



@article {2205,
	title = {Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa onto nanohydroxyapatite as a bone regeneration material},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {100 A},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34139PubMed ID: 22489063Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Grenho, L.; INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: liliana.grenho@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Darley, E.S.R., MacGowan, A.P., Antibiotic treatment of Gram-positive bone and joint infections (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother, 53, pp. 928-935;Charville, G.W., Hetrick, E.M., Geer, C.B., Schoenfisch, M.H., Reduced bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen-coated substrates via nitric oxide release (2008) Biomaterials, 29, pp. 4039-4044; 
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},
	month = {2012///},
	pages = {1823 - 1830},
	abstract = {In orthopedics due to the enormous number of surgical procedures involving invasive implant biomaterials, infections have a huge impact in terms of morbidity, mortality, and medical costs. In this study the initial adhesion of several strains namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to nanohydroxyapatite, previously heat-treated at 725{\textdegree}C and 1000{\textdegree}C was assessed. Adherent cells were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy and as colony forming units after being released by sonication. The wettability and roughness of samples surfaces were assessed by contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Nanohydroxyapatite heat-treated at 1000{\textdegree}C appeared to be more resistant to bacterial adhesion, over time, in five of the six tested strains while the clinical strains isolated from orthopedic infections presented superior ability to adhere, as well as better capacity to produce slime. The increase in materials sintering temperature resulted in increased hydrophobicity and roughness; however, other surface features such as the decrease in surface area and on porosity as well as the decrease on zeta potential may be the aspects that contributed to a lower bacterial adhesion on the materials sintered at 1000{\textdegree}C. {\textcopyright} 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Adherent cells, Adhesion, article, Atomic force microscopy, Bacteria, Bacterial adhesion, bacterium adherence, Biocompatible Materials, Biological materials, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Bone, bone infection, Bone Regeneration, Bone regeneration materials, Clinical strains, Colony Count, Microbial, colony forming unit, Colony forming units, confocal laser microscopy, Confocal laser scanning microscopy, confocal microscopy, Contact angle, Durapatite, hydrophobicity, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Nano-hydroxyapatite, Nanohydroxyapatite, nanoparticles, nonhuman, porosity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sintering temperatures, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Surface area, Surface feature, surface property, Surface roughness, Surgical procedures, temperature, ultrasound, unclassified drug, wettability, Zeta potential},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861570738\&partnerID=40\&md5=84186d33133ff6c5280db80ec9fcb12d},
	author = {Grenho, L. and Manso, M.C. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P.}
}
@article {2195,
	title = {Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion to nanohydroxyapatite in the presence of model proteins},
	journal = {Biomedical Materials (Bristol)Biomed. Mater.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusArt. No.: 045010doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/4/045010Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ribeiro, M.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: ribeiro_marta88@hotmail.comChemicals/CAS: fibronectin, 86088-83-7; human serum albumin, 9048-49-1; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8References: Darley, E.S.R., MacGowan, A.P., Antibiotic treatment of Gram-positive bone and joint infections (2004) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53 (6), pp. 928-935. , DOI 10.1093/jac/dkh191;Lidgren, L., Knutson, K., Stef{\'a}nsd{\'o}ttir, A., Infection of prosthetic joints (2003) Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 17, pp. 209-218; 
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},
	month = {2012///},
	abstract = {Bacterial infections can have adverse effects on the efficacy, lifetime, and safety of an implanted device. The aim of this study was to investigate the initial adhesion of several strains, namely S. aureus and S. epidermidis, on two distinct types of nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA), sintered at 725{\textdegree}C and 1000{\textdegree}C. A comparison was also made with nanohydroxyapatite having adsorbed fetal bovine serum (FBS), human fibronectin (FN) and human serum albumin (HSA). Adhered bacterial cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy and quantified as colony forming units after being released by sonication. The wettability of the sample surface with and without adsorbed protein was assessed by contact-angle measurements. NanoHA sintered at 1000{\textdegree}C showed lower bacterial adhesion than this heat-treated at 725{\textdegree}C. Adsorption of FBS onto the nanoHA surface caused a decrease in the adhesion of all strains on both materials. The bacterial adhesion patterns in the presence of FN were different for both nanoHA substrates; the adherence of the bacterial strains, except for the clinical strain of S.epidermidis, was significantly higher on nanoHA 1000 in comparison to nanoHA 1000 without protein and the bacterial adhesion on the FN-coated nanoHA 725 was lower in comparison to the bare nanoHA 725. The effect of HSA on bacterial adhesion was concentration and bacterial strain dependent. {\textcopyright} 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Adsorption, Adverse effect, article, Bacteria, Bacterial adhesion, bacterial cell, Bacterial cells, Bacterial infections, bacterial strain, Bacterial strains, bacterium adherence, Clinical strains, colony forming unit, Colony forming units, Contact angle, Contact-angle measurements, controlled study, Enzyme inhibition, Epidermidis, Fetal bovine serum, Fibronectin, heating, Human fibronectin, human serum albumin, Human serum albumins, hydroxyapatite, Implanted device, materials testing, Model proteins, Nano-HA, Nano-hydroxyapatite, Nanohydroxyapatite, nanoparticle, nonhuman, Proteins, S. aureus, Sample surface, Scanning electron microscopy, serum, Sintering, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, surface property, ultrasound, unclassified drug, wettability},
	isbn = {17486041 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864391456\&partnerID=40\&md5=9170b87ade5223df5146d21981d073ef},
	author = {Ribeiro, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P.}
}
@article {2248,
	title = {Influence of crystallite size of nanophased hydroxyapatite on fibronectin and osteonectin adsorption and on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast adhesion and morphology},
	journal = {Journal of Colloid and Interface ScienceJ. Colloid Interface Sci.},
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {398 - 406},
	abstract = {The characteristic topographical features (crystallite dimensions, surface morphology and roughness) of bioceramics may influence the adsorption of proteins relevant to bone regeneration. This work aims at analyzing the influence of two distinct nanophased hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics, HA725 and HA1000 on fibronectin (FN) and osteonectin (ON) adsorption and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast adhesion and morphology. Both substrates were obtained using the same hydroxyapatite nanocrystals aggregates and applying the sintering temperatures of 725{\textdegree}C and 1000{\textdegree}C, respectively. The two proteins used in this work, FN as an adhesive glycoprotein and ON as a counter-adhesive protein, are known to be involved in the early stages of osteogenesis (cell adhesion, mobility and proliferation). The properties of the nanoHA substrates had an important role in the adsorption behavior of the two studied proteins and clearly affected the MC3T3-E1 morphology, distribution and metabolic activity. HA1000 surfaces presenting slightly larger grain size, higher root-mean-square roughness (Rq), lower surface area and porosity, allowed for higher amounts of both proteins adsorbed. These substrates also revealed increased number of exposed FN cell-binding domains as well as higher affinity for osteonectin. Regarding the osteoblast adhesion results, improved viability and cell number were found for HA1000 surfaces as compared to HA725 ones, independently of the presence or type of adsorbed protein. Therefore the osteoblast adhesion and metabolic activity seemed to be more sensitive to surfaces morphology and roughness than to the type of adsorbed proteins. