



@article {2574,
	title = {CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass hydroxyapatite double-layer plasma-sprayed coating: In vitro bioactivity evaluation
},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 31Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990615)45:4<376::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-SLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Departamento Engenharia Metalurgica, FEUP, Universidade do Porto, R. dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; Calcium, 7440-70-2; CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Phosphates; Powders; Resin Cements; Solutions; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Denissen, H., Mangano, C., Venini, G., (1985) Hydroxylapatite Implants., , Padua: Piccin Nuova Libraria, S.P.A;Van Raemdonck, W., Ducheyne, P., De Meester, P., Calcium phosphate ceramics (1984) Metal and Ceramic Biomaterials, pp. 143-166. , Ducheyne P, Hastings GW, editors, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 
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Rey, C., Froche, M., Heughebaert, M., Heughebaert, J.C., Lacout, J.L., Vignoles, M., Apatite chemistry in biomaterial preparation, shaping and biological behaviour (1991) Fourth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 4, pp. 57-60. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, editors. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 
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Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Liquid phase sintering of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions: Structure and properties of the composites (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 348-352; 
Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Kokubo, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: Improvement in adhesion to substrate by HC1 treatment (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 319-326; 
Neo, M., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Bando, Y., A comparative study of ultrastructures of the interfaces between four kinds of surface-active ceramic and bone (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 1419-1432; 
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Verhoeven, J.A.T., Van Doveren, H., An XPS investigation of the interface of methane, ethyne, ethene and ethane with barium surface (1982) Surf Sci, 123, pp. 369-383
},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {376 - 383},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P
                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
},
	keywords = {alloy, Alloys, Apatite, article, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomic spectroscopy, Bioactivity, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Biomedical engineering, Body fluids, Calcium, Calcium Compounds, CaO SiO2 P2O5 CaF2 glass, CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass, Chemical analysis, chemical composition, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Double layer coatings, Double-layer coatings, Durapatite, film, glass, Glass plasma spraying, human, Humans, hydroxyapatite, immersion, implant, in vitro study, Ionic solution changes, Magnesium, materials testing, Molybdenum blue, Multilayers, Particle Size, phosphate, Phosphate minerals, Phosphates, Phosphorus Compounds, phosphorus pentoxide, Plasma spraying, potassium, powder, Powders, resin cement, Resin Cements, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium, solution and solubility, Solutions, structure analysis, Substrates, Surface Properties, surface property, thickness, Tissue, Titanium, titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), Titanium alloys, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033563315\&partnerID=40\&md5=8c0de1e25709302641b203efac50337b},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2577,
	title = {In vitro osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow cells in the presence of metal ions},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1999},
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},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {176 - 190},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {For periods up to 21 days human bone marrow was cultured in control conditions that favor the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells. The effect of AISI 316L corrosion products and the corresponding major separate metal ions (Fe, Cr, and Ni) were studied in three different phases of the culture period in order to investigate the effects of metal ions in cell populations representative of osteoblastic cells in different stages of differentiation. Toxicity consequences of the presence of metal ions in bone marrow cultures were evaluated by biochemical parameters (enzymatic reduction of MTT, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total protein content), histochemical assays (identification of ALP-positive cells and Ca and phosphates deposits), and observation of the cultures by light and scanning electron microscopy. Culture media were analyzed for total and ionized Ca and P and also for metal ions (Fe, Cr, and Ni). The presence of AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt in bone marrow cultures during the first and second weeks of culture significantly disturbs the normal behavior of these cultures, interfering in the lag phase and exponential phase of cell growth and ALP expression. However, the presence of these species during the third week of culture, when expression of osteoblastic functions occurs (mineralization process), did not result in any detectable effect. Fe salt also disturbs the behavior of bone marrow cell cultures when present during the lag phase and proliferation phase, and a somewhat compromised response between the normal pattern (control cultures) and intense inhibition (AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt-added cultures) was observed. Fe did not affect the progression of the mineralization phase. Osteogenic cultures exposed to Cr salt (Cr                        3+) presented a pattern similar to the controls, indicating that this element does not interfere, in the concentration studied, in the osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells. Quantification of metal ions in the culture media showed that Cr (originated from AISI 316L corrosion products but from not Cr
                        3+ salt) and Ni (originated from AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt) appear to be retained by the bone marrow cultures.
