



@book {2412,
	title = {                    31P MAS-NMR studies of CaO-P
                    2O
                    5 glass ceramics
},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {309-311 I},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Dias, A.G.; Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica (INEB), Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: agdias@fe.up.ptReferences: J{\"a}ger, C., Hartmann, P., Witter, R., Braun, M., (2000) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 263, p. 61;Hartmann, P., Vogel, J., Schnabel, B., (1994) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 176, p. 157; 
Dias, A.G., Lopes, M.A., Gibson, I.R., Santos, J.D., (2003) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 330, p. 81; 
Dias, A.G., Skakle, J.M.S., Gibson, I.R., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., (2005) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 351, p. 810; 
Brow, R.K., (2000) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 263, p. 1; 
Hayakawa, S., Tsuru, S., Iida, H., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., (1996) Phys. Chem. Glasses, 37, p. 188; 
Brown, R.K., Tallant, D.R., Warren, W.L., McIntyre, A., Day, D.E., (1997) Phys. Chem. Glasses, 38, p. 300; 
Kirkpatrick, R.J., Brown, R.K., (1995) Sol. Stat. Nucl. Mag. Resonance, 5, p. 9
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {301 - 304},
	abstract = {This work reports the structure of two glass ceramics prepared in the calcium phosphate system, MK5B and MT13B, using                        31P MAS-NMR technique. The results obtained showed that the network of MK5B consisted mainly of Q
                        1 and Q
                        2 groups. Besides these two groups, MT13B material also present Q
                        3 units. The Q
                        n groups detected in both glass ceramics seem to be correlated to the crystalline phases present in their microstructure.
},
	keywords = {Biomaterials, calcium phosphate, Crystalline materials, Crystalline phases, Glass ceramics, Lime, MAS-NMR technique, Microstructure, NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645382187\&partnerID=40\&md5=353cae72417fac19dba1115041250e95},
	author = {Dias, A.G. and Lopes, M.A. and Tsuru, K. and Hayakawa, S. and Santos, J.D. and Osaka{\textquoteright}, A.}
}
@article {2483,
	title = {Crystallisation studies of biodegradable CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass with MgO and TiO
                    2 for bone regeneration applications
},
	journal = {Glass TechnologyGlass Technol},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: GLSTALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB, Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptReferences: Siligardi, C., D{\textquoteright}Arrigo, M.C., Leonelli, C., Sintering behavior of glass ceramics frits (2000) Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., pp. 88-92;Clarck, T.J., Reed, J.S., Kinetic processes involved in the sintering and crystallization of glass powders (1986) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 69 (11), pp. 837-846; 
Karmakar, B., Kundu, P., Jana, S., Dwivedi, R.N., Crystallization kinetics and mechanism of low-expansion lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics by dilatometry (2002) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 85 (10), pp. 2572-2577; 
Zhang, Y., Santos, J.D., Crystallization and microstructure analysis of calcium phosphate-based glass ceramics for biomedical applications (2000) J. Non-cryst. Solids, 272 (1), pp. 14-21; 
Ryu, H.-S., Youn, H.-J., Chang, B.-S., Lee, C.-K., Chung, S.-S., An improvement in sintering property of β-tricalcium phosphate by addition of calcium pyrophosphate (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 909-914; 
Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Ota, M., Transmission electron microscopy observations at the interface of bone and four types of calcium phosphate ceramics with different calcium/phosphorous molar ratios (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 1101-1107
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {78 - 79},
	abstract = {CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass ceramics with small additions of MgO and TiO
                        2 were prepared in the ortho and pyrophosphate regions by powder sintering and crystallisation through heat treatment at different temperatures determined from differential thermal analysis (DTA). The glass ceramics were analysed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and it was observed that α- and β-Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 were the first phases to precipitate in the parent glass matrix at a temperature of 681{\textdegree}C, followed by CaTi
                        4(PO
                        4)
                        6 and TiP 
                        2O
                        7 at temperatures between 703 and 725{\textdegree}C. The β-Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 and CaTi
                        4(PO 
                        4)
                        6 phases are usually considered as biocompatible and bioactive and, therefore, these glass ceramics seem to show good potential for bone regeneration applications.