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Inc.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Adhesive proteins, Adsorption, Adsorption behavior, Animals, Apatite, article, Bioceramics, Biological materials, Biomaterials, bone development, Bone Regeneration, cell adhesion, Cell Count, cell metabolism, cell motility, Cell number, cell proliferation, cell strain 3T3, cell structure, Cell-binding domain, Cells, Cultured, cellular distribution, ceramics, controlled study, Crystallite dimension, Crystallite size, Crystallization, Durapatite, Fibronectin, Fibronectin adsorption, Fibronectins, glycoprotein, grain, Grain size, human, human cell, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals, MC3T3-E1, Metabolic activity, metabolism, Mice, morphology, Nano-HA, nanocrystal, nanoparticles, Nanophased hydroxyapatite, osteoblast, Osteoblast adhesion, Osteoblast morphology, Osteoblasts, Osteogenesis, osteonectin, Osteonectin adsorption, Particle Size, porosity, priority journal, protein, Proteins, Root mean square roughness, Sintering, Sintering temperatures, Surface area, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface roughness, temperature, Topographical features},
	isbn = {00219797 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957328472\&partnerID=40\&md5=c4a13ccec89e04dbfe1920fd42fec3f5},
	author = {Ribeiro, N. and Sousa, S.R. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2252,
	title = {Proliferation and mineralization of bone marrow cells cultured on macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds functionalized with collagen type I for bone tissue regeneration},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32600Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; Divis{\~a}o de Biomateriais, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; email: sandra_teixeira3@yahoo.comChemicals/CAS: 1 (3 dimethylaminopropyl) 3 ethylcarbodiimide, 1892-57-5, 25952-53-8, 7084-11-9; DNA, 9007-49-2; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; methylene blue, 61-73-4; n hydroxysuccinimide, 6066-82-6; Collagen Type I; Cross-Linking Reagents; DNA, 9007-49-2; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Methylene Blue, 61-73-4Manufacturers: SigmarecticelReferences: Nair, M.B., Suresh Babu, S., Varma, H.K., John, A., A triphasic ceramic-coated porous hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering application (2008) Acta Biomaterialia, 4 (1), pp. 173-181. , DOI 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.07.004, PII S174270610700102X;Navarro, M., Ginebra, M.P., Planell, J.A., Zeppetelli, S., Ambrosio, L., Development and cell response of a new biodegradable composite scaffold for guided bone regeneration (2004) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 15 (4), pp. 419-422. , DOI 10.1023/B:JMSM.0000021113.88702.9d; 
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},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {1 - 8},
	abstract = {This study concerns the preparation and in vitro characterization of functionalized hydroxyapatite (HA) porous scaffolds, which are intended to be used as drug-delivery systems and bone-regeneration matrices. Hydroxyapatite scaffolds were prepared using the polymer replication method, and, after being submitted to a specific sintering cycle, collagen Type I was incorporated on the surface. After the coating procedure, collagen was crosslinked using the N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) conjugation method. In this study, hydroxyapatite scaffolds with uncrosslinked and cross-linked Type I collagen were evaluated. Cell morphology and deposition of extracellular matrix were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, whereas cell distribution was visualized by means of methylene blue staining. MTS and total DNA quantification assays were used to evaluate the viability and proliferation of human bone marrow cells cultured on all the materials for 28 days. Results showed that the cells were able to adhere, proliferate, and form a mineralized matrix on the surface of all the materials. Furthermore, the cells were able to spread from one pore to another and form cell clusters. The results show that these scaffolds are good candidates to serve as drug delivery vehicles and for tissue engineering purposes. {\textcopyright} 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {1 (3 dimethylaminopropyl) 3 ethylcarbodiimide, adult, Animal cell culture, Apatite, article, Automobile exhibitions, Bone, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, bone matrix, bone mineralization, Bone Regeneration, bone tissue, Bone tissue regeneration, Calcification, Physiologic, cell adhesion, Cell clusters, Cell culture, Cell distribution, Cell morphology, cell proliferation, cell structure, cell viability, Cells, Cultured, cellular distribution, Ceramic materials, chemistry, Coating procedures, Collagen, collagen type 1, Collagen type I, conjugation, controlled study, cross linking, cross linking reagent, Cross-Linking Reagents, Crosslinked, cytology, Cytotoxicity, DNA, DNA quantification, drug conjugation, Drug delivery, drug delivery system, Drug delivery vehicles, drug effect, Drug-delivery systems, Durapatite, Extracellular matrices, extracellular matrix, Functionalized, human, Human bone marrow cells, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, in vitro study, In-vitro, Macroporous, Macroporous ceramics, male, matrix, metabolism, methylene blue, Methylene blue staining, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, molecular scaffold, n hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, polymer, Polymer replication, porosity, Porous scaffold, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sintering cycles, spectrometry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds, Type I collagen, Young Adult},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956483928\&partnerID=40\&md5=de85a8bfe5af88cbc45e80302ab4dfd4},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Fernandes, M.H. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2256,
	title = {Synthesis and characterization of HAp nanorods from a cationic surfactant template method},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/s10856-010-4122-5PubMed ID: 20623177Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Moreira, J. A.; IFIMUP, IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade Do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; email: jamoreir@fc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Cations; Cetrimonium Compounds; Surface-Active Agents; cetrimonium, 6899-10-1References: Rao, C.N.R., Cheetham, A.K., Materials science at the nanoscale (2006) Nanomaterials Handbook, pp. 1-2. , Y. Gogotsi (eds). CRC Press, Taylor \& Francis Group New York;Guo, Y., Shi, D., Lian, J., Zdw, W., Cho, H., Liu, G., Quantum dot conjugated hydroxylapatite nanoparticles for in vivo imaging (2008) Nanotechnology, 19, 6p. , 175102; 
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Aza, P.N., Santos, C., Pazo, A., Aza, S., Cusc{\'o}, R., Artus, L., Vibrational properties of calcium phospate coumpounds. 1. Raman spectrum of β-tricalcium phosphate (1997) Chem Mater, 9, pp. 912-915. , 10.1021/cm960425d
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {2543 - 2549},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite (HAp) [Ca                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH) 
                        2] nanorods were synthesized using a surfactant templating method, with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles acting as template for HAp growth. The effects of the sintering temperature on the morphological and crystallographic characteristics and on chemical composition of the "as-prepared" structures are discussed. The experimental results show that low heat-treatment temperatures are preferred in order to obtain high quality nanorods, with diameters ranging between 20 and 50 nm. High heat-treatment temperatures enhance the thermal decomposition of HAp into other calcium phosphate compounds, and the sintering of particles into micrometer ball-like structures. The stability of aqueous suspensions of HAp nanorods is also discussed. {\textcopyright} 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
