cell structure, Cells, Cultured, Chondrocytes, confocal laser microscopy, controlled study, Electron Probe Microanalysis, Electrostatics, extracellular matrix, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gelatin, macromolecule, Macromolecules, Microscopy, Atomic Force, nonhuman, polyelectrolyte, Polyesters, Polyethyleneimine, Polyethylenes, polylactide, priority journal, protein analysis, protein stability, quantitative analysis, Rabbits, radioiodination, Scanning electron microscopy, Self assembly, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Surface charge, Surface engineering, Surface Properties, Tissue engineering, Ultraviolet spectroscopy, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {15257797 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038071804\&partnerID=40\&md5=dc56622e3535f161005efe1ae86f4d23},
	author = {Zhu, H. and Ji, J. and Tan, Q. and Barbosa, M.A. and Shen, J.}
}
@article {2531,
	title = {Porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite materials produced with different organic additives},
	journal = {Journal of Non-Crystalline SolidsJ Non Cryst Solids},
	volume = {304},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 31Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JNCSBdoi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01036-0Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Prado da Silva, M.H.; DEM, Universidade Federal do Ceara, PO Box 12144, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; email: mpsilva@ibmc.up.ptReferences: Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 813;Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 47, p. 603; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 45, p. 376; 
Silva, P.L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., (1998) Surf. Coat. Tech., 102, p. 191; 
Zhang, Y., Santos, J.D., (2000) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 272, p. 14; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inoue, H., (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 54, p. 463; 
Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., (1995) J. Mater. Sci: Mat. Med., 6, p. 348; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., (1996) J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Med., 7, p. 181; 
Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) Mater. Sci. Eng, 11, p. 35; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Saggio-Woyansky, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71, p. 1674; 
De Groot, K., Klein, C.P.A.T., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., (1990) Hand. Bioact. Cer., 2, p. 3. , CRC, Boca Raton, FL; 
Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., patent number WO0068164, 2000Larson, A.C., Von Dreele, R.B., Lujan M., Jr., GSAS, Neutron Scattering Centre, Los Alamos National Laboratory, CA, 1990Kay, M.I., Young, R.A., Posner, A.S., (1964) Nature, 204, p. 1050; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, p. 244
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {286 - 292},
	abstract = {In the present study three different organic additives were used to produce porous structures of a CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite potato starch, almond crust and wax spheres. The produced samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, differential thermal analysis and mercury porosimetry. The techniques used in this study enabled the production of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite samples with various pore diameters. Two different techniques were used to produce porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite samples: a dry method using wax spheres as pore formers and a wet method in alcoholic suspension, where almond crust and potato starch were used as pore formers. The final microstructure consists of hydroxyapatite, α-tricalcium phosphate and β-tricalcium phosphate. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed different percentages of phases when comparing dense and porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite specimens. These hard materials are intended to be used as bone defect fillers. {\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Additives, Differential thermal analysis, Fillers, glass, hydroxyapatite, Microstructure, Porosimeters, Porous glasses, Porous materials, Scanning electron microscopy, Suspensions (fluids), X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00223093 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036605142\&partnerID=40\&md5=fe083da9c9790ba4439e741dc6eb8760},
	author = {Prado da Silva, M.H. and Lemos, A.F. and Gibson, I.R. and Ferreira, J.M.F. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@book {2522,
	title = {Production of porous biomaterials based on glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {230-232},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Conference code: 60281Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Prado da Silva, M.H.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomaterials, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, PT-4150-180 Porto, PortugalReferences: Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) Materials Science and Engineering, 11, pp. 35-40;Saggio-Woyansky, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Amer. Cer. Society Bulletin, 71 (11), pp. 1674-1682; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inouue, H., (2001) J. Biom. Mater. Res., 54, pp. 463-469; 
Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., (2000) Sintered Hydroxyapatite Composition and Method for the Preparation thereof, , Patent number WO0068164
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {483 - 486},
	address = {Coimbra},
	abstract = {In this study, porous GR-HA composites were produced using a calcium-phosphate glass with the composition, in mol\%, 75P                        2O
                        5-15CaO-10CaF
                        2. The composites were obtained by wet mixing 4.0\% (w/w) of the glasses with hydroxyapatite (HA) powder (batch P120) (Plasma Biotal; Tideswell, U.K.), pressing and sintering. Two different organic additives were used as pore formers: potato starch and almond crust. This processing route was effective in producing a homogeneous microstructure of equiaxed grains. The bulk density of the samples decreased with the volume fraction increase in the content of pore formers. Scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry analyses showed to be complementary techniques in characterising the pore size and distribution.
},
	keywords = {Biomaterials, Composite materials, glass, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites, GR-HA Composites, hydroxyapatite, Macroporous Bioceramics, Mercury (metal), Microstructure, Organic Additives, Pore size, Porous materials, Powders, Pressing (forming), Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Starch},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036432238\&partnerID=40\&md5=9af5590c70f4defe5e87b9a72042e11b},
	author = {Prado da Silva, M.H. and Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.},
	editor = {Vieira T.}
}
@article {2551,
	title = {CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass ceramics containing bioactive phases: crystallisation and in vitro bioactivity studies
},
	journal = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {192-195},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference code: 57760Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Zhang, Y.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, (INEB), Porto, PortugalReferences: Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, p. 1487;Kokubo, T., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, p. 75. , L.L. Hench and J.Wilson, Eds., World Scientific Singapore; 
Abe, Y., Naruse, A., Hosoe, M., Fukui, H., Hasegawa, J., (1975) The 1975 Symposium of Biomaterials, p. 202. , Kyoto; 
Reaney, I.M., James, P.F., Lee, W.E., (1996) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Science, 79, pp. 1934-1944; 
Kasuga, T., Abe, Y., (1998) J. Mater. Res., 13, p. 1; 
Vogel, J., Schulze, K.J., Reif, D., Hartmann, P., Platzbecker, U., Leuner, B., (1997) Bioceramics, 10, p. 57. , L. Sedel and C. Rey, Eds., Elsevier Science; 
Hosono, H., Zhang, Z., Abe, Y., (1989) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, p. 1587; 
Zhang, Y., Santos, J.D., Journal of the European Ceramic Society, , In press
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {643 - 646},
	publisher = {Trans Tech Publ},
	address = {Bologna, Italy},
	abstract = {CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass ceramics were prepared using a two-step heat treatment of nucleation and crystal growth using TiO
                        2 and Na
                        2O as nucleating agents. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that bioactive and bioresorbable crystalline phases were precipitated in the microstructure, depending upon the relative content of the additives and of the CaO/P
                        2O
                        5 ratio of the glass. Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 (β-DCP) was the main crystalline phase however β-Ca
                        3(PO
                        4)
                        2 (β-TCP), could also be formed by increasing the content of TiO
                        2 and the CaO/P
                        2O
                        5 ratio. Na and Ti-containing phases, CaTi
                        4(PO
                        4)
                        6, and/or NaTi
                        2(PO
                        4)
                        3, could also be assigned in the XRD spectra. In vitro testing in simulated body fluid (SBF) has proved the in vitro bioactivity of these glass ceramics with the formation of Ca-deficient apatite crystals, as demonstrated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses.
},
	keywords = {Bioactivity, Biomaterials, Ceramic materials, Crystal growth, Crystal microstructure, Crystalline materials, Crystalline phase, Crystallization, glass, Lime, Nucleating agents, Nucleation, Phosphates, Scanning electron microscopy, Simulated body fluid, X ray diffraction analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035154397\&partnerID=40\&md5=f2ba11b17e54efdc1e520c3dfaa6457e},
	author = {Zhang, Y. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2543,
	title = {HA and double-layer HA-P                    2O
                    5/CaO glass coatings: Influence of chemical composition on human bone marrow cells osteoblastic behavior
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
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},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {629 - 638},
	abstract = {Human osteoblastic bone marrow derived cells were cultured for 28 days onto the surface of a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) composite and a commercial type HA plasma sprayed coatings, both in the "as-received" condition and after an immersion treatment with culture medium during 21 days. Cell proliferation and differentiation were analyzed as a function of the chemical composition of the coatings and the immersion treatment. Cell attachment, growth and differentiation of osteoblastic bone marrow cells seeded onto "as-received" plasma sprayed coatings were strongly affected by the time-dependent variation of the surface structure occurring during the first hours of culture. Initial interactions leading to higher amounts of adsorbed protein and zeta potential shifts towards negative charges appeared to result in surface structures with better biological performance. Cultures grown onto the pretreated coatings showed higher rate of cell proliferation and increased functional activity, as compared to those grown onto the corresponding "as-received" materials. However, the cell behavior was similar in the glass composite and HA coatings. The results showed that the glass composites present better characteristics for bone cell growth and function than HA. In addition, this work also provide evidence that the biological performance of the glass composites can be modulated and improved by manipulations in the chemical composition, namely in the content of glass added to HA. {\textcopyright} 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	keywords = {Adsorption, alkaline phosphatase, article, Biomedical engineering, Bone, bone marrow, bone marrow cell, Calcium, calcium oxide, cell adhesion, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell growth, cell proliferation, chemical composition, Coatings, controlled study, culture medium, enzyme activity, glass, Growth kinetics, human, human cell, hydroxyapatite, immersion, osteoblast, oxygen, performance, phosphorus, priority journal, protein binding, protein content, Proteins, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface charge, surface property, time, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034918167\&partnerID=40\&md5=3783f798f6eea84dfff83e16a393fe54},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Fernandes, M.H. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2548,
	title = {Histological studies of double layer HA/CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass plasma sprayed coatings using Rabbit model
},
	journal = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {192-195},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference code: 57760Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ferraz, M.P.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, (INEB), Porto, PortugalReferences: Lacefield, W.R., (1988) Bioceramics: Material Characteristics Versus In Vivo Behaviour, pp. 72-80. , P. Ducheyne, J.E. Lemons. New York: New York Academy of Science Publishers;Klein, C.P.A.T., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., De Groot, K., (1994) J Biomed Mater Res, 28, pp. 961-967; 
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},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {449 - 452},
	publisher = {Trans Tech Publ},
	address = {Bologna, Italy},
	abstract = {The in vivo biological performance of a double layer HA/CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass and HA plasma sprayed coatings was assessed, using cylindrical implants that were placed in rabbits tibiae and histologically characterised after 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks of implantation. For both types of coatings, long-term histological results indicated successful contact between implanted materials and bone, with organised new bone established at the interface. The main difference between the two coatings corresponded to the shorter implantation periods, where the composite coating induced faster osteointegration than HA coating. The faster formation of organised bone for composite coatings is discussed in terms of the presence of phase composition in the coatings structure.
