



@article {2586,
	title = {Adhesion and microstructural characterization of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite/glass ceramic coatings onto Ti-6Al-4V substrates},
	journal = {Surface and Coatings TechnologySurf. Coat. Technol.},
	volume = {102},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 41Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, P.L.; INEB-Inst. de Engenharia Biomedica, Pra{\c c}a Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalReferences: Aoki, H., (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, p. 165. , Takayama Press System Center, JAAS, Tokyo;Barney, V.C., Levin, M.P., Adams, D.F., (1986) J. Periodont., 57, p. 764; 
Ducheyne, P., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Appl. Biomater., 21, p. 219; 
Legeros, R.Z., (1988) Adv. Dent. Res., 2, p. 164; 
Williams, D., (1986) Medical and Dental Materials, , Pergamon Press; 
Akao, M., Haoki, K., Kato, (1981) J. Mater. Sci., 16, p. 809; 
With, G., Van Dijk, H., Hattu, N., Prijs, K., (1981) J. Mater. Sci., 16, p. 1592; 
Santos, J.D., Silva, P.L., Knowles, J.C., Monteiro, F.J., (1996) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 7, p. 187; 
Rey, C., (1990) Biomateriais, 11, p. 14; 
Evans, G., Behiri, J., Currey, J., Bonfield, B., (1990) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1, p. 38; 
Matejka, D., Benko, B., (1989) Plasma Spraying of Metallic Materials, , Wiley, New York; 
Brown, S.D., (1984) Thin Sol. Films, 119, p. 127; 
Mittal, K.L., Adhesion Measurement of Thin Films, Thick Films and Bulk Coatings, , ASTM STP 840; 
ASTM D 1002, standard test method for strength properties of adhesive in shear by tension loading (1983) Annual Book of ASTM Standards; 
ASTM C 633-79, standard test method for adhesion or cohesive strength of flame sprayed coatings (1979) Annual Book of ASTM Standards Section 2; 
Ruiz, J., Gonz{\'a}lez, J.A., (1984) Rev. Metal., 20 (1). , Madrid
},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {191 - 196},
	abstract = {Commercial hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2, powders were reinforced with 4\% of a CaO-P
                        2O
                        5 based glass during its sintering process. Double layered coatings were obtained by Plasma Spraying and composed of 50 μm commercial HA, followed by a 50 μm (HA)/P
                        2O
                        5-CaO based glass composite coating. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and it was shown that they were constituted of an HA matrix with small traces of tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) phase. The XRD spectra were quite similar to those of commercial HA coatings. For coating to substrate adhesion two different tests were performed: adhesion tests according to ASTM C 633-79 and ASTM D 1002-83 standards. Higher values were obtained for ASTM C 633-79 than for ASTM D 1002-83, 35 and 15 MPa, respectively. This behavior is discussed in terms of the different stress effort applied to specimens. The results obtained with ASTM C 633-79 show that these double layered satisfy the stress requirements for load bearing biomedical applications. {\textcopyright} 1998 Published by Elsevier Science S.A.
},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Ceramic coatings, Characterization, coating, Hydroxyapatite glass ceramic coatings, materials testing, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Phosphates, Plasma spraying, Stresses, Titanium aluminum vanadium substrates, X ray diffraction analysis, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {02578972 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032047796\&partnerID=40\&md5=17fc09096386c9573405b63de4522e69},
	author = {Silva, P.L. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J. and Knowles, J.C.}
}
@article {2609,
	title = {Mineralization in serially passaged human alveolar bone cells},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 22Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018598430983Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; Faculdade de Medicina Dentaria, Rua do Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, PortugalReferences: Spector, M., Cease, C., Tong, X., (1989) Crit. Rev. Biocompat., 5, p. 269;Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Bakker, D., Hesseling, S.C., Koerten, H.K., (1991) Biomaterials, 12, p. 187; 
Galante, J.O., Lemons, J., Spector, M., Wilson Jr., P.D., Wright, T.M., (1991) J. Orthop. Res., 9, p. 760; 
Bagambisa, F.B., Kappert, H.F., Schilli, W., (1994) J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 5, p. 52; 
Bruijn, J.D., Bovell, Y.D., Blitterwijk, C.A., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 543; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., (1991) Bone and Mineral, 14, p. 27; 
Davies, J.E., Chernecky, R., Loweenberg, B., Shiga, A., (1991) Cells and Materials, 1, p. 3; 
Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.E., Flach, J.S., De Groot, K., Blitterwijk, C.A., (1992) Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 252, p. 63; 