},
	keywords = {Ammonium compounds, Aqueous suspensions, article, Bromine compounds, Calcium, calcium phosphate, cationic surfactant, Cationic surfactants, Cations, Cetrimonium Compounds, Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chemical composition, Chemical compositions, Chemical structure, Crystallographic characteristics, Dyes, Heat treatment temperature, High quality, hydroxyapatite, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, nanorod, Nanorods, Nanotubes, Phosphate compounds, priority journal, Pyrolysis, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sintering temperatures, Surface-Active Agents, Surfactant template method, Surfactant templating, Suspensions (fluids), synthesis, Synthesis and characterizations, Thermal decompositions, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956933849\&partnerID=40\&md5=e2701a45f87b57009484629157a4bc95},
	author = {Coelho, J.M. and Moreira, J.A. and Almeida, A. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2310,
	title = {In vitro biological characterization of macroporous 3D Bonelike                    {\textregistered} structures prepared through a 3D machining technique
},
	journal = {Materials Science and Engineering CMater. Sci. Eng. C},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.08.009Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Medicina Dent{\'a}ria, Laborat{\'o}rio de Farmacologia e Biocompatibilidade Celular, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-392 Porto, Portugal; email: mhrf@portugalmail.ptReferences: Bauer, T.W., Muschler, G.F., (2000) Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 371, p. 10;Boskey, A.L., (1999) Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism, p. 154. , Seibel M.J., Robins S.P., and Bilezikian J.P. (Eds), Academic Press, London; 
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Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.D., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, p. 244; 
Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, p. 7. , Hench L.L., and Wilson J. (Eds), World Scientific, London; 
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Reiterer, M., Kraft, T., Janosovits, U., Riedel, H., (2004) Ceram. Inter., 30, p. 177; 
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Baksh, D., Song, L., Tuan, R.S., (2004) J. Cell. Mol. Med., 3, p. 301; 
Coelho, M.J., Fernandes, M.H., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 1095; 
Bo-Yi, Y., Pei-Hsun, C., Yi-Ming, S., Yu-Tsang, L., Tai-Horng, Y., (2005) J. Membrane Sci., 273, p. 31; 
Ohgushi, H., Caplan, A.I., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (Appl. Biomater.), 48, p. 913; 
Salgado, A.J., Coutinho, O.P., Reis, R.L., (2004) Macromo. Biosc., 4, p. 743; 
Cao, Y., Mitchell, G., (2006) Biomaterials, 27, p. 2854; 
Bignon, A., Chouteau, J., Chevalier, J., Fantozzi, G., Carret, J.P., Chavassieux, P., Boivin, G., Hatmann, D., (2003) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 14, p. 1089; 
Holy, C.E., Shoichet, M.S., Davies, J.E., (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 51, p. 376
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {930 - 935},
	abstract = {3D bioactive macroporous structures were prepared using a 3D machining technique. A virtual 3D structure model was created and a computer numerically controlled (CNC) milling device machined Bonelike                        {\textregistered} samples. The resulting structures showed a reproducible macroporosity and interconnective structure. Macropores size after sintering was approximately 2000~μm. In vitro testing using human bone marrow stroma showed that cells were able to adhere and proliferate on 3D structures surface and migrate into all macropore channels. In addition, these cells were able to differentiate, since mineralized globular structures associated with cell layer were identified. Results obtained showed that 3D structures of Bonelike
                        {\textregistered} successfully allow cell migration into all macropores, and allow human bone marrow stromal cells to proliferate and differentiate. This innovative technique may be considered as a step-forward preparation for 3D interconnective macroporous structures that allow bone ingrowth while maintaining mechanical integrity. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {3-D structures, 3D machining techniques, Biological characterizations, Bone, Bone ingrowths, Bone marrow stroma cells, Bone substitute, Bonelike, Cell layers, Cell migrations, Computer control systems, cytology, Globular structures, Human bone marrow stromal cells, Human bone marrows, In-vitro, Machining, Macro porosities, Macro-pores, Macroporous, Macroporous structures, Mechanical integrities, Porous materials, Sintering, Surface testing, Three dimensional, {\textregistered}},
	isbn = {09284931 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-64749093404\&partnerID=40\&md5=1619bc1101d98c34c6e43726f52e851c},
	author = {Laranjeira, M.S. and Dias, A.G. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@book {2320,
	title = {Morphology and mechanical properties of injectable ceramic microspheres},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {396-398},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAEdoi: 10.4028/0-87849-353-0.691Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Oliveira, S. M.; ESTV, Departamento de Engenharia Mec{\^a}nica, Instituto Polit{\'e}cnico de Viseu, Viseu, PortugalReferences: Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Lamghari, M., Miranda, C.S., Barbosa, M.A., Proliferation, activity, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on calcium titanium phosphate microspheres (2005) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 72 A (1), pp. 57-66;Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells seeded on injectable hydroxyapatite microspheres (2004) Bioceramics, 16, pp. 254-262,877-880; 
Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Calcium phosphate-alginate microspheres as enzyme delivery matrices (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (18), pp. 4363-4373; 
Silva, R.V., Camilli, J.A., Bertran, C.A., Moreira, N.H., The use of hydroxyapatite and autogenous cancellous bone grafts to repair bone defects in rats (2005) International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 34 (2), pp. 178-184; 
Boyan, B.D., Lossd{\"o}rfer, S., Wang, L., Zhao, G., Lohmann, C.H., Cochran, D.L., Schwartz, Z., Osteoblasts generate an osteogenic microenvironment when grown on surfaces with rough microtopographies (2003) Eur Cell Mater, 6, pp. 22-27; 
Cardoso, O.N., Sotto Mayor, T., Pinto, A.M.F.R., Campos, J.B.L.M., Axial dispersion of particles in a slugging column - the role of the laminar wake of the bubbles (2003) Chemical Engineering Science, 58 (18), pp. 4159-4172; 
Gauthier, O., Bouler, J.M., Weiss, P., Bosco, J., Aguado, E., Daculsi, G., Short-term effects of mineral particle sizes on cellular degradation activity after implantation of injectable calcium phosphate biomateriais and the consequences for bone substitution (1999) Bone, 25 (2), pp. 71S-74S; 
Xu, H.H., Weir, M.D., Burguera, E.F., Fraser, A.M., Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold (2006) Biomaterials, 27 (24), pp. 4279-4287; 
Ginebra, M.P., Rilliard, A., Fernandez, E., Elvira, C., San Roman, J., Planell, J.A., Mechanical and rheological improvement of a calcium phosphate cement by the addition of a polymeric drug (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 57 (1), pp. 113-118
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {691 - 694},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of starting powder granulometry and sintering conditions on the morphological structure and mechanical properties of injectable hydroxyapaptite (HAp) microspheres. The mechanical properties of the microspheres were evaluated, to investigate if their integrity could be maintained during the injection process. To obtain microspheres, HAp powders were dispersed in a sodium alginate solution and spherical particles were prepared by droplet extrusion under a co-axial air stream, coupled with ionotropic gelation in the presence of Ca                        2+. This was followed by a sintering process at various temperatures and times. The morphology of microspheres was observed under SEM, diameter measurements were performed in an optical microscope and the compression strength was evaluated using a texture analyzer. Finally, microspheres prepared using lower granulometry HAp powders and sintered at 1200{\textdegree}C for 1 hour presented the best properties and were selected as the most suitable for the envisaged application.