For periods up to 21 days human bone marrow was cultured in control conditions that favor the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells. The effect of AISI 316L corrosion products and the corresponding major separate metal ions (Fe, Cr, and Ni) were studied in three different phases of the culture period in order to investigate the effects of metal ions in cell populations representative of osteoblastic cells in different stages of differentiation. Toxicity consequences of the presence of metal ions in bone marrow cultures were evaluated by biochemical parameters (enzymatic reduction of MTT, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total protein content), histochemical assays (identification of ALP-positive cells and Ca and phosphates deposits), and observation of the cultures by light and scanning electron microscopy. Culture media were analyzed for total and ionized Ca and P and also for metal ions (Fe, Cr, and Ni). The presence of AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt in bone marrow cultures during the first and second weeks of culture significantly disturbs the normal behavior of these cultures, interfering in the lag phase and exponential phase of cell growth and ALP expression. However, the presence of these species during the third week of culture, when expression of osteoblastic functions occurs (mineralization process), did not result in any detectable effect. Fe salt also disturbs the behavior of bone marrow cell cultures when present during the lag phase and proliferation phase, and a somewhat compromised response between the normal pattern (control cultures) and intense inhibition (AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt-added cultures) was observed. Fe did not affect the progression of the mineralization phase. Osteogenic cultures exposed to Cr salt (Cr
                        3+) presented a pattern similar to the controls, indicating that this element does not interfere, in the concentration studied, in the osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells. Quantification of metal ions in the culture media showed that Cr (originated from AISI 316L corrosion products but from not Cr
                        3+ salt) and Ni (originated from AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt) appear to be retained by the bone marrow cultures.
},
	keywords = {alkaline phosphatase, Alloys, article, Batch cell culture, Biocompatible Materials, biotechnology, Bone, Bone cells, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, bone mineralization, bone prosthesis, Calcium, Cell culture, cell differentiation, Cell Division, cell population, Cells, Cultured, Chromium, controlled study, Corrosion, Corrosion products, Cytotoxicity, Differentiation, human, human cell, Human osteoblast-like cells, Humans, Implants (surgical), Ions, Iron, joint prosthesis, materials testing, metal ion, Metal ions, Metals, Nickel, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, phosphorus, Prostheses and Implants, Proteins, Stainless steel, Steel corrosion, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033080559\&partnerID=40\&md5=721fda55da342bbc327b233d73789014},
	author = {Morais, S. and Dias, N. and Sousa, J.P. and Fernandes, M.H. and Carvalho, G.S.}
}
@article {2603,
	title = {Influence of substrate material and surface finishing on the morphology of the calcium-phosphate coating},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. BIOMED. MATER. RES.},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 11Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199707)36:1<85::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-IPubMed ID: 9212392Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB, FEUP, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; alpha-tricalcium phosphate; Aluminum, 7429-90-5; Biocompatible Materials; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, 7757-93-9; Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; Iron, 7439-89-6; Isotonic Solutions; monocalcium phosphate; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1; tetracalcium phosphate; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Fujishiro, Y., Sato, T., Okuwaki, A., Coating of hydroxyapatite on metal plates using thermal dissociation of calcium-EDTA chelate in phosphate solutions under hydrothermal conditions (1995) Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 172-176;Shirkhanzadeh, M., Calcium phosphate coatings prepared by electrocrystallization from aqueous electrolytes (1995) J. Mater, Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 90-93; 
De Groot, K., Ceramics of calcium phosphates (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, p. 100. , K. de Groot (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
Leit{\~a}o, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., In vitro calcification of orthopaedic implant materials (1995) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 849-852; 
Ducheyne, P., Radin, S., Ishikawa, K., The rate of calcium phosphate precipitation on metal and ceramics, and the relationship to bioactivity (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 213-218. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Heathcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Li, P., (1993) In Vitro and in Vivo Calcium Phosphate Induction on Gel Oxides, , Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University; 
Kokubo, T., Bioactivity of glasses and glass ceramics (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 31-46. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Healthcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Kokubo, T., Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatitepolymer composites prepared by biomimetic process: Improvement of adhesion of apatite to polymer by glow-discharge treatment (1993) Bioceramics, 6, pp. 327-332. , P. Ducheyne and D. Christiansen (eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom; 
Hanawa, T., Titanium and its oxide film: A substrate for forming apatite (1991) Proceedings of the Bone Biomaterial Interface Workshop, pp. 49-61. , Toronto, Dec., 1990, J. E. Davies (ed.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Calcium phosphate naturally formed on titanium in electrolyte solution (1991) Biomaterials, 12, pp. 767-774; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Characterization of surface film formed on titanium in electrolyte using XPS (1992) Appl. Surface Sci., 55, pp. 269-276; 
Radin, S.R., Ducheyne, P., The effect of calcium phosphate ceramic composition and structure on in vivo behavior. II. Precipitation (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, pp. 35-45
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {85 - 90},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti- 6A1-4V, Ti-A1-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-A1-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Al-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Al-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.