},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Bone Regeneration, Crystallization, Differential thermal analysis, Diffractometers, Glass ceramics, Glass matrix, Glass transition, Laser diffraction, Lime, Magnesia, methanol, Monochromators, Precipitation (chemical), Temperature scanning, Titanium dioxide, X ray powder diffraction},
	isbn = {00171050 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042549927\&partnerID=40\&md5=62f3cbbb74e944ac2e066db7432db201},
	author = {Dias, A.G. and Tsuru, K. and Hayakawa, S. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Osaka, A.}
}
@article {2526,
	title = {Structural analysis of Si-substituted hydroxyapatite: Zeta potential and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 59Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1021177601899Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB - Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptChemicals/CAS: calcium oxide, 1305-78-8; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; phosphate, 14066-19-4, 14265-44-2; silicon, 7440-21-3Tradenames: Philips PW1606 spectrometer, Philips; Siemens D5000 X ray diffractometer, Siemens; Sotax CE6Manufacturers: Philips; SiemensReferences: Carlisle, E.M., (1984) Fed. Proc., 43, p. 680;Carlisle, E.M., (1986) Silicon Biochemistry, , edited by D. Evered and M. O{\textquoteright}Connor (Wiley, New York); 
Schwarz, K., (1978) Biochemistry of Silicon and Related Problems, pp. 207-230. , edited by G. Bendz and I. Lindqvist (Plenum Press, New York); 
Schwarz, K., Milne, D.B., (1972) Nature, 239, p. 333; 
Voronkov, M.G., Skorobogatova, V.I., Vugmeister, E.K., Makarskii, V., (1975) Doklady Biochemistry, 222, p. 29; 
Hench, L.L., (1999) Biological Implications, pp. 116-163; 
Keeting, P.E., Oursler, M.J., Weigand, K.E., Bonds, S.K., Spelsberg, T.S., Riggs, B.L., (1992) J. Bone Mineral Res., 7, p. 1281; 
Hench, L.L., (1982) J. Phys., 43, p. 625; 
Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, p. 1487; 
Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1999) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore; 
Jha, L.J., Best, S., Santos, J.D., Gibson, I.R., Bonfield, W., Silicon-Substituted Apatites and Process for the Preparation Thereof, , Worldwide Patent, PCT/GB97/02325 and US Patent Serial No 09/147773 (1999); 
Gibson, I.R., Best, S.M., Bonfield, W., (1999) J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 44, p. 422; 
Gibson, I.R., Huang, J., Best, S.M., Bonfield, W., (1999) Bioceramics, Vol. 12, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine (Nara, Japan November 1999), 12, pp. 191-194. , edited by H. Ohgushi, G. W. Hastings and T. Yoshikawa (World Scientific Publishing Co., London); 
Gibson, I.R., Hing, K.A., Revell, P.A., Santos, J.D., Best, S.M., Bonfield, W., (2002) Key Engin. Mat., 218-222, p. 203; 
Maroudas, N.G., (1975) J. Theoret. Biol., 49, p. 417; 
Van Wachem, P.B., Hogt, A.H., Beueling, T., (1987) Biomaterials, 8, p. 323; 
Davies, J.E., (1998) Surface Characterization of Biomaterials, pp. 219-234. , edited by B. D. Ratner (Elsevier, Amsterdam); 
Shelton, R.M., Rasmussen, A.C., Davies, J.E., (1988) Biomaterials, 9, p. 24; 
Ducheyne, P., Beight, J., Cuckler, J., Evans, B., Radin, S., (1990) Biomaterials, 11, p. 531; 
Ohgushi, H., Goldberg, V.M., Caplan, A.I., (1989) J. Orthop. Res., 7, p. 568; 
Daculsi, G., Le Geros, R.Z., Nery, E., Lynch, K., Kerebel, B., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 883; 
Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Kakutani, Y., Kitsugi, T., Takagi, H., Oka, M., Kokubo, T., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 1049; 
Kotoura, Y., Yamamuro, T., Shikata, J., Kakutani, Y., Kitsugi, T., Hyakuna, K., Tanaka, H., (1986) Orthop. Res. Sci., 13, p. 633; 
Fujiu, T., Ogino, M., (1984) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 18, p. 845; 
Rehman, I., Bonfield, W., (1997) J. Mat. Sci.: Mater. in Med., 8, p. 1; 
Nyquist, R.A., Putzig, C.L., Leugers, M.A., (1995) Infrared and Raman Spectral Atlas of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts, 3; 
NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology Database; 
Van Raemdonck, W., Ducheyne, P., De Meester, P., (1984) Metal and Ceramic Biomaterials, pp. 143-146. , CRC Press; 
Gibson, I.R., Jha, L.J., Santos, J.D., Best, S.M., Bonfield, W., (1998) Bioceramics, Vol. 11, Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine (New York, NY, USA, November 1998), , edited by R. Z. LeGeros and J. P. LeGeros (World Scientific Publishing Co., USA)
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {1123 - 1127},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the incorporation of silicon on the surface charge of hydroxyapatite (HA) and to assess surface structural changes of HA and Si-HA induced by dissolution in both static and dynamic systems. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that SiO                        4