},
	keywords = {Air streams, Apatite, Calcium, Ceramic microspheres, Co-axial, Coagulation, Compression strengths, Diameter measurements, Gelation, Granulometry, hydroxyapatite, Injectable, Injection process, Ionotropic gelations, Mechanical properties, Microspheres, Morphological structures, Morphology and mechanical properties, Optical microscopes, Powders, SEM, Sintering, Sintering conditions, Sintering process, Sodium, Sodium alginates, Spherical particles, Starting powders, Texture analyzers},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58849147162\&partnerID=40\&md5=5bf4364653a3ad10b5ab28c1a01568ab},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Barrias, C.C. and Ribeiro, C.C. and Almeida, I.F. and Bahia, M.F. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@book {2495,
	title = {Designing of Bioceramics with Bonelike Structures Tailored for Different Orthopaedic Applications},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Depto. de Engenharia Cer{\^a}mica, CICECO, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bondfield, W., Revell, P.A., (1997) J. Mater. Sci: Mater Med., 8, p. 731;Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Kon, E., Muraglia, A., Corsi, A., Bianco, P., Marcacci, M., Martin, I., Boyde, A., Quarto, R., (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 49 (3), p. 328; 
Prado da Silva, M.H., Lemos, A.F., Lopes, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., Santos, J.D., (2002) Journal of Non-crystalline Solids, 304, p. 286; 
Schwartzwalder, K., Somers, A.V., U.S. Patent n{\textdegree} 3 090 094, (1963)Saggio-Woyanski, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71 (11), p. 1674; 
Olhero, S.M., Tar{\`\i}, G., Coimbra, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (4), p. 423; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum, , in press; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Brandt, J., Lesca, S., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (14-15), p. 2551
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1037 - 1040},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Innovative methods for the production of porous bioceramics for implants with tailored pore volume fractions, pore sizes, pore size distributions and pore interconnectivity have been developed. The average pore sizes can vary from a few micrometers to more than one millimeter, therefore fulfilling all the needs required for components used in implantology. The methods combine in a suitable way the knowledge coming from different areas in the field of colloid and interface science, namely, on the processing of ceramic materials by traditional colloidal shaping techniques such as slip casting with a number of new direct consolidation techniques, which transform the fluid hydroxyapatite (HA) based suspensions into rigid bodies, and particularly the expertise in the production of porous ceramics by different techniques. Slip casting was preferably used for designing the cortical part of the bone, while direct consolidation techniques were used to "freeze" tailored foamy structures or suspensions containing different kinds of organic inclusions of suitable sizes and amounts that generate pores after burning out.},
	keywords = {Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, Bone, Cells, Ceramic materials, Consolidation techniques, hydroxyapatite, morphology, orthopedics, Pore size, Porous ceramics, Porous materials, Sintering, Slip casting},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347516107\&partnerID=40\&md5=1bc01982f338c175b41fd08698d3da1c},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2499,
	title = {In Vitro Mineralisation of Human Bone Marrow Cells Cultured on Bonelike{\textregistered}},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 6Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Costa, M.A.; Inst. Cie. Blomed. de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Abel Salazar, 4000 Porto, PortugalReferences: Santos, J.D., Campbell, J.K., Winston, G.H., European Patent N{\textdegree} WO0068164, 2000Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 1905;Lopes, M.A., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res.:App. Biomater., 48, p. 734; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 1165; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., (2001) J. Mat. Sci.: Mat. Med., 12, p. 629; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inoue, H., (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 54, p. 463; 
Duarte, F., Santos, J.D., Afonso, A., Advanced Materials Forum, , in press; 
Coelho, M.J., Fernandes, M.H., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 1095; 
Kleerekoper, M., (1996) Principles of Bone Biology, p. 1053. , Academic Press
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {821 - 824},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Bonelike{\textregistered} is a CaO-P                        2O
                        5 based glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) designed to mimic the inorganic composition of the bone tissue. This work evaluates the response of human bone marrow cells to Bonelike{\textregistered} concerning cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation. HA was used as control material. Results showed that Bonelike{\textregistered} allowed the proliferation of bone marrow cells and their complete differentiation, as evidenced by the formation of cell-mediated mineralisation. In comparison with HA, Bonelike{\textregistered} had a positive effect on the expression of alkaline phosphatase and also on the formation of a mineralised matrix, two osteoblast markers.
},
	keywords = {Bone, Bonelike{\textregistered}, Cell culture, cell proliferation, Composition, Grafts, Human bone marrow cells, hydroxyapatite, In vitro mineralisation, mineralization, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346255201\&partnerID=40\&md5=470ac94fd75d1a53b887d44f59fbf7d1},
	author = {Costa, M.A. and Gutierres, M. and Almeida, L. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2487,
	title = {In Vivo Behaviour of Bonelike{\textregistered}/PLGA Hybrid: Histological Analysis and Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQ-CT) Evaluation},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Oliveira, J.M.; Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Lab. de Biomaterials, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: jmoliv@fe.up.ptReferences: Solheim, E., Pinholt, E., Bang, G., (1992) Journal Neurosurgery, 76, pp. 275-279;Laurecin, C.T., Attawia, M.A., Lu, L.Q., Borden, M.D., Lu, H.H., Gorum, W.J., Lieberman, J.R., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1271-1277; 
Nielsen, F.F., Karring, T., Gogolewski, S., (1992) Acta Orthop Scandinavica, 63, pp. 66-69; 
Jiang, G., Woo, B.H., Kang, F., Singh, J., Deluca, P.P., (2002) Journal of Controlled Release, 79, pp. 137-145; 
Duarte, F., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., European Cells and Materials, , in press; 
Duarte, F., Afonso, A., Santos, J.D., Advanced Materials Forum, , in press; 
Oliveira, J.M., Lopes, M.A., Kawai, T., Ohtsuki, C., Santos, J.D., Afonso, A., Advanced Materials Forum, , in press; 
Santos, J.D., Campbell, J.K., Winton, G.H., European Patent N{\textdegree} W00068164 (2000)Oliveira, J.M., Miyazaki, T., Lopes, M.A., Ohtsuki, C., Santos, J.D., Biomaterials, , submitted
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {565 - 568},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {The present work consisted in assessing the in vivo biological behaviour of novel Bonelike{\textregistered}/PLGA hybrid materials through subcutaneous and tibiae implantations for a 4 week period using an animal model. No sign of inflammation was observed as a result of subcutaneous implantation, which reveals that these materials were well-tolerated by the soft tissues. pQ-CT analysis demonstrated that the implanted materials were highly osteointegrated in bone tissue. SEM analysis at bone defect area revealed that Bonelike{\textregistered} resorption occurred after 4 weeks of implantation. Although the osteoconductive properties of Bonelike{\textregistered} have been reported in literature, the present work allowed to demonstrate that the silane-coupling agent and the PLGA treatments do not significantly modify the biological performance of Bonelike{\textregistered}. This result is strongly encouraging since Bonelike{\textregistered}/PLGA hybrid materials are being developed for bone tissue healing/regeneration purposes with simultaneous delivery of therapeuthic molecules.},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Bonelike{\textregistered}, Computerized tomography, Histological analysis, histology, hydroxyapatite, In vivo studies, Organic polymers, PLGA, pQ-CT, Silanes, Sintering, Synthetic polymers, Tibiae implantations, Tissue},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346255223\&partnerID=40\&md5=1d0c1ad508daa6b14d2d3aeabf5fff65},
	author = {Oliveira, J.M. and Kawai, T. and Lopes, M.A. and Ohtsuki, C. and Santos, J.D. and Afonso, A.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2479,
	title = {Influence of characteristics of the starting hydroxyapatite powders and of deagglomeration procedure, on rheological behaviour of HA suspensions},
	series = {Materials Science ForumMater Sci Forum},
	volume = {455-456},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 63332Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: MSFOELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ferreira, J.M.F.; Dept. of Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, Univ. of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: jmf@cv.ua.ptReferences: Kanazawa, T., (1989) Inorganic Phosphate Materials, 52, p. 15. , Materials Science Monographs, (Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam);Elliot, J.C., (1994) Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates. Studies in Organic Chemistry, 18. , Elsevier Science, Netherlands; 
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 885; 
Saggio-Woyanski, J., Scott, C., (1992) Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71, p. 1674; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lorenzo, L.M.R., (1999), PhD Thesis MadridOlhero, S.M., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Powder Thecnology, , accepted for publication
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {361 - 365},
	address = {Caparica},
	abstract = {In order to evaluate how the characteristics of starting HA powders affect their dispersion ability, several tests were made, including particle size distribution, particle morphology (SEM) and rheological measurements of the suspensions. To enable the preparation of concentrated suspensions as high as possible, the influence of deagglomeration procedure on rheological behaviour of hydroxyapatite aqueous suspensions was evaluated. The results revealed significant differences in the dispersing ability of the powders and on the maximum achievable solids loading. In fact, the maximum solids volume fraction that was possible to incorporate in the initial suspension of HA                        R was only 35-vol.\%, while with the HA
                        S it has been possible to start from 45-vol.\% suspensions. Ball milling revealed to be more efficient than planetary milling in the preparation of HA
                        R suspensions, and enabled to achieve a maximum solids volume fraction of 45-vol.\% at the end of long milling period, which included successive incremental additions of powder. The powder HA
                        S exhibited a much better dispersing ability, enabling the preparation of 60-vol.\% solids only after two hours of planetary milling.