},
	keywords = {Alloys, Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphate coatings, Calcium phosphates, Coatings, Finishing, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Implants (surgical), Iron, Isotonic Solutions, materials testing, metal implantation, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, morphology, Phosphates, Stainless steel, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface testing, Surface treatment, Time Factors, Titanium, Titanium alloys, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031195147\&partnerID=40\&md5=07a9f4ca9de83fbb3c66a25cfea71228},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2625,
	title = {Effect of hydroxyapatite thickness on metal ion release from Ti6Al4V substrates},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBIOMATERIALS},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 62Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)89655-4PubMed ID: 8938233Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Sousa, S.R.; INEB, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; Biocompatible Materials; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Barbosa, M.A., Electrochemical impedance studies on calcium phosphate-metal interfaces (1991) Bioceramics, 4, pp. 325-333. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, eds. London: Butterworth-Heinemann;Sousa, S.R., Barbosa, M.A., Electrochemistry of AISI 316L stainless steel in calcium phosphate and protein solutions (1991) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 2, pp. 19-26; 
Sousa, S.R., Barbosa, M.A., Corrosion resistance of titanium cp in saline physiological solutions with calcium phosphate and proteins (1993) Clin Mater, 14, pp. 287-294; 
Li, P., De Groot, K., Calcium phosphate formation within sol-gel prepared titania in vitro and in vivo (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 1495-1500; 
Li, P., Kangasniemi, I., De Groot, K., Bonelike hydroxyapatitc induction by a gel-derived titania and a titanium substrate (1994) J Am Ceram Soc, 77, pp. 1307-1312; 
Ducheyne, P., Healy, K.E., The effect of plasma-sprayed calcium phosphate ceramic coatings on the metal ion release from porous titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys (1988) J Biomed Mater Res, 22, pp. 1137-1163; 
Weng, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Li, X., Thermal decomposition of hydroxyapatite structure induced by titanium and its dioxide (1994) J Mater Sci Lett, 13, pp. 159-161; 
Castro Ribeiro, C., Barbosa, M.A., Influence of metal ions on the dissolution behaviour of hydroxyapatite (1991) Bioceramics, 4, pp. 145-153. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, eds. Butterworth-Heinemann; 
ASTM G61-86, standard test method for: Conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements for localized corrosion susceptibility of iron, nickel, or cobalt based alloys (1989) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, pp. 345-361. , 03.02. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; 
ASTM G 31-72 e1, standard practice for: Laboratory immersion corrosion testing of metals (1989) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, pp. 176-186. , 03.02. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; 
Barbosa, M.A., Surface layers and the reactivity of metallic implants (1992) Biomaterials - Hard Tissue Repair and Replacement, pp. 257-283. , Muster D et al. ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 
Rivero, D.P., Fox, J., Skipor, A.K., Urban, R.M., Galante, J.O., Calcium phosphate-coated porous titanium implants for enhanced skeletal fixation (1988) J Biomed Mater Res, 22, pp. 191-201; 
Oonishi, H., Yamamoto, M., Ishimaru, H., The effect of hydroxyapatite coating on bone growth into porous titanium alloy implants (1989) J Bone Joint Surg, 71 B, pp. 213-216; 
Bourne, R.B., Rorabeck, C.H., Burkar, B., Kirk, P.G., Ingrowth surfaces - Plasma spray coating to titanium alloy hip replacements (1994) Clin Orthop Rel Res, 298, pp. 37-46; 
Oonishi, H., Noda, T., Ito, S., Effect of hydroxyapatite coatings on bone growth into porous titanium alloy implants under loaded conditions (1994) J Appl Biomater, 5, pp. 23-37; 
Moroni, A., Caja, V.L., Egger, E.L., Trinchese, L., Chao, E.Y.S., Histomorphometry of hydroxyapatite coated and uncoated porous titanium bone implants (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 926-930; 
Bloebaum, R.D., DuPont, J.A., Osteolysis from a press-fit hydroxyapatite-coated implant (1993) J Arthroplasty, 8, pp. 195-202; 
Bloebaum, R.D., Beeks, D., Dorr, L.D., Savory, C.G., DuPont, J.A., Hofmann, A.A., Complications with hydroxyapatite particulate separation in total hip arthroplasty (1994) Clin Orthop, 298, pp. 19-26; 