},
	keywords = {Bond strength (materials), Bone, Double layer coatings, hydroxyapatite, Implants (surgical), In vivo evaluation, Interfaces (materials), morphology, Phase composition, Phosphates, Plasma sprayed coatings, Rabbit model, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035147691\&partnerID=40\&md5=1857cde1f297ab045f2369691bdbdc8c},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Santos, J.D. and Afonso, A. and Vasconcelos, M. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2539,
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},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {785 - 791},
	abstract = {Due to their high water swelling, regenerated cellulose hydrogels and sponges were pre-incubated in a Ca-containing solution, and their mineralization was investigated. Results obtained demonstrate that a simple pre-incubation treatment in a Ca containing solution can induce mineralization in materials with limited or no tendency to mineralize. The minerals formed had an apatitic carbonated and poorly crystalline structure, resembling carbonated hydroxyapatite found in bone mineral. The apatitic layer formed showed a relatively accelerated growth using this technique, exhibiting nodules in their macroscopic structure, which seem to indicate lateral growth. The porous structure of regenerated cellulose sponges was also homogeneously mineralized using this technique. {\textcopyright} 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	keywords = {Apatite, article, Bone, bone mineral, Calcification (biochemistry), Calcium, Carbon, Cellulose, crystal, hydrogel, Hydrogels, hydroxyapatite, Incubation, infrared spectroscopy, mineralization, porosity, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, surface property, Swelling, Water},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034771780\&partnerID=40\&md5=58fcd227f17f7da6e5e0af69c7351f0a},
	author = {Granja, P.L. and Ribeiro, C.C. and De J{\'e}so, B. and Baquey, C. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
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},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1165 - 1175},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	abstract = {The main aims of the present study are simultaneously to relate tho brazing parameters with the correspondent interfacial microstructure, the resultant mechanical properties and the electrochemical degradation behaviour of commercially pure titanium/alumina brazed joints. A filler metal on the Ag-26.5Cu-3Ti system has been used. Three different brazing temperatures (850, 900 and 950 {\textdegree}C) and three holding times (0.3, 1.2, 2.4 ks) were tested, in order to understand the influence of each combination of brazing temperature holding times, over the final microstructure and properties of the joints. The mechanical properties of the M/C joints were assessed on the basis of bond strength tests carried out using a shear solicitation scheme. The fracture surfaces were studied morphologically and structurally using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The degradation behaviour of the M/C joints was assessed by means of electrochemical techniques. It was found that a brazing temperature of 850 {\textdegree}C and a holding time of 2.4 ks, produces the best results in terms of bond strength, 130{\textpm}16 MPa. The mechanical properties obtained could be explained on the basis of the different compounds identified on the fracture surfaces by XRD. On the other hand, a brazing temperature of 950 {\textdegree}C produces the best results in terms of corrosion rates (lower corrosion current), 3.44{\textpm}0.73 μA cm},
	keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum copper titanide, Brazing filler metals, Ceramic matrix composites, Degradation, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, fracture, Joints (structural components), Scanning electron microscopy, Silver alloys, Titanium, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00222461 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033881734\&partnerID=40\&md5=058678288fbb7c85032cae1530352c40},
	author = {Paiva, O.C. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2553,
	title = {Concept, design and fabrication of smart orthopedic implants},
	journal = {Medical Engineering and PhysicsMed. Eng. Phys.},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 29Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MEPHEdoi: 10.1016/S1350-4533(00)00062-XPubMed ID: 11165144Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Burny, F.; Service d{\textquoteright}Orthopedie-Traumatologie, Cliniques Universitaires Bruxelles, H{\^o}pital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium; email: fburny@ulb.ac.beChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Ceramics; Metals; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1References: Burny, F., Donkerwolcke, M., Moulart, F., Clinical application of the monitoring of orthopedic implants (1993), pp. 138-146. , Burny R, Puers F, editors. Monitoring of orthopedic implants. A biomaterials microelectronics - challenge. Amsterdam: ElsevierBurny, F., Zucman, J., Bourgois, R., Aubriot, J.H., Sedel, J., Utilisation des jauges extensom{\'e}triques pour la mesure de la consolidation des fractures du tibia trait{\'e}es par enclouage centrom{\'e}dullaire. Etude th{\'e}orique et premiers r{\'e}sultats (1971) Acta Orthop Belg, 37, pp. 266-277;Moulart, F., (1975) R{\'e}{\'e}ducation des fractures hautes du f{\'e}mur. Mesure des d{\'e}formations du mat{\'e}riel d{\textquoteright}ost{\'e}osynthese, , M{\'e}moire de Licence en Kin{\'e}sith{\'e}rapie, Universit{\'e} Libre de Bruxelles; 
Burny, F., Moulart, F., Hinsenkamp, M., Traitement des fractures m{\'e}tastatiques de la region sous-trochant{\'e}rienne. Etude biom{\'e}canique; cas cliniques (1976) Acta Orthop Belg, 42, pp. 31-41; 
Burny, F., Donkerwolcke, M., Telemetry in the musculoskeletal system (1991), pp. 391-394. , Payne PA, editor. Concise encyclopedia of biological and biomedical measurement systems. Oxford: Pergamon PressPuers, R., Burny, F., Biotelemetry in orthopaedics (1992), 3, pp. 285-306. , Muster D. et al., editors. European Materials Research Society Monographs. Biomaterials. Hard Tissue Repair and Replacement, Amsterdam: ElsevierKadefors, R., Kaiser, E., Petersen, I., Energizing implantable transmitters by means of coupled inductance coils (1969) IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 16 BME, pp. 177-183; 
Ko, W.H., Liang, S.P., Fung, C.D.F., Design of radio-frequency powered coils for implant intruments (1977) Med Biol Eng Comput, 15, pp. 634-640; 
Donaldson, N., De, N., Perkins, T.A., Analysis of resonant coupled coils in the design of radio frequency trancutaneous links (1983) Med Biol Eng Comput, 21, pp. 612-627; 
Grossman, D.G., Machining a machinable glass-ceramic (1978) Vacuum, 28, pp. 55-61; 
Van Schuylenbergh, K., Puers, R., The influence of moisture leakage on implant strain measurements with resistive strain gauges (1993), pp. 125-137. , Burny R, Puers F, editors. Monitoring of orthopedic implants. A biomaterials microelectronics - challenge. Amsterdam: ElsevierWrangl{\'e}n, G., (1985) An introduction to corrosion and protection of metals, , London: Chapman \& Hall; 
Barbosa, M.A., Surface layers and the reactivity of metallic implants (1992), pp. 257-284. , Muster D, editor. Biomaterials - hard tissue repair and replacement, E-MRS Monographs. North-Holland: Elsevier ScienceNicholas, M.G., Active metal brazing (1986) British Ceramic Transactions Journal, 85, pp. 144-146; 
Pattee, H.E., Joining ceramics to metals and other materials (1972) Welding Research Council Bulletin, 178, pp. 2435-2442. , New York; 
Nicholas, M.G., Crispin, R.M., Brazing ceramics with alloys containing titanium (1989) Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 10, pp. 1602-1612; 
Rodes, F., Zardini, C., Devall, Y., Puers, R., Van Schuylenbergh, K., Burny, F., Donkerwolcke, M., Moulart, F., Direct digitization of low level transducer outputs for low power intracorporal telemetry systems (1993), pp. 401-409. , Mancini P, Fioretti S, editors. 12th Int. Symposium on Biotelemetry, Ancona. Pisa, Italy: Universitaria Litografia FeliciFlack, F.C., James, E.D., Schlapp, D.M., Mutual inductance of air-cored coils: Effect on design of radio-frequency coupled implants (1971) Med Biol Eng Comput, 9, pp. 79-85; 
},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {469 - 479},
	abstract = {Extensive clinical experience has been built up using orthopaedic implants instrumented with strain gauges connected to a Wheatstone bridge by means of percutaneous leads. This research showed the medical relevance of the monitoring of the deformation of implants as a powerful tool to evaluate nursing and rehabilitation exercises, for tracing dangerous overloads and anticipating implant failure and also to observe the healing process. The IMPACT 3500 project focuses on the instrumentation of femoral implants with on board sensors: regular Benoist-Girard implants have been modified, to contain a {\textquoteright}sensing cell{\textquoteright}, and thoroughly tested in vitro and in vivo. The implant deformations are measured with resistive strain gauges, and the signal is transferred to a personal computer for processing and display, via a hard wired connection, or via a telemetry system. Two fully implantable wireless designs, called Linkstrain and Sealstrain, are powered from the outside by magnetic induction. As Sealstrain contains the whole telemetric system in its cavity, the highest miniaturization was required; this seriously deteriorates the efficiency of the inductive power link. {\textcopyright} 2001 IPEM.},
	keywords = {article, atomic absorption spectrometry, Biocompatible Materials, biomechanics, body movement, Bone Plates, ceramics, compression, Corrosion, Failure of implants, Femoral Fractures, femur, Fracture healing, healing, Humans, materials testing, metal, metal implantation, Metals, microcomputer, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Monitoring, Physiologic, Orthopedic implants, orthopedic surgery, priority journal, Prostheses and Implants, Prosthesis Design, prosthesis failure, Rehabilitation, Scanning electron microscopy, sensor, Sensors, Smart implants, Spectrum Analysis, Stainless steel, strain gauge transducer, Strain measurements, Stress, Mechanical, Telemetry, Weight-Bearing},
	isbn = {13504533 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-20244372369\&partnerID=40\&md5=456fea60c077d9bd4569169438349a07},
	author = {Burny, F. and Donkerwolcke, M. and Moulart, F. and Bourgois, R. and Puers, R. and Van Schuylenbergh, K. and Barbosa, M. and Paiva, O. and Rodes, F. and B{\'e}gueret, J.B. and Lawes, P.}
}
@article {2558,
	title = {Direct and indirect effects of P                    2O
                    5 glass reinforced-hydroxyapatite composites on the growth and function of osteoblast-like cells
},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 18Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00007-7PubMed ID: 10817269Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Olsen, I.; Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray{\textquoteright}s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom; email: iolsen@eastman.ucl.ac.ukChemicals/CAS: Antigens; Biocompatible Materials; DNA, 9007-49-2; Hydroxyapatites; PhosphatesReferences: Kirkpatrick, C.J., A critical view of current and proposed methodologies for biocompatibility testing: Cytoxicity in vitro (1992) Regulatory Affairs, 4, pp. 13-32;Hanson, S., Lalor, P.A., Niemi, S.M., Ratner, B.D., (1996) Biomaterials Science. An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, pp. 215-242. , B.D. Ratner, \& A.S. Hoffman. Basel: Karger; 
Bou-Gharios, G., Osman, J., Atherton, A., Monoghan, P., Vancheeswaran, R., Black, C., Olsen, I., Expression of ectopeptidaes in scleroderma (1995) Ann Rheum Dis, 54, pp. 111-116; 
Goseki, T., Shimizu, N., Iwasawa, T., Takiguchi, H., Abiko, Y., Effects of in vitro cellular aging on alkaline phosphatase, cathepsin activities and collagen secretion of human periodontal ligament-derived cells (1996) Mech Age Dev, 91, pp. 1761-1783; 
Parkar, M.H., Kuru, L., O{\textquoteright}Hare, M., Newman, H.N., Hughes, F., Olsen, I., Retroviral transduction of periodontal cells with a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen (1999) Archs Oral Biol, 44, pp. 823-834; 
Simon, L.V., Beauchamp, J.R., O{\textquoteright}Hare, M., Olsen, I., Establishment of long-term myogenic cultures from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy by retroviral transduction of a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T-antigen construct (1996) Exp Cell Res, 224, pp. 264-271; 
Clover, J., Gowen, M., Are MG-63 and HOS TE 85 human osteosarcoma cell lines representative models of the osteoblastic phenotype (1994) Bone, 15, pp. 585-591; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterisation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Di Silvio, L., A novel application of two biomaterial for the delivery of growth hormone and its effect on osteoblasts (1995) PhD Thesis, , Univ Lon: Univ Coll Lon Med Sch; 
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Nishizawa, K., Toriyama, M., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Yokogawa, Y., Nagae, H., Effects of the surface wettability and zeta potential of bioceramics on the adhesiveness of anchorage-dependent animal cells (1993) J Ferm Bioengng, 75, pp. 435-437; 
Chesmel, K.D., Clark, C.C., Brighton, C.T., Black, J., Cellular response to chemical and morphologic aspects of biomaterial surfaces. II. The biosynthetic and migratory response of bone cell populations (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 1101-1110; 
Harmand, M.F., Human cell culture and characterization of cell-biomaterial interface (1992) Clinical Materials, 11, pp. 145-150; 