Puleo, D.A., Bizios, R., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 291; 
Bruijn, J.D., Klein, C.P., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 1365; 
Bruijn, J.D., Klein, C.P., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1993) Cells and Materials, 3, p. 407; 
Shen, X., Roberts, E., Peel, S.A., Davies, J.E., (1993) Cells and Materials, 3, p. 257; 
Meyer, U., Szulczewski, D.H., Moller, K., Heide, H., Jones, D.B., (1993) Cells and Materials, 3, p. 129; 
Meyer, U., Szulczewski, D.H., Brackhaus, R.H., Atkinson, M., Jones, D.B., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 917; 
Bizios, R., (1994) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 43, p. 582; 
Gotoh, Y., Hiraiwa, K., Nagayama, M., (1990) Bone and Mineral, 8, p. 23; 
Berstein, A., Bernauer, I., Marx, R., Geurtsen, W., (1992) Biomaterials, 13, p. 98; 
Schmiddt, R., Kulbe, K.D., (1993) Bone and Mineral, 20, p. 211; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., (1988) Cell Tissue Res., 254, p. 317; 
Benayahu, D., Kletter, Y., Zipori, D., Wientroub, S., (1989) J. Cell Physiol., 140, p. 1; 
Wong, M.-M., Rao, L.G., Ly, H., Hamilton, L., Tong, J., Sturtridge, W., Mcbroom, R., Murray, T.M., (1990) J. Bone Miner. Res., 5, p. 803; 
Leboy, P.S., Beresford, J.N., Devlin, C., Owen, M.E., (1991) J. Cell Physiol., 146, p. 370; 
Shalhoub, V., Conlon, D., Tassinari, M., Quinn, C., Partridge, N., Stein, G.S., Lian, J.B., (1992) J. Cell Biochem., 50, p. 425; 
Cheng, S.-L., Yang, J.W., Rifas, L., Zhang, S.-F., Avioli, L.V., (1994) Endocrinology, 134, p. 277; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.M.N., (1991) Bone and Mineral, 14, p. 27; 
Satomura, K., Nagayama, M., (1991) Acta Anat., 142, p. 97; 
Van Straalen, J.P., Sanders, E., Prummel, M.F., Sanders, G.T.B., (1991) Clin. Chem. Acta, 201, p. 27; 
Aufmkolk, B., Hauschka, P.V., Schwartz, E.R., (1987) Calcif. Tissue Int., 37, p. 228
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {61 - 65},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Well-characterized human bone cell cultures have been regarded as a useful tool to study bone control mechanisms and also to analyse bone/biomaterials interactions. In the present study, human alveolar bone cells were cultured in a-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) containing 10\% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium β-glycerophosphate and either in the presence or in the absence of 10 nM dexamethasone (Dexa). Cultures were characterized concerning cell viability/proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartraric acid resistant phosphatase (TRAP) activities, and formation of mineralized areas. Cell proliferation increased gradually for approximately 20 days. In the presence of Dexa, cells formed isolated or interconnected multilayered clusters that increased with culture time. Histochemical assays revealed strong positive reactions for ALP and calcium and phosphates deposits, mainly in relation to cells associated with the clusters. High levels of ALP activity (biochemical determination) were observed. Cells cultured in the absence of Dexa showed significantly lower ALP activity and no calcium and phosphates deposits were present. Serially passaged cells kept the proliferation rate constant but a decrease in ALP activity was observed either in the presence or in the absence of Dexa. The ability to form mineralized areas (cultures fed with Dexa) also decreased on serial subculture.Well-characterized human bone cell cultures have been regarded as a useful tool to study bone control mechanisms and also to analyse bone/biomaterials interactions. In the present study, human alveolar bone cells were cultured in α-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) containing 10\% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium β-glycerophosphate and either in the presence or in the absence of 10 nM dexamethasone (Dexa). Cultures were characterized concerning cell viability/proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartaric acid resistant phosphatase (TRAP) activities, and formation of mineralized areas. Cell proliferation increased gradually for approximately 20 days. In the presence of Dexa, cells formed isolated or interconnected multilayered clusters that increased with culture time. Histochemical assays revealed strong positive reactions for ALP and calcium and phosphates deposits, mainly in relation to cells associated with the clusters. High levels of ALP activity (biochemical determination) were observed. Cells cultured in the absence of Dexa showed significantly lower ALP activity and no calcium and phosphates deposits were present. Serially passaged cells kept the proliferation rate constant but a decrease in ALP activity was observed either in the presence or in the absence of Dexa. The ability to form mineralized areas (cultures fed with Dexa) also decreased on serial subculture.
