



@article {2410,
	title = {Effect of surface treatments on anodic oxide film growth and electrochemical properties of tantalum used for biomedical applications},
	journal = {Journal of Biomaterials ApplicationsJ. Biomater. Appl.},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBAPEdoi: 10.1177/0885328206056378Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, ISEP-CIEA, Rua Dr. A.B. de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptChemicals/CAS: oxide, 16833-27-5; tantalum, 7440-25-7; Biocompatible Materials; Membranes, Artificial; Oxides; Tantalum, 7440-25-7References: Goy, J.J., Eeckhout, E., Stauffer, J.C., Vogt, P., Kappenberger, L., Emergency Endoluminal Stenting for Abrupt Vessel Closure following Coronary Angioplasty: A Randomised Comparison of the Wiktor and Palmaz-Schatz Stents (1995) Catheter. Cardiov. Diag., 34 (2), pp. 128-132;Hamasaki, N., Nosaka, H., Kimura, T., Nakagawa, Y., Yokoi, H., Nobuyioshi, M., Initial Experience with the Cordis Stent: Analysis of Serial Angiographic Follow-up (1995) Catheter. Cardiov. Diag., 42 (2), pp. 166-172; 
Hamm, C.W., Beythien, C., Sievert, H., Langer, A., Multicenter Evaluation of the Strecker Tantalum Stent for Acute Coronary Occlusion after Angioplasty (1995) Amer. Heart J., 129 (3), pp. 423-429; 
Strecker, E.-P.K., Boos, I.B.L., G{\"o}ttman, D.V.S., Haase, W., Popliteal Artery Stenting Using Flexible Tantalum Stents (2001) Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol., 24 (3), pp. 168-175; 
Rieger, J., Hautmann, H., Linsenmaier, U., Weber, C., Treitl, M., Huber, R.M., Pfeifer, K.-J., Treatment of Benign and Malignant Tracheobronchial Obstruction with Metal Wire Stents: Experience with a Balloon-expandable and a Self Expandable Stent Type (2004) Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol., 27 (4), pp. 339-343; 
Bertrand, O.F., Sipehia, R., Mongrain, R., Rodes, J., Tardif, J.C., Bilodeau, L., Cote, G., Bourassa, M.G., Biocompatibility Aspect of New Stent Technology (1998) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 32 (3), pp. 562-571; 
Shih, C.-C., Lin, S.-J., Chung, K.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Su, Y.-Y., Increased Corrosion Resistance of Stent Materials by Converting Current Surface Film of Polycrystalline Oxide into Amorphous Oxide (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 52 (2), pp. 323-332; 
Thierry, B., Tabrizian, M., Trepanier, C., Savadogo, O., Yahia, L.H., Effect of Surface Treatment and Sterilization Processes on the Corrosion Behavior of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 51 (4), pp. 685-693; 
Macionczyc, F., Gerold, B., Thull, R., Repassivating Tantalum/Tantalum Oxide Surface Modification on Stainless Steel (2001) Surface and Coatings Technology, 142-144, pp. 1085-1087; 
Starovesky, D., Gotman, I., Corrosion of Titanium Nitride Coated Ni-Ti Shape Memory Surgical Implant (2001) Biomaterials, 22 (13), pp. 1853-1859; 
Chen, J.Y., Leng, Y.X., Tian, X.B., Wang, L.P., Huang, N., Chu, P.K., Yang, P., Antithrombogenic Investigation of Surface Energy and Optical Bandgap and Hemocompatibility Mechanism of Ti(Ta(+5))O 2 (2002) Biomaterials, 23 (12), pp. 2545-2552; 
Tan, L., Crone, W.C., Sridharan, K., Fretting Study of Surface Modified Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy (2002) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 13 (5), pp. 501-508; 
Ciss{\'e}, O., Savadogo, O., Wu, M., Yahia, L.H., Effect of Surface Treatment of NiTi Alloy on its Corrosion Behavior in Hank{\textquoteright}s Solution (2002) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 61 (3), pp. 339-345; 
Schabalovskaya, S., Rondelli, G., Anderegg, J., Simpson, B., Budko, S., Effect of Chemical Etching and Aging in Boiling Water on the Corrosion Resistance of Nitinol Wires with Black Oxide Resulting from Manufacturing Process (2003) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 66 B (1), pp. 331-340; 
Shih, C.-C., Shih, C.-M., Su, Y.-Y., Lin, S.-J., Impact on the Thrombogenicity of Surface Oxide Properties of 316L Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications (2003) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 67 A, pp. 1320-1328; 
Cheng, Y., Cai, W., Li, H.T., Zheng, Y.F., Zhao, L.C., Surface Characteristics and Corrosion Resistance Properties of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy Coated with Tantalum (2004) Surface and Coatings Technology, 186 (3), pp. 346-352; 
Silva, R.A., Marques, M.A., Silveira, A., Walls, M., Rondot, B., Guidoin, R., (1998) Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Biomaterials, pp. 37-37. , (eds) In: Dutch Society for Biomaterials, September, The Hague; 
Pippen, C.M.J.M., Plenk Jr., H., Ebel, M.F., Svagera, R., Verenisch, J., Characterization of Microblasted and Reactive Ion Etched Surfaces on the Commercially Pure Metals Niobium, Tantalum and Titanium (1997) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. in Med., 8 (12), pp. 781-784; 
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Silva, R.A., Walls, M., Rondot, B., Da Cunha Belo, M., Guidoin, R., Electrochemical and Microstructural Studies of Tantalum and its Oxide Films for Biomedical Applications in Endovascular Surgery (2002) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Medicine, 13 (5), pp. 495-500; 
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Lewerenz, H.J., Anodic Oxide Films on Silicon (1992) Electrochim. Acta, 37 (10), pp. 847-851; 
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},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {93 - 103},
	abstract = {Self-expandable nitinol (nickel-titanium) alloys and 316L stainless steel are the most commonly used materials in the production of coronary stents. However, tantalum (Ta) has already been used to make stents for endovascular surgery and may constitute an alternative to other materials because of its better electrochemical performance, namely its higher corrosion resistance, as well as its radio-opacity. The characterization of wet polished, chemically polished, wet polished anodized, and chemically polished anodized Ta electrodes has been performed in a 0.15 M NaCl solution (simulated body fluid) using U                        corr=f(t) measurements, anodic polarizations, capacity measurements, anodic oxidations, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. Anodic polarization curves have shown that the abnormal current density peak with a maximum value around 1.65 V (critical applied potential, U