Lincks, J., Boyan, B.D., Blanchard, C.R., Lohmann, C.H., Liu, Y., Cochran, D.L., Dean, D.D., Schawrtz, Z., Response of MG63 osteoblast-like cells to titanium and titanium alloy is dependent on surface roughness and composition (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 2219-2232; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: Secondary phases proportions and densification effects on biaxial bending strength (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 48, pp. 734-740; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39, pp. 244-251; 
Lopes, M.A., Saramago, B., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Hydrophobicity and zeta potencial of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1999) J Biomed Mater Res: Appl Biomater, 45, pp. 370-375; 
Hall, B.K., (1992) Fracture Repair and Regeneration, pp. 33-66. , Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 
Legeros, R.Z., (1991) Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine, , Basel: Karger; 
Altankov, G., Groth, T., Fibronectin matrix formation and the biocompatibility of materials (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 425-429; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Hing, K., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Sedel, L., Rey, C., Biological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite by flow cytometry (1997) Bioceramics, 10, pp. 575-578. , Paris, Oxford, UK: Elsevier; 
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Marie, P.J., De Vernejoul, M.C., Lomri, A., Stimulation of bone formation in osteoporosis patients treated with fluoride associated with increased DNA synthesis by osteoblastic cells in vitro (1992) J Bone Miner Res, 7, pp. 103-113; 
Davies, J.E., In vitro modelling of the bone-implant interface (1996) Anat Rec, 245, pp. 426-445; 
Verrier, S., Bareille, R., Rovira, A., Dard, M., Amdee, J., Human osteoprogenitor responses to orthopaedic implant: Mechanism of cell attachment and cell adhesion (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 17, pp. 46-51; 
Sumner, H., Abraham, D., Bou-Gharios, G., Plater-Zyberk, C., Olsen, I., Simultaneous measurement of cell surface and intracellular antigens by multiple flow cytometry (1991) J Immun Meth, 136, pp. 259-267; 
Bou-Gharios, G., Osman, J., Black, C., Olsen, I., Excess matrix accumulation in Scleroderma is caused partly by differential regulation of stromelysin and TIMP-1 synthesis (1994) Clin Chim Acta, 231, pp. 69-78; 
Kuru, L., Parkar, M.H., Griffiths, G.S., Newman, H.N., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry analysis of functionally distinct gingival and periodontal ligament cells (1998) J Dent Res, 77, pp. 555-564; 
Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry analysis of the effects of glass on the biocompatibility of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite/CaO-P 2O 5 coatings (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 47, pp. 603-611
},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1165 - 1172},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {Human osteoblast-like cells were plated on hydroxyapatite and P                        2O
                        5-glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite discs. They were also cultured in the presence of media obtained by incubating the discs in the absence of cells. The effects of these direct and indirect interactions were examined by measuring cell proliferation and the expression of certain key extracellular matrix antigens. One composite was found to initially delay cell growth, while the extract of a different composite appeared to down-regulate DNA synthesis. Flow cytometry analysis showed that growth directly on the discs had little effect on collagen type I, but reduced fibronectin and osteocalcin levels. The extracts of the materials generally had less effect, although one extract obtained from the glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite significantly down-regulated fibronectin. These in vitro studies thus suggest that there were only few differences overall in the growth of the cells directly on the glass-reinforced compared with the hydroxyapatite discs and also only relatively small effects of the extracts on the cells. However, the flow cytometry results suggest that both the materials and the extracts may have a potentially important influence on connective tissue production, and that these effects are both material- and antigen-specific. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Human osteoblast-like cells were plated on hydroxyapatite and P
                        2O
                        5-glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite discs. They were also cultured in the presence of media obtained by incubating the discs in the absence of cells. The effects of these direct and indirect interactions were examined by measuring cell proliferation and the expression of certain key extracellular matrix antigens. One composite was found to initially delay cell growth, while the extract of a different composite appeared to down-regulate DNA synthesis. Flow cytometry analysis showed that growth directly on the discs had little effect on collagen type I, but reduced fibronectin and osteocalcin levels. The extracts of the materials generally had less effect, although one extract obtained from the glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite significantly down-regulated fibronectin. These in vitro studies thus suggest that there were only few differences overall in the growth of the cells directly on the glass-reinforced compared with the hydroxyapatite discs and also only relatively small effects of the extracts on the cells. However, the flow cytometry results suggest that both the materials and the extracts may have a potentially important influence on connective tissue production, and that these effects are both material- and antigen-specific.
},
	keywords = {Animal cell culture, antigen expression, Antigens, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, Bone, Bone cells, cell antigen, Cell culture, Cell Division, cell function, cell growth, Cell Line, cell proliferation, cell structure, collagen type 1, controlled study, DNA, DNA Replication, DNA synthesis, extracellular matrix, Fibronectin, flow cytometry, glass, Glass fibers, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite, Growth kinetics, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatites, immunofluorescence, In vitro, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, osteocalcin, Phosphate minerals, Phosphates, phosphorus pentoxide, priority journal, Proteins, Reinforcement, Scanning electron microscopy},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034059787\&partnerID=40\&md5=898e049d86a10d2797dbd2aa59029fd6},
	author = {Lopes, M.A. and Knowles, J.C. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J. and Olsen, I.}
}
@article {2574,
	title = {CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass hydroxyapatite double-layer plasma-sprayed coating: In vitro bioactivity evaluation
},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 31Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990615)45:4<376::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-SLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Departamento Engenharia Metalurgica, FEUP, Universidade do Porto, R. dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; Calcium, 7440-70-2; CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Phosphates; Powders; Resin Cements; Solutions; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Denissen, H., Mangano, C., Venini, G., (1985) Hydroxylapatite Implants., , Padua: Piccin Nuova Libraria, S.P.A;Van Raemdonck, W., Ducheyne, P., De Meester, P., Calcium phosphate ceramics (1984) Metal and Ceramic Biomaterials, pp. 143-166. , Ducheyne P, Hastings GW, editors, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 
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Li, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Kokubo, T., The effect of residual glassy phase in a bioactive glass-ceramic on the formation of its surface apatite layer in vitro (1992) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 3, pp. 452-456; 
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Silva, P.L., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Adhesion and microstructural characterisation of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite-glass ceramic coatings onto Ti-6Al-4V substrates (1998) Surf Coatings Technol, 102, pp. 191-196; 
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Anderson, O.H., Kangasniemi, I., Calcium phosphate formation at the surface of bioactive glass in vitro (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 1019-1030; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., In vitro calcium phosphate formation on SiO 2-Na 2O-CaO-P 2O 5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: A study by XPS analysis (1996) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 181-185; 
Verhoeven, J.A.T., Van Doveren, H., An XPS investigation of the interface of methane, ethyne, ethene and ethane with barium surface (1982) Surf Sci, 123, pp. 369-383
},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {376 - 383},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P
                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
},
	keywords = {alloy, Alloys, Apatite, article, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomic spectroscopy, Bioactivity, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Biomedical engineering, Body fluids, Calcium, Calcium Compounds, CaO SiO2 P2O5 CaF2 glass, CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass, Chemical analysis, chemical composition, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Double layer coatings, Double-layer coatings, Durapatite, film, glass, Glass plasma spraying, human, Humans, hydroxyapatite, immersion, implant, in vitro study, Ionic solution changes, Magnesium, materials testing, Molybdenum blue, Multilayers, Particle Size, phosphate, Phosphate minerals, Phosphates, Phosphorus Compounds, phosphorus pentoxide, Plasma spraying, potassium, powder, Powders, resin cement, Resin Cements, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium, solution and solubility, Solutions, structure analysis, Substrates, Surface Properties, surface property, thickness, Tissue, Titanium, titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), Titanium alloys, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033563315\&partnerID=40\&md5=8c0de1e25709302641b203efac50337b},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2572,
	title = {Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: Secondary phase proportions and densification effects on biaxial bending strength},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 28Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:5<734::AID-JBM20>3.0.CO;2-2PubMed ID: 10490690Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, Laboratorio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: alpha-tricalcium phosphate; Biocompatible Materials; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, 7757-93-9; Hydroxyapatites; monocalcium phosphate; tetracalcium phosphateReferences: Yamamuro, Y., Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1990) CRC Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, , Boca Raton, FL: CRC;Rice, R.W., Microstructure dependence of mechanical behaviour (1977) Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, 11. , MacCrone RK, editor. New York: Academic; 
Rice, R.W., Grain size and porosity dependence of ceramic fracture energy and toughness at 22{\textdegree}C (1996) J Mat Sci, 31, pp. 1969-1983; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterisation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Wayne, S.F., Buljan, S.T., Microstructure and wear resistance of silicon nitride composites (1994) Friction and Wear of Ceramics, p. 261. , Jahanmir S, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker; 
Kaysser, W.A., Sprissler, M., Handwerker, C.A., Blendell, J.E., Effect of liquid phase on the morphology of grain growth of alumina (1987) J Am Ceram Soc, 70, pp. 339-343; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39, pp. 244-251; 
Soltesz, U., Ritcher, H., Kienzler, R., The concentric-ring test and its applications for determining the surface strength of ceramics (1987) High Tech Ceram, pp. 149-159. , Amsterdam: Elsevier; 
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},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {734 - 740},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glasses with additions of MgO and CaF
                        2 were used as a sintering aid of hydroxyapatite, and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites obtained. Glasses promoted significant changes in the microstructure of the composites, namely with the formation of tricalcium phosphate secondary phases, β and α-TCP. Quantitative phase analysis was performed by the Rietveld method using General Structure Analysis Software. Grain size measurements were carried out on SEM photomicrographs, using a planimetric procedure according to ASTM E 112-88. Flexural bending strength was determined from concentric ring-on-ring testing. Flexural bending strength (FBS) of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites was found to be about twice or three times higher than that of unreinforced hydroxyapatite and tended to depend more on porosity and β and α-TCP secondary phases, rather than on grain size. Traces of α-tricalcium phosphate significantly enhanced the strength of the composites. Using the rule of mixtures to estimate the zero porosity bending strength, the Duckworth-Knudsen model applied to the composites gave a porosity correction factor, b, with a value of 4.02. Weibull statistics were also used to analyze biaxial strength data and the level of reinforcement obtained by comparing failure probability for the composites and for the unreinforced hydroxyapatite. Lower activation energies for grain growth were observed for the composites compared to unreinforced hydroxyapatite, which should be attributed to the presence of a liquid glassy phase that promotes atomic diffusion during the sintering process.