},
	keywords = {Agglomeration, Bioceramics, crystallography, Deagglomeration, Foaming processes, hydroxyapatite, medicine, morphology, Particle size analysis, Powder characteristics, Powders, rheology, Scanning electron microscopy, Sedimentation, Sintering},
	isbn = {02555476 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17044460745\&partnerID=40\&md5=5c72052a267f3f7c544667ce61b5e434},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Santos, J.D. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Martins R. and Fortunato E. and Ferreira I. and Dias C.}
}
@book {2492,
	title = {New Method for the Incorporation of Soluble Bioactive Glasses to Reinforce Porous HA Structures},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Dept. of Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: De Groot, K., (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Wilson, L.L., Hench, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, UK; 
Hench, L.L., (1998) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, p. 1075; 
Kohri, M., Miki, K., Waite, D.E., Nakajima, H., Okabe, T., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 299; 
Krivak, N., Tas, A.C., (1998) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, p. 2245; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1033 - 1036},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {The most widely used calcium-phosphate ceramic in clinical applications is hydroxyapatite, Ca                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2, however its dissolution rate in the human body after implantation is too low to achieve good results and it has poor mechanical properties. Recently, glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (GR-HA) have been developed, in order to improve the mechanical properties and to increase the similarity between implants and bone. The addition of a P
                        2O
                        5 based glass to a hydroxyapatite matrix, promotes the liquid phase sintering, improving the mechanical properties of the final bodies, and enabling the formation of two other calcium-phosphate phases, which have a higher dissolution rate, more compatible with bone regeneration. However, some of these glass compositions are soluble in water, making their incorporation in aqueous slurry impossible. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to study a new alternative method for the incorporation of soluble P
                        2O
                        5 based glass into macroporous structures obtained by different methods.
},
	keywords = {Bioactivation, Bioactive glass, Biocompatibility, Bone, Dissolution, glass, hydroxyapatite, Liquid phase sintering, Macroporous structures, Microstructure, Porous materials, Reinforced hydroxyapatite, Sintering, Slurries},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0348145989\&partnerID=40\&md5=18598c198e7e03dbf785151b7033c392},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Santos, J.D. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@conference {2468,
	title = {XRD and FT-IR characterisation of hydroxyapatite sputtered films on titanium},
	booktitle = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials CongressTrans. World Biomater. Congr.},
	series = {Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials Congress},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 64310Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.A.; Inst. Sup. de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr.Antonio Bernardino A., 431, 4200- 072 Porto, Portugal; email: ras@isep.ipp.ptReferences: Wolke, J.G.C., (1998) J.Biomed. Mat. Res, 39, pp. 524-530;Silva, R.A., Proceedings of Bioceramics 16, , to be published
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {163},
	address = {Sydney},
	abstract = {XRD and FT-IR were used to characterize hydroxyapatite (HA) films, which were prepared using rf sputtering. The morphology of the sample films was analyzed using SEM. From the FT-IR spectrum, sputtered HA films showed structural changes, namely the decrease of the strength of the liberational mode of OH group, indicating the presence of a poorly crystalline phase. XRD results of films obtained at 500 W and 400 W showed that the crystallinity of the 500 W 4h e 2h samples was low, just showing a very incipient degree of crystalline structural structural arrangement, while in the 400 W-4h and 2h samples there was no crystalline structure, with only a slight diffraction of the 002 and 301 HA planes.},
	keywords = {Absorption bands, Adsorption, Bioactive films, Biomaterials, Bone, crystal structure, Crystallinity, Deposition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite films, morphology, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sputtering, Surface topography, Thin films, Titanium, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {1877040193 (ISBN); 9781877040191 (ISBN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13844280872\&partnerID=40\&md5=4b0c92bd00c80cb724aa79ae88c5976e},
	author = {Silva, R.A. and Sousa, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Barrai, R. and Lopes, M.A.}
}
@article {2535,
	title = {Densification route and mechanical properties of Si                    3N
                    4-bioglass biocomposites
},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 33Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00194-6PubMed ID: 11771704Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Sec{\c c}{\~a}o de Materiais, Fac. Eng. da Univ. do Porto (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto Cedex, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Bioglass; Ceramics; Composite Resins; Silicon Compounds; silicon nitride, 12033-89-5Tradenames: BioglassReferences: Kue, R., Sohrabi, A., Nagle, D., Frondonza, C., Hungerford, D., Enhanced proliferation and osteacalcin production by human osteablast-like cells on silicon nitride ceramic discs (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1195-1201;Howlett, C., McCartney, E., Ching, W., The effects of silicon nitride ceramic on rabbit skeletal cells and tissues (1989) Clin Orthop, 244, pp. 296-301; 
Hench, L.L., Biomaterials: A forecast for the future (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 1419-1423; 
Radin, S., Ducheyne, P., Falaize, S., Hammond, A., In vitro transformation of bioactive glass granules into Ca-P shells (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 49, pp. 264-272; 
Santos, J.D., Amaral, M., Oliveira, S.M., Lopes, M.A., Silva, R.F., Silicon Nitride-Bioglass{\textregistered}45S5 composite for biomedical applications (2001) Key Eng Mater, 192-195, pp. 589-592; 
Gazzara, C.P., Messier, D.R., Determination of phase content of Si 3N 4 by X-ray diffraction analysis (1997) Am Ceram Soc Bull, 56 (9), pp. 777-780; 
Niihara, K., Morena, R., Hasselman, D.P., Evaluation of K IC of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack-to-indent ratios (1982) J Mater Sci Lett, 1, pp. 13-16; 
Standard test method for dynamic Young{\textquoteright}s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson{\textquoteright}s ratio for advanced ceramics by impulse excitation of vibration; 
Kingery, W.D., Densification during sintering in the presence of a liquid phase. I. Theory (1959) J Appl Phys, 30 (3), pp. 301-306; 
Ziegler, G., Heinrich, J., W{\"o}tting, G., Review: Relationships between processing, microstructure and properties of dense and reaction-bonded silicon nitride (1987) J Mater Sci, 22, pp. 3041-3086; 
Filho, O.P., LaTorre, G.P., Hench, L.L., Effect of crystallization on apatite-layer formation of bioactive glass 45S5 (1996) J Biomed Mater Res, 30, pp. 509-514; 
Evans, A.G., Wilshaw, T.R., Quasi-static solid particle damage in brittle solids I. Observations, analysis and implications (1976) Acta Metall, 24, pp. 939-956; 
Yamamuro, T., Reconstruction of the iliac crest with bioactive glass-ceramic prostheses (1990) Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, 1, pp. 335-342. , Yamamuro T, Hench LL, Wilson J, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 
Hench, L.L., Bioceramics (1998) J Am Ceram Soc, 81, pp. 1705-1728; 
Ravaglioli, A., Krajewski, A., (1992) Bioceramics - materials, properties and applications, , London: Chapman \& Hall; 
Kong, Y.M., Kim, S., Kim, H.E., Reinforcement of hydroxyapatite bioceramic by addition of ZrO 2 coated with Al 2O 3 (1999) J Am Ceram Soc, 82 (11), pp. 963-968; 
Ducheyne, P., Marcolongo, M., Schepers, E., Bioceramic composites (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics. Advanced series in ceramics, 1, pp. 281-297. , Hench L, Wilson J, editors. Singapore: World Scientific. Chapter 15
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {857 - 862},
	abstract = {The processing route and the final microstructural and mechanical characteristics of a novel biomaterial composite are described. This new material is composed of 70 wt\% Si                        3N
                        4 ceramic phase and 30 wt\% bioglass, the later performing as a liquid sintering aid system and simultaneously providing bioactivity characteristics to the composite. The conditions for fabrication of an almost fully dense material (\~{}98\% of relative density) were pursued. Optimised parameters were 1350{\textdegree}C-40min-30 MPa by hot-pressing technique. The very fast densification rate of the process avoided the crystallisation of the bioglass intergranular phase and therefore its intrinsic properties were maintained. Also, the large amount of glassy phase assured the densification by liquid phase assisted grain rearrangement without Si
                        3N
                        4 phase transformation. The final mechanical properties of the Si
                        3N
                        4-bioglass were as follows: fracture toughness, K
                        IC = 4.4 MPa m
                        1/2; Vickers hardness, H
                        V = 10.3 GPa; Young{\textquoteright}s modulus, E = 197 GPa; bending strength, σ
                        R = 383 MPa; Weibull modulus, m = 8.3. These values provide an attractive set of properties among other bioactive materials, namely by upgrading the main drawback of bioceramics and bioglasses for high-load medical applications, which is the lack of satisfactory fracture toughness. {\textcopyright} 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {3N, 4-bioglass composites, article, Bending strength, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Biomaterial composites, Biomaterials, Ceramic materials, ceramics, Composite Resins, Crystallization, Densification, Densification behaviour, density, Elastic moduli, Fracture toughness, glass, hardness, heat, Hot pressing, Hot-pressing, Kinetics, Mechanical properties, phase transition, Phase transitions, priority journal, Si, Silicon compounds, silicon derivative, Sintering, strength, Stress, Mechanical, technique, Thermodynamics, Vickers hardness testing, X-Ray Diffraction, young modulus},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036132099\&partnerID=40\&md5=e7c2bb690245a7c1d0c856ec1e6f7fb0},