},
	keywords = {Acid phosphatase, Acid resistance, alkaline phosphatase, alveolar bone, article, ascorbic acid, Bioassay, Biocompatibility, Biomaterials, Bone, bone cell, Bovinae, Cell culture, cell proliferation, Characterization, Chemical reactions, controlled study, culture medium, dexamethasone, Foetal bovine serum, glycerophosphate, Histochemical assays, histochemistry, human, Human alveolar bone cells, human cell, mineralization, Minimal essential medium, Phosphates, priority journal, Proteins, tartaric acid, Tartraric acid resistant phosphatase, Tissue culture},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031081528\&partnerID=40\&md5=2c2c8ad80457e512ebcefac13930c670},
	author = {Fernandes, M.H. and Costa, M.A. and Carvalho, G.S.}
}
@article {2619,
	title = {Characterization of apatite layer formation on P                    2O
                    5-CaO, P
                    2O
                    5-CaO- Na
                    2O, and P
                    2O
                    5-CaO-Na
                    },
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. BIOMED. MATER. RES.},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 20Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199608)31:4<481::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-HPubMed ID: 8836844Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Jha, L.J.; IRC in Biomedical Materials, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United KingdomChemicals/CAS: HydroxyapatitesReferences: Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Oka, M., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Surface reactions of calcium phosphate ceramics to various solutions (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 471-488;Ebisawa, Y., Kokubo, T., Ohura, K., Yamamuro, T., Bioactivity of CaO{\textperiodcentered}SiO 2-based glasses: In vitro evaluation (1990) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 1, pp. 239-244; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., Chemical reaction of bioactive glass and glass ceramics with a simulated body fluid (1992) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 3, pp. 79-83; 
Li, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Kokubo, T., The effect of residual glassy phase in a bioactive glass-ceramic on the formation of its surface apatite layer in vitro (1992) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 3, pp. 452-456; 
Ohtsuki, C., Aoki, Y., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Characterization of apatite layer formed on bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1992) Bioceramics, 5, pp. 87-94. , T. Yamamuro, T. Kokubo, and T. Nakamura (eds.), Kokunshi Kankokai, Japan; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Effects of ions dissolved from bioactive glass-ceramic on surface apatite formation (1993) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 4, pp. 1-4; 
Kohri, M., Miki, K., Waite, D., Nakajima, H., Okabe, T., In vitro stability of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 299-304; 
Andersson, O.H., Kangasniemi, I., Calcium phosphate formation at the surface of bioactive glass in vitro (1991) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25, pp. 1019-1030; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, pp. 721-734; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Bonfield, W., "Sintered hydroxyapatite compositions and method for the preparation thereof," British Patent No. 9,213,774.4 (1993)Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Monteiro, F.J., Microstructural characterisation of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Development of a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite with enhanced mechanical properties: Physical properties and in vitro studies (1992) Bioceramics, 5, pp. 35-41. , T. Yamamuro, T. Kokubo, and T. Nakamura (eds.), Kokunshi Kankokai, Japan; 
Knowles, J.C., Abrahams, I., Bonfield, W., Effect of reinforcing glass composition on phase transformation and crystallographic parameters in hydroxyapatite (1993) Bioceramics, 6, pp. 191-196. , P. Ducheyne and D. Christiansen (eds.), Butterworth Heinemann, New York; 
Knowles, J.C., Bonfield, W., Development of a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite with enhanced mechanical properties. The effect of glass composition on mechanical properties and its relationship to phase changes (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, pp. 1591-1598; 
Burnie, J., Gilchrist, T., Controlled release glass (C.R.C.) - A new biomaterial (1983) Ceramics in Surgery, pp. 169-176. , P. Vincenzini (ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., Study of surface modifications by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites in a simulated physiological solution (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 521-526; 
Rehman, I., Hench, L.L., Bonfield, W., Comparison of hydroxycarbonate apatite layers on bioactive glasses with human bone (1993) Bioceramics, 6, pp. 123-128. , P. Ducheyne and D. Christiansen (eds.), Butterworth Heinemann, New York; 
Landis, W.J., Martin, J.R., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy applied to gold-decorated mineral standards of biological interest (1984) J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A2, p. 1108; 