CaO-P
                        2O
                        5 glasses with additions of MgO and CaF
                        2 were used as a sintering aid of hydroxyapatite, and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites obtained. Glasses promoted significant changes in the microstructure of the composites, namely with the formation of tricalcium phosphate secondary phases, β and α-TCP. Quantitative phase analysis was performed by the Rietveld method using General Structure Analysis Software. Grain size measurements were carried out on SEM photomicrographs, using a planimetric procedure according to ASTM E 112-88. Flexural bending strength was determined from concentric ring-on-ring testing. Flexural bending strength (FBS) of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites was found to be about twice or three times higher than that of unreinforced hydroxyapatite and tended to depend more on porosity and β and α-TCP secondary phases, rather than on grain size. Traces of α-tricalcium phosphate significantly enhanced the strength of the composites. Using the rule of mixtures to estimate the zero porosity bending strength, the Duckworth-Knudsen model applied to the composites gave a porosity correction factor, b, with a value of 4.02. Weibull statistics were also used to analyze biaxial strength data and the level of reinforcement obtained by comparing failure probability for the composites and for the unreinforced hydroxyapatite. Lower activation energies for grain growth were observed for the composites compared to unreinforced hydroxyapatite, which should be attributed to the presence of a liquid glassy phase that promotes atomic diffusion during the sintering process.
},
	keywords = {article, atom, Bending (deformation), Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, calcium fluoride, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Composite materials, Densification, Dental application, dentistry, Duckworth-Knudsen model, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite-glass composites, Hydroxyapatites, Implants (surgical), Magnesium Oxide, mathematical analysis, Mechanical strength, Mechanics, Medical applications, Microstructure, orthopedics, Phase composition, physical chemistry, porosity, Scanning electron microscopy, Strength of materials, tensile strength, Tissue, Tricalcium phosphate},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032868650\&partnerID=40\&md5=e6fa831a838301db0336e9010a0800dd},
	author = {Lopes, M.A. and Monteiro, F.J. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2573,
	title = {In vitro growth and differentiation of osteoblast-like human bone marrow cells on glass reinforced hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed coatings},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 20Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1008924516146Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Dental Medicine, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: alkaline phosphatase, 9001-78-9; calcium ion, 14127-61-8; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; phosphorus, 7723-14-0; protein, 67254-75-5References: Passuti, N., Daculsi, G., Martin, S., (1990) Clinical Implant Materials, p. 255. , edited by V. Soltesz and A. Lee (Elsevier, Amsterdam);Legeros, R., (1988) Adv. Dental Res., 2, p. 164; 
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Daculsi, G., Legeros, R.Z., Henghebaert, M., Barbieux, I., (1990) Calcif. Tissue Int., 46, p. 20; 
Bagambisa, F.B., Joos, U., Schilli, W., (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, p. 1047; 
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Raemdonck, W., Ducheyne, P., Meester, P., (1984) Metal and Ceramic Materials, p. 143. , edited by P. Ducheyne and G. W. Hastings (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL); 
Rey, C., Freche, M., Heughebaert, M., Vignoles, M., (1991) Bioceramics 4, p. 57. , edited by W. Bonfield, G. W. Hastings and K. E. Tanner (Butterworth-Heinemann, London); 
Nagase, M., Abe, Y., Udagawa, E., (1992) Biomaterials, 13, p. 172; 
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},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {567 - 576},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	abstract = {Human osteoblastic bone marrow cells were cultured far periods of up to 28 days in control conditions and on the surface of a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite (HA/G1) and commercial hydroxyapatite (HA) plasma-sprayed coatings, in the {\textquoteright}as-received{\textquoteright} condition and after immersion treatment in culture medium for 21 days. Cultures were characterized for total protein content and alkaline phosphatase activity. Scanning electron microscope analyses were performed on control cultures, seeded materials and materials incubated in the absence of cells. Culture media were analyzed for total and ionized calcium and phosphorus concentrations throughout the incubation period. Immersion of HA/G1 and HA coatings in culture medium resulted in significant alterations to the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the medium, leading to surface modifications. However, seeded material samples showed significant differences in the pattern of variation of the levels of these species. Cell proliferation was observed in the {\textquoteright}as-received{\textquoteright} HA/G1 composite, but cell mediated formation of mineral deposits was not proved. In contrast, {\textquoteright}as-received{\textquoteright} HA hardly supported cell growth. Previously immersed material samples showed cell proliferation and evidence of biological formation of mineral deposits. However, the HA/G1 composite presented better surface characteristics for cell growth as the behavior of bone marrow eel Is was closer to that observed in control cultures.Human osteoblastic bone marrow cells were cultured for periods of up to 28 days in control conditions and on the surface of a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite (HA/G1) and commercial hydroxyapatite (HA) plasma-sprayed coatings, in the {\textquoteright}as-received{\textquoteright} condition and after immersion treatment in culture medium for 21 days. Cultures were characterized for total protein content and alkaline phosphatase activity. Scanning electron microscope analyses were performed on control cultures, seeded materials and materials incubated in the absence of cells. Culture media were analyzed for total and ionized calcium and phosphorus concentrations throughout the incubation period. Immersion of HA/G1 and HA coatings in culture medium resulted in significant alterations to the levels of calcium and phosphorous in the medium, leading to surface modifications. However, seeded material samples showed significant differences in the pattern of variation of the levels of these species. Cell proliferation was observed in the {\textquoteright}as-received{\textquoteright} HA/G1 composite, but cell mediated formation of mineral deposits was not proved. In contrast, {\textquoteright}as-received{\textquoteright} HA hardly supported cell growth. Previously immersed material samples cell proliferation and evidence of biological formation of mineral deposits. However, the HA/G1 composite presented better surface characteristics for cell growth as the behavior of bone marrow cells was closer to that observed in control cultures.
},
	keywords = {adult, alkaline phosphatase, article, Bone, bone marrow cell, Bone replacement materials, Calcium, calcium ion, case report, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell growth, Cells, controlled study, culture medium, enzyme activity, Enzyme kinetics, glass, Growth kinetics, human, Human bone marrow cell, human cell, hydroxyapatite, male, osteoblast, Phosphates, phosphorus, priority journal, protein, protein determination, Proteins, scanning electron microscope, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033198788\&partnerID=40\&md5=ed28cf28c5da19665b6a3c3c916dad56},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Fernandes, M.H. and Cabral, A.T. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2579,
	title = {Decreased consumption of Ca and P during in vitro biomineralization and biologically induced deposition of Ni and Cr in presence of stainless steel corrosion products},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 22Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199811)42:2<199::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-KPubMed ID: 9773816Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; Faculdade de Medicina Dentaria, Universidade do Porto, Rua Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Chromium, 7440-47-3; Nickel, 7440-02-0; Phosphorus, 7723-14-0; Steel, 12597-69-2References: Ferguson Jr., B., Akahoshi, Y., Laing, P.G., Hodge, E.S., Trace metal ion concentration in the liver, kidney, spleen and lung of normal rabbits (1962) J. Bone Joint Surg., 44 A, pp. 317-322;Ferguson Jr., A.B., Akahoshi, Y., Laing, P.G., Hodge, E.S., Characteristics of trace ions released from embedded metal implants in the rabbit (1962) J. Bone Joint Surg., 44 A, pp. 323-336; 
Ferguson Jr., A.B., Laing, P.G., Hodge, E.S., The ionization of metal implants in living tissues (1960) J. Bone Joint Surg., 42 A, pp. 77-90; 
Lux, F., Ziesler, R., Investigations of the corrosive deposition of components of metal implants and of the behavior of biological trace elements in metallosis tissue by means of instrumental multi-elemental activation analysis (1974) J. Radioanal. Chem., 19, pp. 289-297; 
Smith, G.K., Black, J., Estimation of in vivo type 316L stainless steel corrosion rate from blood transport and organ accumulation data (1985) Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials: Second Symposium, ASTM STP 859, pp. 223-247. , A. C. Fraker and C. D. Griffin (eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 
Merritt, K., Brown, S.A., Biological effects of corrosion products from metals (1985) Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials: Second Symposium, ASTM STP 859, pp. 195-207. , A. C. Fraker and C. D. Griffin, (eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 
Smith, G.K., Black, J., Models for systemic effects of corrosion products (1977) Retrieval and Analysis of Orthopedics Implants, pp. 23-28. , A. Weinstein D. Gibbons, S. A. Brown, and A. W. Ruff (eds.), NBS Special Publication 472, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C; 
Deutman, R., Mulder, T.J., Brian, R., Nater, J.P., Metal sensitivity before and after total hip arthroplasty (1977) J. Bone Joint Surg., 59 A, pp. 862-865; 
Verne, J., Sannie, C., Etude de l{\textquoteright}action toxique des cations sur les fibroblastes cultiv{\'e}s in vitro (1933) Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 196, pp. 1246-1247; 
Kirkpatrick, C.J., A critical view of current and proposed methodologies for biocompatibility testing: Cytotoxicity in vitro (1992) Regul. Affairs, 4, pp. 13-22; 
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Aronow, M.A., Gerstenfeld, L.C., Owen, T.A., Tassinari, M.S., Stein, G.S., Lian, J.B., Factors that promote progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype in cultured fetal rat calvaria cells (1990) J. Cell Physiol., 143, pp. 213-221; 
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},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {199 - 212},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 316L stainless steel (SS) corrosion products on the in vitro biomineralization process, because tissue necrosis, bone loss, impaired bone mineralization, and loosening of orthopedic implants are associated with ions and debris resulting from biodegradation. Rat bone marrow cells were cultured in experimental conditions that favored the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells and were exposed to SS corrosion products obtained by electrochemical means for periods ranging from 1 to 21 days. Quantification of total and ionized Ca and P, as well as Fe, Cr, and Ni, ions in the culture media of control and metal added cultures during the incubation period was performed to study the influence of corrosion products on the Ca and P consumption that occurs during the mineralization process. Control cultures and metal effects on cultures were evaluated concerning DNA content, enzymatic reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Histochemical detection of ALP, Ca, and phosphate deposition, and examination of the cultures by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) were also performed. The presence of SS corrosion products resulted in impairment of the normal behavior of rat bone marrow cultures. Levels of Cr and Ni in the medium of cultures exposed to 316L SS corrosion products decreased throughout the incubation period, suggesting a regular deposition of these species; these results were supported by TEM observation of the cultures. Cultures exposed to the corrosion products presented lower DNA content, MTT reduction, and ALP activity and failed to form mineralized areas. These cultures showed negative staining on histochemical reactions for the identification of calcium and phosphate deposition and SEM and TEM examination did not show mineral globular structures or mineralization foci, respectively, which is characteristic of cultures grown in control conditions. These results suggest that metal ions associated with 316L SS are toxic to osteogenic cells, affecting their proliferation and differentiation.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 316L stainless steel (SS) corrosion products on the in vitro biomineralization process, because tissue necrosis, bone loss, impaired bone mineralization, and loosening of orthopedic implants are associated with ions and debris resulting from biodegradation. Rat bone marrow cells were cultured in experimental conditions that favored the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells and were exposed to SS corrosion products obtained by electrochemical means for periods ranging from 1 to 21 days. Quantification of total and ionized Ca and P, as well as Fe, Cr, and Ni, ions in the culture media of control and metal added cultures during the incubation period was performed to study the influence of corrosion products on the Ca and P consumption that occurs during the mineralization process. Control cultures and metal effects on cultures were evaluated concerning DNA content, enzymatic reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Histochemical detection of ALP, Ca, and phosphate deposition, and examination of the cultures by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) were also performed. The presence of SS corrosion products resulted in impairment of the normal behavior of rat bone marrow cultures. Levels of Cr and Ni in the medium of cultures exposed to 316L SS corrosion products decreased throughout the incubation period, suggesting a regular deposition of these species; these results were supported by TEM observation of the cultures. Cultures exposed to the corrosion products presented lower DNA content, MTT reduction, and ALP activity and failed to form mineralized areas. These cultures showed negative staining on histochemical reactions for the identification of calcium and phosphate deposition and SEM and TEM examination did not show mineral globular structures or mineralization foci, respectively, which is characteristic of cultures grown in control conditions. These results suggest that metal ions associated with 316L SS are toxic to osteogenic cells, affecting their proliferation and differentiation.