                        c) disappeared for the anodized electrodes indicating a probable relationship between the surface states and the film growth. These results are confirmed by capacity measurements. The behavior of wet polished and chemically polished electrodes during anodic oxidations seemingly indicated that for these particular treatments the film growth is different. The AFM images and roughness measurements have shown that chemical polishing produced smoother electrodes, a fact probably related to the differences in film growth. {\textcopyright} 2006 Sage Publications.
},
	keywords = {AFM, Anodic films, Anodic oxide film growth, Anodic polarization, article, artificial membrane, Atomic force microscopy, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Biomedical applications, Biomedical engineering, Chemical polishing, chemistry, Coronary stents, Corrosion resistance, Crystallization, Current density, electric conductivity, Electrochemical properties, electrochemistry, electrode, Electrodes, materials testing, Membranes, Artificial, methodology, oxidation reduction reaction, Oxidation-Reduction, oxide, Oxides, Polarization, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface treatment, Tantalum, Tantalum electrodes},
	isbn = {08853282 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746412438\&partnerID=40\&md5=e418196142aae805bc91d17a99fcc517},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Silva, I.P. and Rondot, B.}
}
@book {2485,
	title = {Effects of some variables on R.F. Magnetron Sputtered Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Inst. Sup. de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino A., 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptReferences: Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bonfield, W., Revell, P.A., (1997) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 8, pp. 731-736;Raynaud, S., Champion, E., Bernache-Assolant, D., Tetard, D., (1998) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 9, pp. 221-227; 
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},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {323 - 326},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {RF sputtering may be used to produce thin, well adherent bioactive coatings with long term stability to ensure contact with bone tissue. RF Sputtered Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were produced onto Ti at 200 and 150 W. S.E.M. analysis indicated that films obtained with 200 W were thicker than those with 150 W. Significant variations were observed, depending on the location of the substrates with respect to the sample holder in the sputtering chamber, with thickness ranging from 1.8 to 3.2 μm. EDS analysis of 200 W films revealed the presence of Ca and P, in ratios typical of HA. XPS of thinner films obtained at 150 W, showed Ca and P, but also some carbonate probably partially substituting OH. Anodic polarisation curves of samples coated at 200 W and 150 W and for different sputtering times, compared to Ti substrate, indicate that HA films were protective and that the degree of protection increased with film thickness, i.e., with power intensity and time of deposition.},
	keywords = {Bioactive coatings, Bone, Coatings, Corrosion protection, hydroxyapatite, Magnetron sputtering, Plasma spraying, Polarization, RF sputtering, Scanning electron microscopy, Sputter deposition, Sputtering chambers, Thin films, Titanium},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347659048\&partnerID=40\&md5=3b3caf6fcde1c71242d25a74b296f870},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Sousa, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Barral, R. and Santos, J.D. and Lopes, M.A.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@article {2521,
	title = {Corrosion behaviour of commercially pure titanium shot blasted with different materials and sizes of shot particles for dental implant applications},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2003},
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},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {263 - 273},
	abstract = {It is well known that the osseointegration of the commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) dental implant is improved when the metal is shot blasted in order to increase its surface roughness. This roughness is colonised by bone, which improves implant fixation. However, shot blasting also changes the chemical composition of the implant surface because some shot particles remain adhered on the metal. The c.p. Ti surfaces shot blasted with different materials and sizes of shot particles were tested in order to determine their topographical features (surface roughness, real surface area and the percentage of surface covered by the adhered shot particles) and electrochemical behaviour (open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic polarisation). The results demonstrate that the increased surface area of the material because of the increasing surface roughness is not the only cause for differences found in the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the blasted c.p. Ti. Among other possible causes, those differences may be attributed to the compressive residual surface stresses induced by shot blasting. All the materials tested have an adequate corrosion and electrochemical behaviour in terms of its possible use as dental implant material. {\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {article, Blast finishing, chemical composition, chemistry, Corrosion, Dental implant, Dental Implants, Dental prostheses, Electric Potential, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, impedance, materials testing, Particle Size, Polarization, priority journal, Shot blasting, Spectroscopy, stress, Surface roughness, Surface topography, Titanium, tooth implantation},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037209960\&partnerID=40\&md5=c60c6b69f4fb345454b557acc836ec95},