	author = {Amaral, M. and Lopes, M.A. and Silva, R.F. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@book {2522,
	title = {Production of porous biomaterials based on glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {230-232},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Conference code: 60281Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Prado da Silva, M.H.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomaterials, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, PT-4150-180 Porto, PortugalReferences: Lemos, A.F., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) Materials Science and Engineering, 11, pp. 35-40;Saggio-Woyansky, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Amer. Cer. Society Bulletin, 71 (11), pp. 1674-1682; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inouue, H., (2001) J. Biom. Mater. Res., 54, pp. 463-469; 
Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Hastings, G.W., (2000) Sintered Hydroxyapatite Composition and Method for the Preparation thereof, , Patent number WO0068164
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {483 - 486},
	address = {Coimbra},
	abstract = {In this study, porous GR-HA composites were produced using a calcium-phosphate glass with the composition, in mol\%, 75P                        2O
                        5-15CaO-10CaF
                        2. The composites were obtained by wet mixing 4.0\% (w/w) of the glasses with hydroxyapatite (HA) powder (batch P120) (Plasma Biotal; Tideswell, U.K.), pressing and sintering. Two different organic additives were used as pore formers: potato starch and almond crust. This processing route was effective in producing a homogeneous microstructure of equiaxed grains. The bulk density of the samples decreased with the volume fraction increase in the content of pore formers. Scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry analyses showed to be complementary techniques in characterising the pore size and distribution.
},
	keywords = {Biomaterials, Composite materials, glass, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites, GR-HA Composites, hydroxyapatite, Macroporous Bioceramics, Mercury (metal), Microstructure, Organic Additives, Pore size, Porous materials, Powders, Pressing (forming), Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Starch},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036432238\&partnerID=40\&md5=9af5590c70f4defe5e87b9a72042e11b},
	author = {Prado da Silva, M.H. and Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.},
	editor = {Vieira T.}
}
@article {2556,
	title = {Structural insights of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites by Rietveld refinement},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 14Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00068-5PubMed ID: 10919694Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, Laboratorio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@alf.fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: beta-tricalcium phosphate; Biocompatible Materials; Calcium Phosphates; Hydroxyapatites; Magnesium, 7439-95-4; Trace Elements; tricalcium phosphate, 7758-87-4References: Elliot, J.C., Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates (1994) Studies in Inorganic Chemistry, 18. , Amsterdam: Elsevier Science;Okazaki, M., Sato, M., Computer graphics of hydroxyapatite and β -tricalcium phosphate (1990) Biomaterials, 11, pp. 573-578; 
Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., An introduction to bioceramics (1993) Advanced Series in Ceramics, 1, pp. 139-180. , editors. Singapore: World Scientific; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterisation of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15 (1), pp. 5-10; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39 (2), pp. 244-251; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Serro, A.P., Saramago, B., Hydrophobicity, surface tension, and zeta potential of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 370-375; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Li, P., (1993) In Vitro and in Vivo Calcium Phosphate Induction on Gel Oxides, , PhD thesis, Leiden, Offsetdrukkerij Haveka B.V. ed; 
Hagen, A.R., Structural features of biologically involved phosphates (1970) Acta Odontol Scand, 58, pp. 149-173; 
Narasaraju, T.S.B., Phebe, D.E., Review: Some physicochemical aspects of hydroxylapatite (1996) J Mater Sci, 31, pp. 1-21; 
Kay, M.I., Young, R.A., Posner, A.S., The crystal structure of hydroxyapatite (1964) Nature, 204, pp. 1050-1052; 
Montel, G., Bonel, G., Heughebaert, J.C., Trombe, J.C., Rey, C., New concepts in the composition, crystallisation and growth of the mineral component of calcified tissues (1981) J Crystal Growth, 53, pp. 74-99; 
Fanovich, M.A., Castro, M.S., Porto L{\'o}pez, J.M., Analysis of the microstructural evolution in hydroxyapatite ceramics by electrical characterisation (1999) Ceramics Int, 25, pp. 517-522; 
Bigi, A., Falini, G., Foresti, E., Gazzano, M., Ripamonti, A., Roveri, N., Rietveld structure refinements of calcium hydroxyapatite containing magnesium (1996) Acta Crystallogr, 52, pp. 87-92; 
Okazaki, M., Sato, M., Takahashi, J., Space-cutting model of hydroxyapatite (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 45-49; 
Ravalgloli, A., Krajewski, A., (1992) Bioceramics, pp. 16-59. , London: Chapman \& Hall; 
Okazaki, M., Takahashi, J., Kimura, H., Unstable behavior of magnesium-containing hydroxyapatites (1986) Caries Res, 20, pp. 324-331; 
Kotani, S., Fijita, Y., Kitsugi, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Bone bonding mechanism of β -tricalcium phosphate (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 1303-1315; 
Eanes, E.D., Thermochemical studies on amorphous calcium phosphate (1970) Calcif Tiss Res, 5, pp. 133-145; 
De Groot, K., Klien, P.A.T., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., Chemistry of calcium phosphate bioceramics (1990) Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, 2, pp. 3-16. , T. Yamamuro, L.L. Hench, Wilson J. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 
Legeros, R.Z., Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine (1991) Monographs in Oral Science, 15, pp. 87-107. , New York: Karger
},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1905 - 1910},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {Phase transformations and interstitial and/or substitution of trace elements during the liquid-phase sintering process of P                        2O
                        5-CaO-MgO glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (GR-HA) composites were examined by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analyses. Using the Rietveld method for structure refinement, changes in the lattice parameters of the two main phases of the composites, hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), as well as changes in several bond lengths and in the occupancy of the hydroxyl oxygen site in the HA phase structure were assessed. The glasses gave rise to formation of between approximately 45 and 50\% of β-TCP, with evidence for the Mg
                        2+ enhancing the formation of β-TCP. Between 1300 and 1350{\textdegree}C, the β-TCP inverts to α-TCP, without further decomposition of the residual HA. The glasses showed evidence for stabilisation of the hydroxyl group located in the hydroxyl channels. This is supported by measurements of the hydroxyl channel radius (R(c)), the Ca
                        2-OH bond length and the hydroxyl oxygen occupancy (O(occ)). Results showed that the Mg
                        2+ containing glasses induced the β-TCP phase formation in the structure of GR-HA composites and retarded the β-TCP into α-TCP transformation at higher temperatures. The chemical composition of the P
                        2O
                        5 glasses also induces modifications in the lattice parameters of the crystallographic phases present in the microstructure of the composites. This suggests some substitution of Mg
                        2+-for-Ca
                        2+ in the β-TCP structure during the liquid-phase sintering process. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Phase transformations and interstitial and/or substitution of trace elements during the liquid-phase sintering process of P
                        2O
                        5-CaO-MgO glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (GR-HA) composites were examined by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analyses. Using the Rietveld method for structure refinement, changes in the lattice parameters of the two main phases of the composites, hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), as well as changes in several bond lengths and in the occupancy of the hydroxyl oxygen site in the HA phase structure were assessed. The glasses gave rise to formation of between approximately 45 and 50\% of β-TCP, with evidence for the Mg
                        2+ enhancing the formation of β-TCP. Between 1300 and 1350 {\textdegree}C, the β-TCP inverts to α-TCP, without further decomposition of the residual HA. The glasses showed evidence for stabilization of the hydroxyl group located in the hydroxyl channels. This is supported by measurements of the hydroxyl channel radius (R
                        c), the Ca
                        2-OH bond length and the hydroxyl oxygen occupancy (O
                        occ). Results showed that the Mg
                        2+ containing glasses induced the β-TCP phase formation in the structure of GR-HA composites and retarded the β-TCP into α-TCP transformation at higher temperatures. The chemical composition of the P
                        2O
                        5 glasses also induces modifications in the lattice parameters of the crystallographic phases present in the microstructure of the composites. This suggests some substitution of Mg
                        2+-for-Ca
                        2+ in the β-TCP structure during the liquid-phase sintering process.