                        4- groups were substituted for PO
                        4
                        3- groups in the silicon-hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) lattice according to a previously proposed substitution mechanism without the formation of other crystalline phases, such as tricalcium phosphate or calcium oxide. The substituted silicon induced a decrease in the net surface charge and the isoelectric point of HA as determined by zeta potential (ZP) measurements. At physiological pH = 7.4 the surface charge of Si-HA was significantly lowered compared to unmodified HA, i.e. -50 {\textpm}5 to - 71 {\textpm} 5 eV, caused by the presence of silicate groups in the HA lattice, which may account for a faster in vitro apatite formation using SBF testing. XPS results indicated that silicon seems to be preferentially leached out from Si-HA surface compared to other ionic species after dissolution studies in tris-buffer using a dynamic system. {\textcopyright} 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
},
	keywords = {calcium oxide, calcium phosphate, Chemical modification, conference paper, crystal structure, Dissolution, Electric Potential, electricity, hydroxyapatite, in vitro study, isoelectric point, Lime, molecular dynamics, pH, pH measurement, phase transition, phosphate, Phosphorus Compounds, priority journal, reaction analysis, Silicon, Silicon compounds, silicon derivative, structure analysis, surface property, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Zeta potential},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036983515\&partnerID=40\&md5=8bca315737eb24dc8e8f2e2be567c7fc},
	author = {Botelho, C.M. and Lopes, M.A. and Gibson, I.R. and Best, S.M. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2551,
	title = {CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass ceramics containing bioactive phases: crystallisation and in vitro bioactivity studies
},
	journal = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {192-195},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference code: 57760Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Zhang, Y.; Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, (INEB), Porto, PortugalReferences: Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, p. 1487;Kokubo, T., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, p. 75. , L.L. Hench and J.Wilson, Eds., World Scientific Singapore; 
Abe, Y., Naruse, A., Hosoe, M., Fukui, H., Hasegawa, J., (1975) The 1975 Symposium of Biomaterials, p. 202. , Kyoto; 
Reaney, I.M., James, P.F., Lee, W.E., (1996) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Science, 79, pp. 1934-1944; 
Kasuga, T., Abe, Y., (1998) J. Mater. Res., 13, p. 1; 
Vogel, J., Schulze, K.J., Reif, D., Hartmann, P., Platzbecker, U., Leuner, B., (1997) Bioceramics, 10, p. 57. , L. Sedel and C. Rey, Eds., Elsevier Science; 
Hosono, H., Zhang, Z., Abe, Y., (1989) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, p. 1587; 
Zhang, Y., Santos, J.D., Journal of the European Ceramic Society, , In press
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {643 - 646},
	publisher = {Trans Tech Publ},
	address = {Bologna, Italy},
	abstract = {CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass ceramics were prepared using a two-step heat treatment of nucleation and crystal growth using TiO
                        2 and Na
                        2O as nucleating agents. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that bioactive and bioresorbable crystalline phases were precipitated in the microstructure, depending upon the relative content of the additives and of the CaO/P
                        2O
                        5 ratio of the glass. Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 (β-DCP) was the main crystalline phase however β-Ca
                        3(PO
                        4)
                        2 (β-TCP), could also be formed by increasing the content of TiO
                        2 and the CaO/P
                        2O
                        5 ratio. Na and Ti-containing phases, CaTi
                        4(PO
                        4)
                        6, and/or NaTi
                        2(PO
                        4)
                        3, could also be assigned in the XRD spectra. In vitro testing in simulated body fluid (SBF) has proved the in vitro bioactivity of these glass ceramics with the formation of Ca-deficient apatite crystals, as demonstrated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses.