},
	keywords = {3 (4,5 dimethyl 2 thiazolyl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide, alkaline phosphatase, animal cell, Animal cell culture, Animals, article, Biocompatible Materials, Biodegradation, biomineralization, Bioprosthesis, Bone, Bone and Bones, bone atrophy, bone marrow, Calcification, Physiologic, Calcium, calcium ion, Catalyst activity, Cells, Cultured, Chromium, controlled study, Corrosion, Corrosion products, Enzymes, Implants (surgical), metal implantation, mineralization, Nickel, nonhuman, osteoblast, Osteoblast-like cells, phosphate, phosphorus, prosthesis loosening, rat, Rats, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, Stainless steel corrosion products, Steel, Steel corrosion, tissue necrosis, transmission electron microscopy},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032210768\&partnerID=40\&md5=5275a87eebeeda6fdce8b3382dc3eaa5},
	author = {Morais, S. and Sousa, J.P. and Fernandes, M.H. and Carvalho, G.S. and De Bruijn, J.D. and Van Blitterswijk, C.A.}
}
@article {2585,
	title = {Effects of AISI 316L corrosion products in in vitro bone formation},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 38Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00234-2PubMed ID: 9692798Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Morais, S.; Universidade do Porto, Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Calcium Phosphates; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Phosphorus, 7723-14-0; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1References: Spector, M., Cease, C., Tong-Li, X., The local tissue response to biomaterials (1989) Crit Rev Biocompat, 5, pp. 269-295;Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Bakker, D., Hesseling, S.C., Koerten, H.K., Reactions of cells at implant surfaces (1991) Biomaterials, 12, pp. 187-193; 
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Evans, E.M., Freeman, M.A.R., Miller, A.J., Vernon-Roberts, B., Metal sensitivity as a cause of bone necrosis and loosening of the prosthesis in total joint replacement (1974) J Bone Jt Surg, 56 B, pp. 626-642; 
Deutman, R., Rulder, T.J., Brian, R., Nater, J.P., Metal sensitivity before and after total hip arthroplasty (1977) J Bone Jt Surg, 59 A, pp. 862-865; 
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Pules, D.A., Huh, W.W., Acute toxicity of metal ions in cultures of osteogenic cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells (1995) J Appl Biomater, 6, pp. 109-116; 
Thompson, G.J., Pules, D.A., Effects of sublethal metal ion concentrations on osteogenic cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells (1995) J Appl Biomater, 6, pp. 249-258; 
Tom{\'a}s, H., Carvalho, G.S., Fernandes, M.H., Freire, A.P., Abrantes, L.M., Effects of Co-Cr corrosion products and corresponding separate metal ions on human osteoblast-like cell cultures (1996) J Mater Sc Mater Med, 7, pp. 291-296; 
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Morais, S., Sousa, J.P., Fernandes, M.H., Carvalho, G.S., In vitro biomineralisation by osteoblast-like cells: Part 1 - Retardation of tissue mineralisation by metal salts Biomaterials 1998; 
Pereira, M.L., Silva, A., Tracana, R., Carvalho, G.S., Toxic effects caused by stainless steel corrosion products on mouse seminiferous cells (1994) Cytobios, 77, pp. 73-80; 
Pereira, M.L., Abreu, A.M., Sousa, J.P., Carvalho, G.S., Chromium accumulation and ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver caused by stainless steel corrosion products (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 523-527; 
Tracana, R.B., Pereira, M.L., Abreu, A.M., Sousa, J.P., Carvalho, G.S., Stainless steel corrosion products cause alterations on mouse spleen cellular populations (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 56-61; 
Bravo, I., Sousa, S.R., Carvalho, G.S., Barbosa, M., Metals electrochemically dissolved in human serum inhibit T-lymphocyte function (1992) Advances in Biomaterials, pp. 7-11. , Doherty PJ et al., editors. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 
Carvalho, G.S., Castanheira, M., Diogo, I., Inhibition and stimulation of enzymatic activities of human fibroblasts by corrosion products and metal salts (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 77-83; 
Pohler, O.E.M., Degradation of metallic orthopedic implants Biomaterials in Reconstructive Surgery, pp. 158-228. , Rubin LR, editor. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1983; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., Bone formation in vitro by stromal cells obtained from bone marrow of young adult rats (1988) Cell Tiss Res, 254, pp. 317-330; 
McGee-Russell, S.M., Histochemical methods for calcium (1958) J Histochem Cytochem, 6, pp. 22-42; 
Morais, S., Carvalho, G.S., Sousa, J.P., Potentiometric determination of total and ionized calcium in osteoblast-like cell culture medium (1996) Electroanalysis, 8, pp. 1174-1178; 
Fiske, C.H., Subbarow, Y., The colorimetric determination of phosphorus (1925) J Biol Chem, 66, pp. 373-400; 
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De Bruijn, J.D., Cpat, K., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., The ultrastructure of the one-hydroxyapatite interface in vitro (1992) J Biomed Mat Res, 26, pp. 1365-1382; 
Davies, J.E., Chernecky, R., Lowenberg, B., Shiga, A., Deposition and resorption of calcified matrix in vitro by rat marrow cells (1991) Cells and Mat, 1, pp. 3-15; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., Physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids stimulte formation of bone nodules from isolated rat calvaria cells in vitro (1987) Endocrinology, 121, pp. 1985-1992; 
Aronow, M.A., Gerstenfeld, L.C., Owen, T.A., Factors that promote progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype in cultured fetal rat calvaria cells (1990) J Cell Phys, 143, pp. 213-221; 
Gotoh, Y., Hiraiwa, K., Narajama, M., In vitro mineralization of osteoblastic cells derived from human bone (1990) Bone Min, 8, pp. 239-250; 
Cheng, S.L., Yang, J.W., Riffins, L., Differentiation of human bone marrow osteogenic stromal cells in vitro. Induction of the osteoblast phenotype by dexamethasone (1994) Endocrinology, 134, pp. 277-286; 
Gundle, R., Joyner, C.J., Triffit, J.T., Human bone tissue formation in diffusion chamber culture in vivo by bone derived cells and marrow stromal fibroblastic cells (1995) Bone, 16, pp. 597-601; 
Bellows, C.G., Heersche, J.N.M., Aubin, J.E., Inorganic phosphate added exogenously or released from β-glycerophosphate initiates mineralization of osteoid nodules in vitro (1992) Bone Min, 17, pp. 15-29; 
Boskey, A.L., Stiner, D., Doty, S.B., Binderman, I., Levoy, P., Studies of mineralization in tissue culture: Optimal conditions for cartilage calcification (1992) Bone Min, 16, pp. 11-36; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., Initiation and progression of mineralization of bone nodules formed in vitro: The role of alkaline phosphatase and organic phosphate (1991) Bone Min, 14, pp. 27-40; 
Chung, C.H., Golub, E.E., Forbes, E., Mechanisms of action of β-glycerophosphate on bone cell mineralization (1992) Calcif Tissue Int, 51, pp. 305-311
},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {999 - 1007},
	publisher = {Elsevier Sci Ltd},
	abstract = {Rat bone marrow cells were cultured in experimental conditions that favour the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells (i.e., 2.52 x 10},
	keywords = {Absorption spectroscopy, alkaline phosphatase, animal cell, Animal cell culture, Animals, article, ascorbic acid, atomic absorption spectrometry, Bioassay, Biomaterials, bone development, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, Calcium, Calcium phosphates, Cell culture, Cell Death, Cells, Cultured, Corrosion, Corrosion products, culture medium, dexamethasone, electrochemical analysis, electrochemistry, Enzymes, glycerophosphate, histochemistry, Histocytochemistry, in vitro study, male, metal ion, Mineralisation, mineralization, nonhuman, ossification, osteoblast, Osteoblast-like cells, Osteoblasts, phosphate, Phosphate minerals, phosphorus, priority journal, rat, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Scanning electron microscopy, Slurries, Stainless steel, Stainless steel 316L, Stainless-steel corrosion products, Steel corrosion},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032102774\&partnerID=40\&md5=1b60be114642b919f64414bb11673a19},
	author = {Morais, S. and Sousa, J.P. and Fernandes, M.H. and Carvalho, G.S. and De Bruijn, J.D. and Van Blitterswijk, C.A.}
}
@article {2593,
	title = {In vitro biomineralization by osteoblast-like cells II. Characterization of cellular culture supernatants},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00150-6PubMed ID: 9678846Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Carvalho, G.S.; IEC, Universidade do Minho, Largo do Paco, 4719 Braga Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Calcium, 7440-70-2; Chromium, 7440-47-3; Culture Media; Iron, 7439-89-6; Metals; Nickel, 7440-02-0; Phosphorus, 7723-14-0; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1References: Pereira, M.L., Silva, A., Tracana, R., Carvalho, G.S., Toxic effects caused by stainless steel corrosion products on mouse seminiferous cells (1994) Cytobios, 77, pp. 73-80;Pereira, M.L., Abreu, A.M., Sousa, J.P., Carvalho, G.S., Chromium accumulation and ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver caused by stainless steel corrosion products (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 523-527; 
Tracana, R.B., Pereira, M.L., Abreu, A.M., Sousa, J.P., Carvalho, G.S., Stainless steel corrosion products cause alterations on mouse spleen cellular populations (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 56-61; 
Bravo, I., Sousa, S.R., Carvalho, G.S., Barbosa, M., Metals electrochemically dissolved in human serum inhibit T-lymphocyte function (1992) Advances in Biomaterials, pp. 7-11. , Doherty PJ, et al., editors. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 
Carvalho, G.S., Castanheira, M., Diogo, I., Inhibition and stimulation of enzymatic activities of human fibroblasts by corrosion products and metal salts (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 77-83; 
Morais, S., Sousa, J.P., Fernandes, M.H., Carvalho, G.S., In vitro bone formation in the presence of stainless steel corrosion products (1994) Poster Section, 11th European Conference on Biomaterials, , Pisa, Italy; 
Sousa, J.P., Requirements in materials for biosensors J Mater Sci Mater Med, , in press; 
Morais, S., Sousa, J.P., Fernandes, M.H., Carvalho, G.S., In vitro biomineralisation by osteoblast like cells. I. Retardation of tissue mineralisation by metal salts (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 13-21; 
Morais, S., Carvalho, G.S., Sousa, J.P., Determination of nickel in osteoblast-like cell culture medium by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry with mercury microelectrodes (1997) Electroanalysis, 9 (5), pp. 422-426; 
Morais, S., Carvalho, G.S., Sousa, J.P., Optimization study for nickel quantification in cell culture medium using mercury film microelectrodes (1996) Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, 14, pp. 267-272; 
Morais, S., Carvalho, G.S., Sousa, J.P., Iron determination in osteoblast-like cell culture medium by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry with a mercury microelectrode (1997) Electroanalysis, 9, pp. 791-795; 
Morais, S., Carvalho, G.S., Sousa, J.P., Chromium determination in osteoblast-like cell culture medium by catalytic stripping voltammetry with a mercury microelectrode Electroanalysis, , submitted for publication; 
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},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {23 - 29},
	publisher = {Elsevier Sci Ltd},
	abstract = {The quantification of total calcium, phosphorus, iron, chromium and nickel in cell culture medium by electrochemical or spectroscopic means may require digestion of samples. Nevertheless, when pH adjustment is performed for values higher than about 6.5, the formation of two phases occurs: a white precipitate and a clear solution. Analysing both phases using microelectrodes, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. X-ray dispersive (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis, it was oberved that iron, chromium and nickel are not co-precipitating with the white solid phase. If quantification of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium is intended, a ten-fold dilution at least, must be performed to avoid most of these elements going into the precipitate. This knowledge is crucial if a mineralization study is going to be made.The quantification of total calcium, phosphorus, iron, chromium and nickel in cell culture medium by electrochemical or spectroscopic means may require digestion of samples. Nevertheless, when pH adjustment is performed for values higher than about 6.5, the formation of two phases occurs: a white precipitate and a clear solution. Analyzing both phases using microelectrodes, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, X-ray dispersive (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis, it was observed that iron, chromium and nickel are not co-precipitating with the white solid phase. If quantification of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium is intended, a ten-fold dilution at least, must be performed to avoid most of these elements going into the precipitate. This knowledge is crucial if a mineralization study is going to be made.