Klein, C.P.A.T., Patka, P., Wolke, J.G.C., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., De Groot, K., Long-term in vivo study of plasma-sprayed coatings on titanium alloys of tetracalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and α-tricalcium phosphate (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 146-160; 
Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Stability of hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed coated Ti-6Al-4V under cyclic bending in simulated physiological solutions (1994) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 5, pp. 457-462; 
Wang, B.C., Lee, T.M., Chang, E., Yang, C.Y., The shear strength and the failure mode of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coating to bone: The effect of coating thickness (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 1315-1327; 
Tranquilli Leali, P., Merolli, A., Palmacci, O., Gabbi, C., Cacchiolo, A., Gonizzi, G., Evaluation of different preparations of plasma-spray hydroxyapatite coating on titanium alloy and duplex stainless steel in the rabbit (1994) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 5, pp. 345-349
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {397 - 404},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {The electrochemical dissolution behaviour of Ti6Al4V alloy coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) by plasma spraying was studied in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and compared with that of polished and grit-blasted passivated surfaces. Two different nominal thicknesses of HA (50 and 200 μm) were used. Taking a polished passivated surface as reference, grit blasting of the substrate increased the electrical charge used in the oxidation of Ti6Al4V alloy at constant potential, as a result of increased surface area. However, only HA coatings with a thickness of 200 μm were capable of reducing the charge to values lower than those measured for polished surfaces. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has also shown that only 200 μm thick coatings are effective in reducing the oxidation rate of the substrate. Furthermore, in potentiostatic experiments the 50 μm thick coating detached from the substrate, which did not occur with the 200 μm thick coating. However, after 6 months immersion in HBSS, detachment occurred in some regions of both coatings. No titanium, aluminium or vanadium were detected in solution by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. These data indicate that HA is an effective barrier to metal ion release, even for the thinner coatings, due to formation of metal phosphates or to incorporation of metal ions in the HA structure.The electrochemical dissolution behaviour of Ti6Al4V alloy coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) by plasma spraying was studied in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and compared with that of polished and grit-blasted passivated surfaces. Two different nominal thicknesses of HA (50 and 200 μm) were used. Taking a polished passivated surface as reference, grit blasting of the substrate increased the electrical charge used in the oxidation of Ti6Al4V alloy at constant potential, as a result of increased surface area. However, only HA coatings with a thickness of 200 μm were capable of reducing the charge to values lower than those measured for polished surfaces. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has also shown that only 200 μm thick coatings are effective in reducing the oxidation rate of the substrate. Furthermore, in potentiostatic experiments the 50 μm thick coating detached from the substrate, which did not occur with the 200 μm thick coating. However, after 6 months immersion in HBSS, detachment occurred in some regions of both coatings. No titanium, aluminium or vanadium were detected in solution by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. These data indicate that HA is an effective barrier to metal ion release, even for the thinner coatings, due to formation of metal phosphates or to incorporation of metal ions in the HA structure.
},
	keywords = {Absorption spectroscopy, Alloys, Aluminum, article, Atomic spectroscopy, balanced salt solution, Bioactive coatings, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, Calcium Compounds, Dissolution, Durapatite, Electric charge, Electrochemical dissolution, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, Hank balanced salt solution, hydroxyapatite, Ion release, Ions, metal ion, Metal ion release, Metal phosphates, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oxidation, Plasma spraying, potentiometry, priority journal, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Spectroscopy, Substrates, thickness, Thickness effect, Time Factors, Titanium, Titanium alloys, vanadium},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030087995\&partnerID=40\&md5=ec5e4bddc601b37b0dbe58029dd679d4},
	author = {Sousa, S.R. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