},
	keywords = {Bioactivity, Biomaterials, Ceramic materials, Crystal growth, Crystal microstructure, Crystalline materials, Crystalline phase, Crystallization, glass, Lime, Nucleating agents, Nucleation, Phosphates, Scanning electron microscopy, Simulated body fluid, X ray diffraction analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035154397\&partnerID=40\&md5=f2ba11b17e54efdc1e520c3dfaa6457e},
	author = {Zhang, Y. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2547,
	title = {Microstructural characterization and in vitro apatite formation in CaO-P                    2O
                    5-TiO
                    2-MgO-Na
                    2O glass-ceramics
},
	journal = {Journal of the European Ceramic SocietyJ Eur Ceram Soc},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 14Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JECSEdoi: 10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00202-8Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Zhang, Yong; Inst de Engenharia Biomedica, Porto, PortugalReferences: Hench, L.L., Bioceramics: From concept to clinic (1991) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, pp. 1487-1510;Hench, L.L., Anderson, {\"O}., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, p. 41. , ed. L. L. Hench and J. Wilson. World Scientific, Singapore; 
Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Higashi, S., Kokubo, T., Ito, S., A new glass-ceramic for bone replacement: Evaluation of its bonding to bone tissue (1985) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 19, pp. 685-698; 
H{\"o}land, W., Vogel, W., Nauman, K., Gummel, J., Interface reactions between machinable bioactive glass-ceramics and bone (1985) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 19, pp. 305-312; 
Abe, Y., Naruse, A., Hosoe, M., Fukui, H., Hasegawa, J., Development of calcium phosphate glass-ceramics for biomaterials (1975) The 1975 Symposium on Biomaterials, pp. 202-207. , Kyoto; 
Abe, Y., Calcium phosphate glass-ceramics for biomedical application. . .especially on microporous glass-ceramics (1990) Inter. Forum on Fine Ceramics {\textquoteright}90, pp. 78-82. , Nagoya; 
Kasuga, T., Abe, Y., Novel calcium phosphate ceramics prepared by powder sintering and crystallization of glasses in the pyrophosphate region (1998) J. Mater. Res., 13, pp. 1-4; 
Kasuga, T., Abe, Y., Calcium phosphate invert glasses with soda and titania (1999) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 243, pp. 70-74; 
Hench, L.L., Bioactive ceramics (1988) Bioceramics: Materials Characteristics Versus in Vivo Behavior, pp. 54-71. , ed. P. Ducheyne and J. Lemons. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, New York; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., Formation of a high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic in the system MgO-CaO-SiO 2-P 2O 5 (1986) J. Mater. Sci., 21, pp. 536-540; 
Ohtsuki, C., Kushitani, H., Kokubo, T., Kotani, S., Yamamuro, T., Apatite formation on the surface of Ceravital-type glass-ceramic in the body (1991) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25, pp. 1363-1370; 
Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T., Compositional dependence of bioactivity of glasses in the system CaO-SiO 2- Al 2O 3: Its in vitro evaluation (1992) J. Mater. Sci: Mater. in Med., 3, pp. 119-125; 
Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T., Mechanism of apatite formation on CaO-SiO 2-P 2O 5 glasses in a simulated body fluid (1992) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 143, pp. 84-89; 
Hosono, H., Zhang, Z., Abe, Y., Porous glass-ceramic in the CaO-TiO 2-P 2O 5 system (1989) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, pp. 1587-1590; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Huang, Z.T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., Ca, P-rich layer formed on high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 331-343; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Solution able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes of bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 721-734; 
Rey, C., Fr{\`e}che, M., Heughebaert, M., Heughebaert, J.C., Lacout, J.L., Lebugle, A., Szilagyi, J., Vignoles, M., Apatite chemistry in biomaterial preparation, shaping and biological behavior (1991) Bioceramics, 4, pp. 57-64. , ed. W. Bonfield, G. W. Hastings and K. E. Tanner. Butterworth-Heinemann, London; 
Vogel, J., Schulze, K.-J., Reif, D., Hartmann, P., Platzbecker, U., Leuner, B., Resorbable porous phosphate invert glasses-first in vitro and in vivo results (1997) Bioceramics, 10, pp. 57-60. , ed. L. Sedel and C. Rey. Elsevier Science; 
Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Neo, M., Kotani, S., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Bando, Y., Bone-bonding mechanism of sintered β-3CaO{\textperiodcentered}P 2O 5 (1991) Phosphorus Res. Bulletin, 1, pp. 191-196; 
Neo, M., Nakamura, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatite formation on three kinds of bioactive material at an early stage in vivo: A comparative study by transmission electron microscopy (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, pp. 999-1006; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., Chemical reaction of bioactive glass and glass-ceramics with a simulated body fluid (1992) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. in Med., 3, pp. 79-83; 
Blumenthal, N.C., Mechanism of inhibition of calcification (1989) Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 247, pp. 279-289