},
	keywords = {Absorption spectroscopy, Animals, article, atomic absorption spectrometry, Biomaterials, bone mineralization, Calcification, Physiologic, Calcium, Cell culture medium, Cells, Cultured, Chromium, Culture Media, culture medium, Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, electrochemistry, Energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, infrared spectroscopy, Iron, Magnesium, Metals, microelectrode, Microelectrodes, Nickel, nonhuman, osteoblast, Osteoblast cells, Osteoblasts, pH effects, phosphorus, precipitation, Precipitation (chemical), priority journal, Rabbits, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Spectroscopic techniques, Spectroscopy, Stainless steel, supernatant, Supernatants, Tissue culture, X ray analysis, X ray dispersive analysis},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031841533\&partnerID=40\&md5=62f6b7869003505ce8adfdf96ca2a9f0},
	author = {Morais, S. and Carvalho, G.S. and Faria, J.L. and Gomes, H.T. and Sousa, J.P.}
}
@article {2582,
	title = {In vitro testing of surface-modified biomaterials},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 16Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1008896106994Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Praca Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal; email: eleitao@fsl.ho.man.ac.ukChemicals/CAS: calcium, 7440-70-2; carbon, 7440-44-0; nitrogen, 7727-37-9; stainless steel, 12597-68-1Tradenames: 316 L, aubert and duval; Thermanox; Ti-5Al-2.5Fe, deutsch titan; Ti-6Al-4V, deutsch titanManufacturers: aubert and duval; deutsch titanReferences: Kirkpatrick, C.J., Mittermayer, C., (1990) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1, p. 9;Van Loon, J., (1995), PhD thesis, University of Leiden, The NetherlandsLi, P., De Groot, K., (1991) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2, p. 125; 
Davies, J.E., (1990) Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, 1, pp. 1-65. , edited by T. Yamamuro et al., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
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},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {543 - 548},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	abstract = {The influence of surface modification treatments such as ion implantation and sputter coating on an in vitro rat bone-marrow cell culture was studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. 316 L stainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were nitrogen ion-implanted with three fluences: 10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ion cm
},
	keywords = {animal cell, animal tissue, article, biomaterial, Biomaterials, bone marrow culture, Calcium, Carbon, Cell culture, cell suspension, collagen fiber, extracellular matrix, implantation, in vitro study, In vitro testing, Ion implantation, male, materials testing, mineralization, morphology, nitrogen, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, Scanning electron microscopy, Sputtering, Stainless steel, Titanium alloys, Titanium aluminum iron alloy, Titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, X ray analysis, X ray microanalysis},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032170120\&partnerID=40\&md5=c39e91f7fc339fc95c225903e26f0ba5},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2578,
	title = {New starch-based thermoplastic hydrogels for use as bone cements or drug-delivery carriers},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 67Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1008944127971Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; INEB-Inst for Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials Laboratory, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150 Porto, Portugal; email: rgreis@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: acrylic acid, 10344-93-1, 79-10-7; alcohol, 64-17-5; benzoyl peroxide, 94-36-0; cellulose acetate, 9004-35-7; poly(methyl methacrylate), 39320-98-4, 9008-29-1; starch, 9005-25-8, 9005-84-9Tradenames: AA, Merck, Germany; BPO, Merck, Germany; Master-Bi Y101U, novamont, Italy; MMA, Merck, GermanyManufacturers: Merck, Germany; novamont, ItalyReferences: Peppas, N.A., Mikos, A.G., (1988) Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy-Fundamentals, 1, p. 1. , edited by N. A. Peppas CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Netti, P.A., Shelton, J.C., Revell, P.A., Pirie, C., Smith, S., Ambrosio, L., Nicolais, L., Bonfield, W., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 1098; 
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},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {825 - 833},
	abstract = {The development of new biodegradable hydrogels, based on corn starch/cellulose acetate blends, produced by free-radical polymerization with methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) and/or an acrylic acid monomer (AA), is reported. The polymerization was initiated by a redox system consisting of a benzoyl peroxide and 4-dimethlyaminobenzyl alcohol at low temperature. These hydrogels may constitute an alternative to the materials currently used as bone cements or drug-delivery carriers. Swelling studies were carried out, as a function of pH and temperature, in buffered solutions. The xerogels were further characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Tensile and compression tests, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis were used to assess the mechanical performance of the developed materials. The fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The developed materials are sensitive to the pH, showing a clear reversible transition in a relatively narrow interval of pH, which is just in the range of physiological conditions. These properties make the materials developed in this study very promising for biomedical applications. Fickian-type diffusion is the mechanism predominant in these systems, except for the composition with a higher concentration of AA, that corresponds to the most desirable kinetical behavior for controlled release (case II-transport mechanism). Furthermore, the results obtained in the mechanical tests are in the range of those reported for typical PMMA bone cements, showing that it is possible to develop partially degradable cements with an adequate mechanical behavior.},
	keywords = {acrylic acid, alcohol, article, benzoyl peroxide, Biodegradation, bone cement, buffer, cellulose acetate, compression, Diffusion, drug delivery system, dynamics, fracture, free radical, hydrogel, infrared spectroscopy, Kinetics, low temperature, mechanical stress, oxidation reduction reaction, pH, poly(methyl methacrylate), Polymerization, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Starch, tensile strength, Thermal analysis},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032424837\&partnerID=40\&md5=b06120f87bacd9ba817763d9e06da3ca},
	author = {Pereira, C.S. and Cunha, A.M. and Reis, R.L. and V{\'a}zquez, B. and San Rom{\'a}n, J.}
}
@article {2605,
	title = {Apatite deposition on titanium surfaces - The role of albumin adsorption},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBIOMATERIALS},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 72Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00031-8PubMed ID: 9212191Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Serro, A.P.; Centro de Quimica Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1096 Lisboa Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: alpha-tricalcium phosphate; Apatites; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, 7757-93-9; Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; Isotonic Solutions; monocalcium phosphate; Serum Albumin, Bovine; tetracalcium phosphate; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Sundgren, J.-E., Bodo, P., Lundstrom, I., Auger electron spectroscopic studies of the interface between human tissue and implants of titanium and stainless steel (1986) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 10, pp. 9-20;Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Characterization of surface film formed on titanium in electrolyte using XPS (1992) Appl. Surface Sci., 55, pp. 269-276; 
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},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {963 - 968},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {Titanium implant surfaces are known to spontaneously nucleate apatite layers when in contact with simulated body fluids. However, adsorption of proteins may influence the process of apatite layer formation. In this study the role of bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption in the process of apatite deposition on titanium substrates is investigated. Deposition of calcium phosphate was induced by immersing titanium substrates in a Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS) for times ranging from 1 to 23 days. The resulting substrates were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), wettability measurements and electrochemical impedance determinations. All these methods indicate the presence of a calcium phosphate layer. The same procedure was repeated substituting HBSS with a solution of BSA in HBSS. Although SEM, EDS and electrochemical impedance spectra do not reveal the presence of an apatite layer, XPS analysis strongly indicates that the inhibition of apatite formation by BSA is only partial. The competition between BSA adsorption and apatite deposition seems to lead to a mixed film where the protein co-exists with calcium phosphate. Wettability studies suggest that this surface film is heterogeneous and porous, similar to the thicker films formed in albumin-free HBSS.Titanium implant surfaces are known to spontaneously nucleate apatite layers when in contact with simulated body fluids. However, adsorption of proteins may influence the process of apatite layer formation. In this study the role of bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption in the process of apatite deposition on titanium substrates is investigated. Deposition of calcium phosphate was induced by immersing titanium substrates in a Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS) for times ranging from 1 to 23 days. The resulting substrates were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), wettability measurements and electrochemical impedance determinations. All these methods indicate the presence of a calcium phosphate layer. The same procedure was repeated substituting HBSS with a solution of BSA in HBSS. Although SEM, EDS and electrochemical impedance spectra do not reveal the presence of an apatite layer, XPS analysis strongly indicates that the inhibition of apatite formation by BSA is only partial. The competition between BSA adsorption and apatite deposition seems to lead to a mixed film where the protein co-exists with calcium phosphate. Wettability studies suggest that this surface film is heterogeneous and porous, similar to the thicker films formed in albumin-free HBSS.