	author = {Aparicio, C. and Javier Gil, F. and Fonseca, C. and Barbosa, M. and Planell, J.A.}
}
@article {2532,
	title = {Electrochemical and microstructural studies of tantalum and its oxide films for biomedical applications in endovascular surgery},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2002},
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},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {495 - 500},
	abstract = {The most popular coronary stents are made of 316L stainless steel and self-expandable Nitinol. Nevertheless, Ta has already been used to make stents for endovascular surgery and may constitute a good alternative to the other materials because of its higher corrosion resistance and radio-opacity property, which may facilitate the follow-up of stent catheterization. The characterization of Ta and its natural passive oxide films has been performed in a 0.15M NaCl solution (simulated body fluid - SBF) using anodic polarizations, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical techniques. Changes in microstructure have been observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Polarization curves show the existence of a current density increase between 1.40 and 1.80V. Bode complex plots show that some perturbation of the film occurred in this potential interval which may be associated with a decrease in polarization resistance, Rp, indicating that the film may be less resistant to corrosive attack. Mott-Schottky capacity measurements show that the density of donors, Nd, varies with polarization. The optical band gap, E                        g, which is equal to 4.1 eV did not show variations in our experiments. The localized formation on the electrode surface, in the above potential interval of a Ta compound (possibly an oxide-hydroxide) was observed by AFM, and this may explain the appearance of the current density peak and capacity behavior at those potentials. {\textcopyright} 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
},
	keywords = {article, Atomic force microscopy, body fluid, coronary stent, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Current density, Electric Potential, electrochemical analysis, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, electrode, endovascular surgery, Energy gap, film, heart catheterization, hydroxide, Materials science, metal oxide, Metallic films, Microstructure, nitinol, optical density, Oxide films, Polarization, priority journal, simulation, sodium chloride, Stainless steel, structure analysis, Surgery, Tantalum, Tantalum compounds, tantalum oxide, unclassified drug},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036242480\&partnerID=40\&md5=bef47948fb9a8f09f8ea9f6c56db672e},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Walls, M. and Rondot, B. and Da Cunha Belo, M. and Guidoin, R.}
}
@article {2606,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion-implanted 316L stainless steel
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 32Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018532900458Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Seah, K.H.W., Chen, X., (1993) Corros. Sci., 34, pp. 1841-1851;Fraker, A.C., Ruff, A.W., Sung, P., Van Orden, A.C., Speck, K.M., (1983) Titanium Alloys in Surgical Implants, pp. 206-219. , ASTM STP 796, edited by H. A. Luckey and F. Kublei Jr; 
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},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {365 - 368},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of 316L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence improves the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel.
The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of 316L stainless steel in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing the surfaces and choosing the best nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10
                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence improves the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel.
},
	keywords = {article, balanced salt solution, Composition effects, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Cyclic polarization technique, Electrochemical corrosion, electrochemistry, implantation, Ion implantation, limb prosthesis, nitrogen, Polarization, priority journal, prosthesis failure, Simulated physiological solutions, Solutions, Stainless steel, Stainless steel 316L, Surface Properties, Surface treatment, time},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031172794\&partnerID=40\&md5=9e1c626433826a9739f6a007e215a88f},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2632,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion implanted Ti-6A1-4V immersed in HBSS
},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 37Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Praca do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {1861 - 1866},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing better the surface prior to biological testing and to choose the most appropriate nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence produced the lowest corrosion rate under passive conditions. The highest fluence originated a large increase in the corrosion rate and inhibited the formation of a calcium- and phosphate-rich layer on the electrode surface. {\textcopyright} 1995.
},
	keywords = {Biological testing, Characterization, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Cyclic polarization technique, Electrochemical behaviour, electrochemistry, Hank balanced salt solution, Ion implantation, materials testing, Nitrogen ion implanted titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, Nitrogen-ion fluence, Open circuit potential, Passivation, Polarization, Simulated physiological solution, Solutions, Surface modification, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029403524\&partnerID=40\&md5=4726589b20b429b97686cee3106fed88},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Sa, C. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A. and Ali, H.}
}