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {169 - 175},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {Bulk calcium phosphate glass and glass-ceramic with CaO/P                        2O
                        5 molar ratio = 1.25 were prepared through introducing small amounts of Na
                        2O, MgO, and TiO
                        2 into the glass. Using XRD analysis, biocompatible β-Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 (β-DCP) and more soluble Ca and Na-containing phases were clearly identified in the microstructure. In vitro bioactivity was assessed by immersion testing in SBF-simulated body fluid and apatite crystals were formed after 4 and 8 weeks of soaking. Porous microstructure was produced through dissolution of soluble phases and desirable porous structure may be achieved by controlling size and distribution of these phases and the leaching process. Therefore, this glass-ceramic is expected to be used as bone repair and regeneration implants and drug delivery carrier.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, Bioactivity, Calcium phosphate glass, Ceramic materials, Crystal microstructure, Crystallization, dissociation, glass, Glass ceramics, Leaching, Lime, Magnesia, Phosphorus Compounds, Porous materials, Sodium compounds, Solubility, Titanium dioxide},
	isbn = {09552219 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035254788\&partnerID=40\&md5=cca4a1c77dd23f60f95c77dd79908c88},
	author = {Zhang, Y. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@conference {2614,
	title = {Fracture toughness of hydroxyapatite reinforced with P                    2O
                    5-CaO glasses containing Na
                    2O, K
                    2O and MgO
},
	booktitle = {Transactions of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in conjunction with the International Biomaterials SymposiumTrans Annu Meet Soc Biomater Int Biomater Symp},
	series = {Proceedings of the 1996 5th World Biomaterials Congress. Part 2 (of 2)},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Conference code: 45651Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: TAMSELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, P.L.; INEB, Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {58},
	publisher = {Soc for Biomaterials},
	organization = {Soc for Biomaterials},
	address = {Toronto, Can},
	abstract = {Calcium phosphate materials are widely used in biomedical applications but their poor strength and brittleness limit their use in load bearing applications. To improve their mechanical properties, hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics were reinforced with P                        2O
                        5-CaO based glasses with additions of Na
                        2+, Mg
                        2+ and K
                        + oxides. A composite chemical composition that approaches the inorganic part of bone chemical composition was obtained using HA with calcium phosphate-based glasses. Fracture toughness was significantly enhanced by glass additions, and the decrease in fracture toughness at 1300 and 1350 {\textdegree}C was attributed to grain growth since it significantly increased with sintering temperature.
},
	keywords = {Biomaterials, Bone, Composition effects, Fracture toughness, glass, Grain growth, hardness, Hydroxyapatites, Lime, Magnesia, Phosphate minerals, Potassium compounds, Sodium compounds, Thermal effects},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030409631\&partnerID=40\&md5=d9b6e11fdb55db7fe76d61b3cb90b928},
	author = {Silva, P.L. and Santos, J.D. and Knowles, J.C. and Silva, R.F. and Monteiro, F.J.},
	editor = {Anon}
}
@conference {2617,
	title = {Histological evaluation of two bioactive cements},
	booktitle = {Transactions of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in conjunction with the International Biomaterials SymposiumTrans Annu Meet Soc Biomater Int Biomater Symp},
	series = {Proceedings of the 1996 5th World Biomaterials Congress. Part 2 (of 2)},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Conference code: 45651Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: TAMSELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Vasconcelos, M.; INEB-Inst Eng. Biomedica, Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {61},
	publisher = {Soc for Biomaterials},
	organization = {Soc for Biomaterials},
	address = {Toronto, Can},
	abstract = {Two bioactive bone cements were compared with poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) cement. Cement A was prepared from precipitated hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, using an aqueous solution of Na                        2HPO
                        4. Cement B was prepared by crushing a bioactive glass composed of SiO
                        2, CaO, P
                        2O
                        5 and Na
                        2O. The powder was mixed with NH
                        4H
                        2PO
                        4/(NH
                        4)
                        2 PO
                        4 aqueous solution buffered at pH = 7.4. The bioactive cements exhibited different in vivo behaviors but both performed better than PMMA cement.
},
	keywords = {Bioactive bone cements, bone cement, glass, hydroxyapatite, Ion exchange, Lime, pH, Phosphate minerals, Polymethyl methacrylates, Silica, Sodium compounds, Solutions, Sorption, Tricalcium phosphate},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030421685\&partnerID=40\&md5=14886fa9d05aee6f93ab00abbac772ad},
	author = {Vasconcelos, M. and Afonso, A. and Branco, R. and Planell, J. and Driessens, F. and Cavalheiro, J.},
	editor = {Anon}
}