},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Albumin, Albumin adsorption, Animals, Apatite, Apatite deposition, Apatites, article, Binding Sites, Bovinae, bovine serum albumin, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Cattle, Deposition, Electric Impedance, Electrochemical impedance, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, impedance, implant, Isotonic Solutions, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, priority journal, Prostheses and Implants, Proteins, Scanning electron microscopy, Serum Albumin, Bovine, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Substrates, Surface Properties, surface property, Surfaces, Tissue Preservation, Titanium, wettability, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031193883\&partnerID=40\&md5=b9eea9b29c987a3c928f576d0b9cdb67},
	author = {Serro, A.P. and Fernandes, A.C. and Saramago, B. and Lima, J. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2598,
	title = {Production, bonding strength and electrochemical behaviour of commercially pure Ti/Al                    2O
                    3 brazed joints
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials ScienceJ Mater Sci},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 8Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JMTSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Paiva, O.C.; INEB-Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Pra{\c c}a do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Paiva, O.C., Barbosa, M.A., (1995) Advances in Materials Science and Implant Orthopaedic Surgery, p. 275. , edited by R. Kossowsky and N. Kossowsky NATO ASI Series, Dordercht, The Netherlands;Hongqi, H., Zhihao, J., Xiaotian, W., (1994) J. Mater. Sci., 29, p. 5041; 
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Shreir, L.L., (1978) Metal/Environment Reactions, 1. , Newnes-Butterworths, London
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {653 - 659},
	abstract = {The brazing of commercially pure titanium to Al                        2O
                        3 has been studied. Two different brazing alloys within the Ag-Cu-Ti system and pure silver were selected as bonding agents. Titanium hydride (TiH
                        2) additions were also tested, with the aim of improving the wetting of the ceramic surface by the melted brazing alloy. The mechanical and electrochemical behaviour of the produced joints was assessed, and related to chemical and morphological features resulting from an analysis by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It was possible to produce joints presenting high integrity, good strength and high resistance to corrosion. The best results were obtained when using an Ag-26Cu-3Ti brazing alloy. The addition of TiH
                        2 increased the mechanical properties, leading to a maximum bonding strength of 80 {\textpm} 8 MPa, as determined in three-point bending tests. In most of the cases, for a maximum deflection of 5 mm, there was only a partial detachment of the ceramic/metal joints. The lowest values for the corrosion rates (i
                        corr = 1.38 μA cm
},
	keywords = {Agents, Aluminum compounds, Aluminum trioxide, Bond strength (materials), Bonding, Brazed joints, Brazing, Brazing alloys, Corrosion resistance, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Interfaces (materials), Joints (structural components), Scanning electron microscopy, Silver alloys, Strength of materials, Titanium, Titanium compounds, Titanium hydride},
	isbn = {00222461 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031075923\&partnerID=40\&md5=e1879111241c72f3096a0a8277f73c50},
	author = {Paiva, O.C. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2601,
	title = {Treatments to induce the nucleation and growth of apatite-like layers on polymeric surfaces and foams},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 51Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018514107669Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; INEB-Inst. Biomedical Engineering, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalTradenames: Hostalen GM9255F, hoechst, Germany; SEVA-CManufacturers: hoechst, GermanyReferences: Lowenstam, H.A., Weiner, S., (1989) On Biomineralization, , Oxford University Press, Oxford;Mann, S., (1988) Nature, 332, p. 119; 
Mann, S., (1991) Endeavour, 15, p. 120; 
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Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 74, p. 1487; 
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Oliveira, J.M., Correia, R.N., Fernandes, M.H., (1995) Biomaterials, 16, p. 849
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {897 - 905},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {In this work, a bioactive glass is used as a percusor of calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) film deposition onto several polymer-based materials. Both bioinert (high molecular weight polyethylene, HMWPE), and biodegradable (corn starch-based blends, SEVA-C) polymers, unreinforced or reinforced with hydroxylapatite (HA), were coated by the very simple proposed route. Also polyurethane (PU) foams, with an open-cell structure, were mineralized by the proposed method. In fact, it was possible to induce the growth of the Ca-P films not only at the surface, but also in the bulk of the PU foam. These cellular materials are intended for cancellous bone replacement applications. The morphology of the formed films was strongly dependent on the used substrate, its polar character, and on the presence of HA in its composition, as observed by SEM. Nevertheless, a well defined needle like structure was observed in all samples at high magnifications. The Ca:P ratios of the films were between 1.5 and 1.7, i.e. in the range of tricalcium phosphate-hydroxylapatite. Raman spectroscopy and thin-film x-ray diffraction (XRD) evidenced the formation of mostly amorphous calcium-phosphate films. After scraping the coating from the polymer surface and heat-treating the resulting powder at 1000{\textdegree}C for 1 h, HA and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) typical peaks were found on XRD patterns.In this work, a bioactive glass is used as a percussor of calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) film deposition onto several polymer-based materials. Both bioinert (high molecular weight polyethylene, HMWPE), and biodegradable (corn starch-based blends, SEVA-C) polymers, unreinforced or reinforced with hydroxylapatite (HA), were coated by the very simple proposed route. Also polyurethane (PU) foams, with an open-cell structure, were mineralized by the proposed method. In fact, it was possible to induce the growth of the Ca-P films not only at the surface, but also in the bulk of the PU foam. These cellular materials are intended for cancellous bone replacement applications. The morphology of the formed films was strongly dependent on the used substrate, its polar character, and on the presence of HA in its composition, as observed by SEM. Nevertheless, a well defined needle like structure was observed in all samples at high magnifications. The Ca:P ratios of the films were between 1.5 and 1.7, i.e. in the range of tricalcium phosphate-hydroxylapatite. Raman spectroscopy and thin-film x-ray diffraction (XRD) evidenced the formation of mostly amorphous calcium-phosphate films. After scraping the coating from the polymer surface and heat-treating the resulting powder at 1000 {\textdegree}C for 1 h, HA and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) typical peaks were found on XRD patterns.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, Bioactivity, Biomaterials, calcium phosphate, cancellous bone, conference paper, Deposition, Film growth, Foamed plastics, glass, Heat treatment, hydroxyapatite, implantation, mineralization, molecular weight, morphology, Nucleation, Phosphate coatings, Phosphate minerals, polyethylene, polymer, polyurethan foam, Polyurethanes, priority journal, Raman spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffraction, Zea mays},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031466435\&partnerID=40\&md5=cf3826a417103c1e6bf61e37f681e8fe},
	author = {Reis, R.L. and Cunha, A.M. and Fernandes, M.H. and Correia, R.N.}
}
@article {2604,
	title = {XPS characterization of surface films formed on surface-modified implant materials after cell culture},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018505621839Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Praca Coronel Pacheco 7, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Schmidt, H., Exner, H.E., R{\"u}ck, D.M., Angert, N., Fink, U., Advances in material science and implant orthopaedic surgery (1995) NATO-ASI Series E: Applied Science, 24, pp. 207-221. , edited by R. Kossowsky and N. Kossowsky;Leit{\~a}o, E., S{\'a}, C., Silva, R.A., Barbosa, M.A., Ali, H., (1995) Corros. Sci., 37, p. 1861; 
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},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {423 - 426},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-6AI-4V, Ti-5AI-2.5Fe and 316 L stainless steel and nitrogen or carbon sputter-coated samples were inoculated with rat bone marrow. The interface between the cell layer and the substrata was studied by X-ray photo-electron spectrometry and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ca and P were detected on all materials after in vitro cell culture. Titanium appears to be present mainly in the form of TiO                        2.
Nitrogen ion-implanted Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-5Al-2.5Fe and 316 L stainless steel and nitrogen or carbon sputter-coated samples were inoculated with rat bone marrow. The interface between the cell layer and the substrata was studied by X-ray photo-electron spectrometry and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ca and P were detected on all materials after in vitro cell culture. Titanium appears to be present mainly in the form of TiO
                        2.
},
	keywords = {Animal cell culture, Animalia, article, Bone, bone marrow, Calcium, Carbon, Cell culture, implant, Implants (surgical), Interfaces (materials), Ion implantation, nitrogen, phosphorus, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, Surface films, surface property, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys, Titanium dioxide, X ray spectrometry},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031194230\&partnerID=40\&md5=38633ecb076a75d73f9fb1bfc40bc0cf},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2619,
	title = {Characterization of apatite layer formation on P                    2O
                    5-CaO, P
                    2O
                    5-CaO- Na
                    2O, and P
                    2O
                    5-CaO-Na
                    },
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. BIOMED. MATER. RES.},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 20Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199608)31:4<481::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-HPubMed ID: 8836844Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Jha, L.J.; IRC in Biomedical Materials, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United KingdomChemicals/CAS: HydroxyapatitesReferences: Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Oka, M., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Surface reactions of calcium phosphate ceramics to various solutions (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 471-488;Ebisawa, Y., Kokubo, T., Ohura, K., Yamamuro, T., Bioactivity of CaO{\textperiodcentered}SiO 2-based glasses: In vitro evaluation (1990) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 1, pp. 239-244; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., Chemical reaction of bioactive glass and glass ceramics with a simulated body fluid (1992) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 3, pp. 79-83; 
Li, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Kokubo, T., The effect of residual glassy phase in a bioactive glass-ceramic on the formation of its surface apatite layer in vitro (1992) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 3, pp. 452-456; 
Ohtsuki, C., Aoki, Y., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Characterization of apatite layer formed on bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1992) Bioceramics, 5, pp. 87-94. , T. Yamamuro, T. Kokubo, and T. Nakamura (eds.), Kokunshi Kankokai, Japan; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Effects of ions dissolved from bioactive glass-ceramic on surface apatite formation (1993) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 4, pp. 1-4; 
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Andersson, O.H., Kangasniemi, I., Calcium phosphate formation at the surface of bioactive glass in vitro (1991) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25, pp. 1019-1030; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 721-734; 
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Verhoeven, J.A., Van Doveren, H., An XPS investigation of the interface of methane, ethyne, ethene, and ethane with barium surface (1982) Surface Sci., 123, pp. 369-383
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {481 - 486},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {P                        2O
                        5-based glass hydroxyapatite (HA) composites denoted HA-2 oxide, HA-3 oxide, and HA-4 oxide, were immersed in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution for a period of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 37{\textdegree}C in nonagitated condition for in vitro evaluation. A surface layer was precipitated on the composites that was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelecton spectroscopy, and thin film X-ray diffractometry (TF-XRD). SEM micrographs showed complete coverage of the composite surface by crystallites after immersion of 1 week in the solution, which grew thicker with respect to immersion time. The binding energies measured by XPS indicated apatite formation and the presence of carbonate on the composite surface, showing the newly formed layer was a carbonated apatite. Confirmation of the formed apatite layer was obtained by TF-XRD.