},
	keywords = {article, Biocompatible Materials, Biomedical engineering, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Chemical bonds, chemical composition, Composition effects, Crystal lattices, Crystal microstructure, crystal structure, Crystallization, decomposition, Fiber reinforced materials, glass, Glass fibers, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatites, Implants (surgical), Liquid-phase sintering, Magnesium, Mg-apatites, Models, Molecular, phase transition, Phase transitions, Phosphate minerals, priority journal, Rietveld refinement, Rietveld refinement analysis, Sintering, spectacles, structure analysis, temperature, Thermodynamics, Trace Elements, Tricalcium phosphate, X ray analysis, X ray crystallography, β-TCP},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034046953\&partnerID=40\&md5=45db5eace3328b0cb2a8a048985ba619},
	author = {Lopes, M.A. and Knowles, J.C. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2624,
	title = {Reinforcement of hydroxyapatite by adding P                    2O
                    5-CaO glasses with Na
                    2O, K
                    2O and MgO
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 49Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, FEUP, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; magnesium oxide, 1309-48-4, 1317-74-4References: Barney, V.C., Levin, M.P., Adams, D.F., (1986) J. Perio Dont., 57, p. 764;Legeros, R.Z., (1988) Adv. Dent. Res., 2, p. 164; 
Aoki, H., (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, p. 165. , Takayama Press System Center, JAAS, Tokyo; 
Ducheyne, P., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Appl. Biomater., 21, p. 219; 
Heughbaert, J.C., Bonel, G., (1986) Biological and Biomechanical Performance of Biomaterials, p. 9. , edited by P. Christel, A. Meunier and A. J. C. Lee Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam; 
Ellis, L.G., Nelson, D.G.A., Featherstone, J.D.B., (1988) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 22, p. 541; 
Raemdonck, W.V., Ducheyne, P., Meester, P.D., (1984) Metal and Ceramic Biomaterials, p. 143. , edited by P. Ducheyne and G. W. Hashi CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
Shors, E.C., Holmes, R.E., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, p. 181. , edited by L. L. Hench and J. Wilson World Scientific, Hong Kong; 
Rey, C., (1990) Biomaterials, 11, p. 14; 
Evans, G., Behiri, J., Currey, J., Bonfield, W., (1990) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1, p. 38; 
Rey, C., Fr{\`e}che, M., Heughebaert, M., Heughebaert, J.C., Lacout, J.L., Vignoles, M., Bioceramics 4, London, 1991, p. 57. , edited by W. Bonfield, G. W. Hastings and K. E. Tanner (Butterworth-Heinemann, London); 
With, G., Van Dijk, H., Hattu, N., Prijs, K., (1981) J. Mater. Sci., 16, p. 1592; 
Akao, M., Aoki, H., Kato, K., (1981) J. Mater. Sci., 16, p. 809; 
Santos, J., Knowles, J., Reis, R., Monteiro, F., Hastings, G., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Soltesz, U., Richter, H., Kienzler, R., (1987) High Technology Ceramics, p. 110. , Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., Amsterdam; 
(1971) Determination Micrographique de la Grosseur du Grain Ferritique ou Aust{\'e}nitique des Aciers; 
Daculsi, G., LeGeros, R.G., Nery, E., Lynch, K., Kerebel, B., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 883
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {187 - 189},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Commercial hydroxyapatite was reinforced by adding small amounts (2 and 4 wt\%) of P                        2O
                        5-based glasses during its sintering process. The composites prepared had a chemical composition closely related to the mineral part of bone tissues in terms of trace elements usually detected, such as Na, K and Mg. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that the glass reinforced-HA composites were composed of a HA matrix and variable amounts of tricalcium phosphate phase, depending on sintering temperature and glass composition. These composites were shown to have much higher biaxial bending strength than sintered HA, 107 MPa for Ha/2\% of 35P
                        2O
                        5-35CAO-10Na
                        2O-10K
                        2O-10MgO glass composite and 28 MPa for sintered HA. The presence of β-tricalcium phosphate in the microstructure of the composites is an important factor in the reinforcement process.
Commercial hydroxyapatite was reinforced by adding small amounts (2 and 4 wt\%) of P
                        2O
                        5-based glasses during its sintering process. The composites prepared had a chemical composition closely related to the mineral part of bone tissues in terms of trace elements usually detected, such as Na, K and Mg. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that the glass reinforced-HA composites were composed of a HA matrix and variable amounts of tricalcium phosphate phase, depending on sintering temperature and glass composition. These composites were shown to have much higher biaxial bending strength than sintered HA, 107 MPa for Ha/2\% of 35P
                        2O
                        5-35CaO-10Na
                        2O-10K
                        2O-10MgO glass composite and 28 MPa for sintered HA. The presence of β-tricalcium phosphate in the microstructure of the composites is an important factor in the reinforcement process.