                        2O
                        5-based glass hydroxyapatite (HA) composites denoted HA-2 oxide, HA-3 oxide, and HA-4 oxide, were immersed in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution for a period of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 37{\textdegree}C in nonagitated condition for in vitro evaluation. A surface layer was precipitated on the composites that was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thin film X-ray diffractometry (TF-XRD). SEM micrographs showed complete coverage of the composite surface by crystallites after immersion of 1 week in the solution, which grew thicker with respect to immersion time. The binding energies measured by XPS indicated apatite formation and the presence of carbonate on the composite surface, showing the newly formed layer was a carbonated apatite. Confirmation of the formed apatite layer was obtained by TF-XRD.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, article, binding affinity, Biomaterials, bone strength, Calcium Compounds, Carbonates, Ceramic materials, Characterization, chemical composition, Composite materials, Crystallites, electron microscopy, glass, Glass hydroxyapatite composites, Hank balanced salt solution, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatites, immersion, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Molecular Structure, Oxides, prosthesis material, Scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, Spectrum Analysis, Thin film X ray diffractometry, Thin films, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030222031\&partnerID=40\&md5=1cba84bf7d0e93a4e3a3808849398c78},
	author = {Jha, L.J. and Santos, J.D. and Knowles, J.C.}
}
@article {2623,
	title = {In vitro calcium phosphate formation on SiO                    2-Na
                    2O-CaO-P
                    2O
                    5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: A study by XPS analysis
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 42Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; FEUP, Rua dos Bragas, 4099-Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8References: Ducheyne, P., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res.: Appl. Biomater., 21 (A2), p. 219;Hench, L.L., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 685; 
Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 7, p. 1487; 
Jarcho, M., (1988) Bioceramics 1, p. 57. , edited by H. Oonishi, H. Aoki and K. Sawai Ishiyaku Euro America, Tokyo; 
De Groot, K., (1980) Biomaterials, 1, p. 47; 
Blitterswijk, C.A.V., Koerten, H.K., Grote, J.J., (1986) Biological and Biomechanical Performance of Biomaterials, p. 27. , edited by P. Cristel, A. Meunier and A. J. C. Lee Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam; 
Ono, K., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Kokubo, T., Kotoura, Y., (1988) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 22, p. 869; 
Aoki, H., (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, , Japanese Association of Apatite Science (JAAS), Takayama Press System Centre Co., Inc; 
Manabe, A., Shigematsu, M., Kobayashi, S., (1987) High Tech Ceramics, p. 63. , edited by P. Vincenzini Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam; 
Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Kokubo, T., Ono, M., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 21, p. 1109; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Shigematsu, M., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., (1985) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 20, p. 2001; 
Mestral, F., Drew, R.L.A., (1989) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 5, p. 47; 
Burnie, J., Gilchrist, T., Kobayashi, S., (1983) Ceramics in Surgery, p. 169. , edited by P. Vincenzini Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam; 
Andersson, O.H., Liu, G., Karlsson, K.H., Niemi, L., Juhanoja, J., (1990) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1, p. 219; 
Knowles, J.C., Rehman, I., Bonfield, W., (1994) Bioceramics 7, p. 85. , edited by O. H. Andersson, R. P. Happonen and A. Yli-Urpo Butterworth Heinemann, Turku, Finland; 
Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Monteiro, F.J., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1992) Bioceramics 5, p. 35. , edited by T. Yamamuro, T. Kokubo and T. Nakamura Kokunshi Kankokai, Kyoto; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1985) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, p. 448; 
Wilson, J., Low, S., (1992) J. Appl. Biomater., 3, p. 123; 
Oonishi, H., Kushitani, S., Yasukawa, E., Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., Tsuji, E., Sugihara, T., (1994) Bioceramics 7, p. 139. , edited by O. H. Andersson, R.-P. Happonen and A. Yli-Urpo, Butterworth Heinemann, Turku, Finland; 
Neo, M., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Bando, Y., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 1419; 
Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, p. 471; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, p. 721; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., (1995) Biomaterials, 16, p. 521; 
Li, P., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Nakanishi, K., Soga, N., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., (1993) J. Appl. Biomater., 4, p. 221; 
Neo, M., Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Yamamuro, T., Bando, Y., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 255; 
Li, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Kokubo, T., (1992) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 3, p. 452; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., (1988) Bioceramics 1, p. 157. , edited by T. Yamamuro, T. Kokubo and T. Nakamura Kokunshi Kankokai, Kyoto; 
Landis, W.J., Martin, J.R., (1984) J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A2, p. 1108; 
Andersson, O.H., Kangasniemi, I., (1991) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25, p. 1019; 
Verhoeven, J.A.T., Van Doveren, H., (1982) Surf. Sci., 123, p. 369; 
Rehman, I., Hench, L.L., Bonfield, W., (1994) Bioceramics 7, p. 123. , edited by O. H. Andersson, R. P. Happonen and A. Yli-Urpo Butterworth Heinemann, Turku, Finland; 
Turner, N.H., Murday, J.S., Ramaker, D.E., (1980) Anal. Chem., 52, p. 84
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {181 - 185},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {In-vitro apatite layer formation on the surface of a newly developed glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). After 1 week soaking in an acellular simulated body fluid the composite surface was entirely covered by a Ca, P-layer, suggesting a bioactive behaviour. XPS binding energy results revealed that this surface layer was a carbonated and non- stoichiometric apatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.3. This apatite layer was composed of very fine needle-like crystallites. Comparative studies on a commercially available hydroxyapatite showed that a similar apatite layer was also formed on its surface.In-vitro apatite layer formation on the surface of a newly developed glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). After 1 week soaking in an acellular simulated body fluid the composite surface was entirely covered by a Ca, P-layer, suggesting a bioactive behaviour. XPS binding energy results revealed that this surface layer was a carbonated and non-stoichiometric apatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.3. This apatite layer was composed of very fine needle-like crystallites. Comparative studies on a commercially available hydroxyapatite showed that a similar apatite layer was also formed on its surface.
},
	keywords = {article, Binding energy, Biocompatibility, Biodegradation, biomaterial, Calcium, calcium phosphate, Characterization, Composite materials, Composition, Energy dispersive x ray analysis, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapetite composite, hydroxyapatite, implant, In vitro calcium phosphate formation, Ionic concentration, molecular interaction, Nucleation, Phosphates, phosphorus, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Surfaces, X ray analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030106254\&partnerID=40\&md5=725eba3e273e23b5c6519d07483495e8},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Jha, L.J. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2618,
	title = {Mechanical behavior of injection-molded starch-based polymers},
	journal = {Polymers for Advanced TechnologiesPolym. Adv. Technol.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 58Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, FEUP, Rua dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalReferences: Rokkanen, P.U., (1991) Ann. Med., 23, p. 109;Danniels, A.U., Adriano, K.P., Smutz, W.P., Chang, M.K.O., Heller, J., (1994) J. Appl. Biomater., 5, p. 51; 
Baumgart, F.W., Perren, S.M., (1994) Clinical and Laboratory Performance of Bone Plates, p. 42. , J. P. Harvey and R. F. Games, eds., ASTM STP1217, Philadelphia; 
Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., (1992) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 3, p. 352; 
Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., (1993) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 4, p. 102; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Del Guidice, L., Gilli, G., (1993) J. Environ. Polym. Degr., 1, p. 181; 
Yoshida, Y., Uemura, T., (1994) Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, p. 443. , Y. Doi and K. Fukuda, eds, Elsevier Science, Tokyo; 
Bastioli, C., Bellotti, V., Camia, M., Del Giudice, L., Rallis, A., (1994) Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, p. 200. , Y. Doi and K. Fukuda, eds, Elsevier Science, Tokyo; 
Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., British Patent 2170-140-BAllan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1987) Plast. Rubb. Proc. Appl., 7, p. 3; 
Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1990) Comp. Manufac., 2, p. 79; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., (1995) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, p. 786; 
Bastioli, C., Belloti, V., Rallis, A., (1994) Rheological Acta, 33, p. 307
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {784 - 790},
	abstract = {This work evaluates the mechanical performance of injection-molded starch-based copolymers, 60/40 (mol/ mol) starch/poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol), and the possibility of improving material properties through deliberately induced anisotropy during processing. Different types of samples were produced by conventional and shear-controlled injection molding (Scorim) and tested under tensile and impact loading. The behavior of three distinct grades is discussed in terms of the respective fracture morphology (evaluated by scanning electron microscopy). A comparison is made between the behavior of conventional and Scorim samples. The results show that the mechanical properties of the materials used were significantly improved by the employment of the Scorim process. The stiffness values of the conventional moldings were doubled, without reducing the ductility of the polymer. The impact data showed a material sensitivity, and consequent loss of properties, to the localized shear imposed to the melt during processing. This situation is attributed to very narrow mold gates (in the case of pingated systems) and leads to much reduced impact performance.},
	keywords = {Anisotropy, Biomaterials, Copolymers, differential scanning calorimetry, Ductility, fracture, Impact performance, Impact testing, Injection molding, Mechanical performance, Melting temperature, morphology, Narrow mold gates, performance, Scanning electron microscopy, Scorim, Scorim process, Starch-based polymers, Starched based polymers, Stiffness, Tensile testing},
	isbn = {10427147 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030257651\&partnerID=40\&md5=6e1c4c7e5c43e8f84ab0e214681cd98b},
	author = {Reis, R.L. and Cunha, A.M. and Allan, P.S. and Bevis, M.J.}
}
@article {2634,
	title = {Liquid phase sintering of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions: Structure and properties of the composites},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 41Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/BF00120303Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB-National Inst. Biomedical Engn., Department Metallurgical Engineering, FEUP, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 4099-Porto Codex, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {348 - 352},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Phosphate- and silicate-based glasses were added to hydroxyapatite in order to improve its mechanical properties and to fabricate composites with different degrees of bioactivity. A strong chemical bonding was obtained between hydroxyapatite and the phosphate-based glasses leading to samples approaching theoretical density, according to density measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Bioglass{\textregistered} additions led to the formation of a complex calcium phosphate silicate which hampered the reinforcement process. The fracture toughness of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites was shown to be within the 1.1-1.2 MPam(1/2) range, which is double that determined for sintered hydroxyapatite. A 2 μm thick apatite layer was observed on the surface of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites after 48 h immersion in a simulated human blood plasma, whereas only a few apatite crystals were detected on sintered hydroxyapatite after 7 days immersion. From the results obtained we anticipate that the composites might show a higher rate of bone bonding, leading to enhanced bioactivity.Phosphate- and silicate-based glasses were added to hydroxyapatite in order to improve its mechanical properties and to fabricate composites with different degrees of bioactivity. A strong chemical bonding was obtained between hydroxyapatite and the phosphate-based glasses leading to samples approaching theoretical density, according to density measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Bioglass
                        (R) additions led to the formation of a complex calcium phosphate silicate which hampered the reinforcement process. The fracture toughness of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites was shown to be within the 1.1-1.2 MPa m
                        1/2 range, which is double that determined for sintered hydroxyapatite. A 2 μm thick apatite layer was observed on the surface of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites after 48 h immersion in a simulated human blood plasma, whereas only a few apatite crystals were detected on sintered hydroxyapatite after 7 days immersion. From the results obtained we anticipate that the composites might show a higher rate of bone bonding, leading to enhanced bioactivity.
},
	keywords = {Adhesion, article, Bioactivity, Bioglass, Biomaterials, Bone, bone prosthesis, calcium phosphate, chemical binding, Chemical bonds, chemical composition, Chemical structure, Complex calcium phosphate silicate, Composite materials, crystal, density, Density measurement (specific gravity), glass, Human blood plasma, hydroxyapatite, Liquid phase sintering, Mechanical properties, Mechanics, phosphate, Phosphates, plasma, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, silicate, Silicates, Sintering, Structure (composition), surface property, thickness},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029311049\&partnerID=40\&md5=433498e286bfad74a296d1fafc50c223},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Reis, R.L. and Monteiro, F.J. and Knowles, J.C. and Hastings, G.W.}
}
@article {2635,
	title = {Surface modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBIOMATERIALS},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 24Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/0142-9612(95)91124-HPubMed ID: 7492715Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Dept Metallurgical Engineering, FEUP, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 4099-Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Glass; Hydroxyapatites; Phosphorus, 7723-14-0; Silicon, 7440-21-3; Sodium, 7440-23-5},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {521 - 526},
	publisher = {Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd},
	abstract = {Surface modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites immersed in a simulated physiological solution were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the first stages of the apatite formation process, calcium and silicon ions were leached out from the surface of the composites. After 12 days of immersion, apatite crystals were detected on the surface indicating bioactive behaviour. Sodium ions attributed to sodium sulphate were also found in the apatite layer. Bound water on the surface also increased with immersion time.Surface modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites immersed in a simulated physiological solution were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the first stages of the apatite formation process, calcium and silicon ions were leached out from the surface of the composites. After 12 days of immersion, apatite crystals were detected on the surface indicating bioactive behaviour. Sodium ions attributed to sodium sulphate were also found in the apatite layer. Bound water on the surface also increased with immersion time.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, article, Bioactive glass, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, Calcium, chemical composition, Composite materials, Electron Probe Microanalysis, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatites, immersion, Ions, Leaching, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Phosphates, phosphorus, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon, Sodium, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Spectroscopy, Surface modification, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface treatment, Water, X ray, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X ray spectroscopy},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029294502\&partnerID=40\&md5=2694e1944afd0945ac391ba41c4ec7b5},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Jha, L.J. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