},
	keywords = {article, Bending strength, Bone, chemical composition, Composite materials, Composition, Composition effects, glass, Glass composition, Glass reinforced hydroxapatite composite, hydroxyapatite, implant, Magnesium Oxide, metal oxide, Microstructure, molecular dynamics, Phosphates, potassium derivative, priority journal, Sintering, Sintering temperature, sodium derivative, Thermal effects, Trace Elements, Tricalcium phosphate phase, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030108677\&partnerID=40\&md5=e9c978c3e018a1dd2db9b534ef00ea1b},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Silva, P.L. and Knowles, J.C. and Talal, S. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2620,
	title = {Sintering effects in a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBIOMATERIALS},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 39Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)87287-5PubMed ID: 8830972Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Knowles, J.C.; Eastman Dental Institute, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United KingdomChemicals/CAS: Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Currey, J.D., (1984) The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones, , Princeton University Press;Brown, W.E., Chow, L., Chemical composition of bone mineral (1976) Ann Res Mater Sci, 6, pp. 213-226; 
Glimcher, M.J., Recent studies of the mineral phase in bone and its possible linkage to the organic matrix by protein bound phosphate conds (1984) Phil Trans R Soc Land, B304, pp. 479-508; 
Cook, S.D., Thomas, K.A., Kay, J.F., Jarcho, M., Hydroxyapatite-coated porous titanium for use as an orthopaedic biologic attachment system (1980) Clin Orthop, 230, pp. 303-312; 
Patka, P., Den Otter, G., De Groot, K., Driessen, A.A., Reconstruction of large bone defects with calcium phosphate ceramics. An experimental study (1985) Neth J Surg, 37, p. 38; 
Wolford, L.M., Wardrop, R.W., Hartog, J.M., Coralline porous hydroxyapatite as a bone graft substitute in orthognathic surgery (1987) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 45, pp. 1034-1042; 
Santos, J.D., Morrey, S., Hastings, G.W., Monteiro, F.J., The production and characterisation of a hydroxyapatite ceramic material (1991) Bioceramics, Vol 4. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, 4, pp. 71-78. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, eds. London: Butterworth Heinemann; 
D{\"o}rre, E., Dawihl, W., Ceramic hip endoprostheses (1980) Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials, pp. 113-127. , Hastings GW, Williams DF, eds. New York: Wiley; 
Murray, M.G.S., Ponton, C.B., Marquis, P.M., Emulsion processing of hydroxyapatite (1992) Bioceramics, Vol 4. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, 4, pp. 15-22. , Kyoto: Kobunshi Kankokai; 
Puajindanetr, S., Best, S.M., Bonfield, W., Characterisation and sintering of precipitated hydroxyapatite (1994) Br Ceram Trans, 93 (3), pp. 96-99; 
Knowles, J.C., Bonfield, W., Development of a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite with enhanced mechanical properties. The effect of glass composition on mechanical properties and its relationship to phase changes (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 159-1598; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterisation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15 (1), pp. 5-10; 
Knowles, J.C., Development of hydroxyapatite with enhanced mechanical properties: Effect of high glass additions on mechanical properties and phase stability of sintered hydroxyapatite (1994) Br Ceram Trans, 93 (3), pp. 100-103; 
Ruys, A.J., Wei, M., Sorrell, C.C., Dickson, M.R., Brandwood, A., Milthorpe, B.K., Sintering effects on the strength of hydroxyapatite (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 409-415; 
Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Liquid phase sintering of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions. Structure and properties of the composites (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, , to be published; 
Soltesz, U., Ritcher, H., Keinzler, R., (1987) High Tech Ceramics, p. 110. , Vincenzini P, ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 
Laugier, M.T., New formula for indentation toughness in ceramics (1987) J Mater Sci Lett, 6, pp. 355-356; 
Knowles, J.C., Abrahams, I., Bonfield, W., Effect of reinforcing glass composition on phase transformation and crystallographic parameters in hydroxyapatite (1993) Bioceramics, 6, pp. 191-196. , Ducheyne P, Christiansen D, eds. Butterworth-Heinemann
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {1437 - 1442},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {Glass was incorporated into hydroxyapatite (HA) to act as a sintering aid in order to improve the mechanical properties. The glass was added at 2 and 4 wt\% and the powders compacted uniaxially. The compacts were sintered at a variety of temperatures (1200, 1250, 1300 and 1350{\textdegree}C) and the effects of the glass addition and the firing temperature were studied to determine their effects on the sintering process. It was found that the glass promoted some phase changes, related to the amount of glass added to the composite. At 1200 and 1250{\textdegree}C, some β-tricaicium phosphate (TCP) was found with the residual being HA. However, at 1300 and 1350{\textdegree}C, both β- and α-TCP were formed. The 4 wt\% addition, as expected, promoted higher levels of secondary phases in the composite. The flexural bend strength (FBS) showed high values and also significant differences dependent on the amount of glass added. A 2 wt\% addition gave a gradual increase in FBS with temperature. With a 4 wt\% addition there was an increase in FBS, but above 1300{\textdegree}C there was a rapid decrease. These effects were mirrored in the linear shrinkage. Both the linear shrinkage and the FBS results were attributed to both the phase changes occurring and also change in grain size with increasing firing temperature.Glass was incorporated into hydroxyapatite (HA) to act as a sintering aid in order to improve the mechanical properties. The glass was added at 2 and 4 wt\% and the powders compacted uniaxially. The compacts were sintered at a variety of temperatures (1200, 1250, 1300 and 1350{\textdegree}C) and the effects of the glass addition and the firing temperature were studied to determine their effects on the sintering process. It was found that the glass promoted some phase changes, related to the amount of glass added to the composite. At 1200 and 1250{\textdegree}C, some β- tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was found with the residual being HA. However, at 1300 and 1350{\textdegree}C, both β- and α-TCP were formed. The 4 wt\% addition, as expected, promoted higher levels of secondary phases in the composite. The flexural bend strength (FBS) showed high values and also significant differences dependent on the amount of glass added. A 2 wt\% addition gave a gradual increase in FBS with temperature. With a 4 wt\% addition there was an increase in FBS, but above 1300{\textdegree}C there was a rapid decrease. These effects were mirrored in the linear shrinkage. Both the linear shrinkage and the FBS results were attributed to both the phase changes occurring and also change in grain size with increasing firing temperature.
},
	keywords = {article, Bending strength, Biomaterials, calcium phosphate, Chemistry, Physical, Durapatite, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite, Grain growth, hydroxyapatite, priority journal, Sintering, Sintering aid, temperature, tensile strength, Tricalcium phosphate, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030199532\&partnerID=40\&md5=e2e97bf466dcee25ee1b5c2c14022ecd},
	author = {Knowles, J.C. and Talal, S. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2634,
	title = {Liquid phase sintering of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions: Structure and properties of the composites},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 41Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/BF00120303Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB-National Inst. Biomedical Engn., Department Metallurgical Engineering, FEUP, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 4099-Porto Codex, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {348 - 352},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Phosphate- and silicate-based glasses were added to hydroxyapatite in order to improve its mechanical properties and to fabricate composites with different degrees of bioactivity. A strong chemical bonding was obtained between hydroxyapatite and the phosphate-based glasses leading to samples approaching theoretical density, according to density measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Bioglass{\textregistered} additions led to the formation of a complex calcium phosphate silicate which hampered the reinforcement process. The fracture toughness of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites was shown to be within the 1.1-1.2 MPam(1/2) range, which is double that determined for sintered hydroxyapatite. A 2 μm thick apatite layer was observed on the surface of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites after 48 h immersion in a simulated human blood plasma, whereas only a few apatite crystals were detected on sintered hydroxyapatite after 7 days immersion. From the results obtained we anticipate that the composites might show a higher rate of bone bonding, leading to enhanced bioactivity.Phosphate- and silicate-based glasses were added to hydroxyapatite in order to improve its mechanical properties and to fabricate composites with different degrees of bioactivity. A strong chemical bonding was obtained between hydroxyapatite and the phosphate-based glasses leading to samples approaching theoretical density, according to density measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Bioglass
                        (R) additions led to the formation of a complex calcium phosphate silicate which hampered the reinforcement process. The fracture toughness of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites was shown to be within the 1.1-1.2 MPa m
                        1/2 range, which is double that determined for sintered hydroxyapatite. A 2 μm thick apatite layer was observed on the surface of the hydroxyapatite-glass composites after 48 h immersion in a simulated human blood plasma, whereas only a few apatite crystals were detected on sintered hydroxyapatite after 7 days immersion. From the results obtained we anticipate that the composites might show a higher rate of bone bonding, leading to enhanced bioactivity.
},
	keywords = {Adhesion, article, Bioactivity, Bioglass, Biomaterials, Bone, bone prosthesis, calcium phosphate, chemical binding, Chemical bonds, chemical composition, Chemical structure, Complex calcium phosphate silicate, Composite materials, crystal, density, Density measurement (specific gravity), glass, Human blood plasma, hydroxyapatite, Liquid phase sintering, Mechanical properties, Mechanics, phosphate, Phosphates, plasma, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, silicate, Silicates, Sintering, Structure (composition), surface property, thickness},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029311049\&partnerID=40\&md5=433498e286bfad74a296d1fafc50c223},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Reis, R.L. and Monteiro, F.J. and Knowles, J.C. and Hastings, G.W.}
}