Swift, P., Adventitious carbon - The panacea for energy referencing? (1982) Surface Interface Anal., 4, pp. 47-51; 
Clark, D.T., Thomas, H.R., Applications of ESCA to polymer chemistry. XVII. Systematic investigation of the core levels of single homopolymers (1978) J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 16, pp. 791-820; 
Verhoeven, J.A., Van Doveren, H., An XPS investigation of the interface of methane, ethyne, ethene, and ethane with barium surface (1982) Surface Sci., 123, pp. 369-383
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {481 - 486},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {P                        2O
                        5-based glass hydroxyapatite (HA) composites denoted HA-2 oxide, HA-3 oxide, and HA-4 oxide, were immersed in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution for a period of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 37{\textdegree}C in nonagitated condition for in vitro evaluation. A surface layer was precipitated on the composites that was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelecton spectroscopy, and thin film X-ray diffractometry (TF-XRD). SEM micrographs showed complete coverage of the composite surface by crystallites after immersion of 1 week in the solution, which grew thicker with respect to immersion time. The binding energies measured by XPS indicated apatite formation and the presence of carbonate on the composite surface, showing the newly formed layer was a carbonated apatite. Confirmation of the formed apatite layer was obtained by TF-XRD.
                        2O
                        5-based glass hydroxyapatite (HA) composites denoted HA-2 oxide, HA-3 oxide, and HA-4 oxide, were immersed in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution for a period of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 37{\textdegree}C in nonagitated condition for in vitro evaluation. A surface layer was precipitated on the composites that was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thin film X-ray diffractometry (TF-XRD). SEM micrographs showed complete coverage of the composite surface by crystallites after immersion of 1 week in the solution, which grew thicker with respect to immersion time. The binding energies measured by XPS indicated apatite formation and the presence of carbonate on the composite surface, showing the newly formed layer was a carbonated apatite. Confirmation of the formed apatite layer was obtained by TF-XRD.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, article, binding affinity, Biomaterials, bone strength, Calcium Compounds, Carbonates, Ceramic materials, Characterization, chemical composition, Composite materials, Crystallites, electron microscopy, glass, Glass hydroxyapatite composites, Hank balanced salt solution, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatites, immersion, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Molecular Structure, Oxides, prosthesis material, Scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, Spectrum Analysis, Thin film X ray diffractometry, Thin films, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030222031\&partnerID=40\&md5=1cba84bf7d0e93a4e3a3808849398c78},
	author = {Jha, L.J. and Santos, J.D. and Knowles, J.C.}
}
@article {2621,
	title = {Crystallinity and structural changes in HA plasma-sprayed coatings induced by cyclic loading in physiological media},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 13Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/BF00122009Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Reis, R.L.; Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, FEUP, Univ. of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalReferences: Ji, H., Marquis, P.M., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 64;Pfaff, H.G., Willmann, G., Henne, R., (1993) Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Biomaterials, p. 110. , Davos, Switzerland, 1993, edited by B. Rahn (European Society for Biomaterials); 
Brown, S.D., (1984) Thin Solid Films, 119, p. 127; 
Geesink, R.G.T., (1988), PhD thesis, Univ. Leiden, The NetherlandsVan Blitterswijk, C.A., Grote, J.J., Kuypers, W., Blok-Van Hoek, C.J.G., Daems, W.Th., (1985) Biomaterials, 6, p. 243; 
Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., (1991) Bioceramics 4, p. 145. , edited by W. Bonfield, G. W. Hastings and K. Tanner (Butterworth-Heinemann London); 
Ducheyne, P., Healy, K.E., (1988) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 22, p. 1137; 
Whitehead, R.Y., Lucas, L.C., Lacefield, W.R., (1993) Clin. Mater., 12, p. 31; 
De Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.E., Flach, J.S., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1992) Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Biomaterials - Workshop on Biomaterials and Tissue Interactions, p. 23. , edited by U. Gross (Berlin); 
Morita, M., Sasada, T., Hayashi, H., Tsukamoto, Y., (1988) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 22, p. 529; 
Brown, S.A., Farsnworth, L.J., Merritt, K., Crowe, T.D., (1988) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 22, p. 321; 
Kummer, F., Jaffe, W., (1992) J. Appl. Biomater., 3, p. 211; 
Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Garrido, A., (1992) Bioceramics 5, p. 25. , Kyoto, November, 1992, edited by T. Yamamura, T. Kokubo and T. Nakamura (Kobunshi Kankokai, Tokyo); 
Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., (1993) Bioceramics 6, p. 413. , Philadelphia, USA, 1993, edited by P. Ducheyne and D. Christiansen (Butterworth-Heinemann. New York); 
Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1994) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 5, p. 457; 
Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., (1995) Proceedings of the NATO/ASI on Materials Science and Implant Orthopaedic Surgery II, p. 163. , Chania, Greesce, June 1994. edited by R. Kossowsky and N. Kossowsky (May, NATO/ASI series E: Applied Sciences, Kluwer Press, Amsterdam); 
Ji, H., Ponton, C.B., Marquis, P.M., (1992) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 3, p. 283; 
Weng, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Ma, Z., Ji, X., Zyman, Z., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 578; 
De Groot, K., Klein, C.A.P.T., Wolke, J.G.C., Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., (1990) Handbook of Bio-active Ceramics, 2, p. 133. , edited by T. Yamamuro, L. L. Hench and J. Wilson (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL); 
Del{\'e}crin, J., Szumuckler-Moncler, S., Daculsi, G., Rieu, J., Duquet, B., (1991) Bioceramics 4, p. 311. , London, September, 1991, edited by W. Bonfield, G. W. Hastings and K. E. Tanner (Butterworth-Heinemann, London); 
De Bruijn, J.D., Flach, J.S., Leenders, H., Van der Brink, J., Van Blitterswijk, C., (1992) Bioceramics 5, p. 259. , Kyoto, November, 1992, edited by T. Yamamura, T. Kokubo and T. Nakamura (Kobunshi Kankokai, Tokyo)
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {407 - 411},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {In this study hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed Ti-6A1-4V was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) after being cyclically loaded, while immersed in two different testing environments: Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and an isotonic saline solution (0.15m NaCl). An original method was developed to test these systems under cyclic bending, while immersed in the testing solution. The crystallinity of the coating was calculated, before and after testing. Crystallinity changes were related to coating dissolution rates, measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and by a photocolourimetric method using ascorbic acid. Structural changes induced either by the plasma-spraying procedure or due to corrosion-fatigue tests, namely a preferential dissolution of the coating{\textquoteright}s amorphous phase, were also found in X-ray diffraction patterns. Long-term immersion tests, without any applied load, were carried out for assessing cyclic loading effects. An immersion for 2 years in static conditions was found to be equivalent to a cyclic test of 27.8 h in the same solution, as measured by the changes on the coating structure and by the amount of coating material lost to the solution.In this study hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed Ti-6Al-4V was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) after being cyclically loaded, while immersed in two different testing environments: Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and an isotonic saline solution (0.15M NaCl). An original method was developed to test these systems under cyclic bending, while immersed in the testing solution. The crystallinity of the coating was calculated, before and after testing. Crystallinity changes were related to coating dissolution rates, measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and by a photocolourimetric method using ascorbic acid. Structural changes induced either by the plasma-spraying procedure or due to corrosion-fatigue tests, namely a preferential dissolution of the coating{\textquoteright}s amorphous phase, were also found in X-ray diffraction patterns. Long-term immersion tests, without any applied load, were carried out for assessing cyclic loading effects. An immersion for 2 years in static conditions was found to be equivalent to a cyclic test of 27.8 h in the same solution, as measured by the changes on the coating structure and by the amount of coating material lost to the solution.
},
	keywords = {Absorption spectroscopy, article, ascorbic acid, atomic absorption spectrometry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, balanced salt solution, Bending (deformation), Calculations, Characterization, Corrosion fatigue tests, crystal structure, Crystallinity, Cyclic bending, Dissolution, Fatigue testing, Hanks balanced salt solution, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite plasma sprayed coatings, immersion, implant, Isotonic saline solution, loading test, Long term immersion tests, materials testing, Modification, Photocolourimetric method, photometry, Plasma spraying, priority journal, sodium chloride, Sprayed coatings, Titanium alloys, Titanium aluminum vanadium alloys, X ray crystallography, X ray diffraction},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030199724\&partnerID=40\&md5=b47480a26cc5b628bc98bc98034c6c98},
	author = {Reis, R.L. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2623,
	title = {In vitro calcium phosphate formation on SiO                    2-Na
                    2O-CaO-P
                    2O
                    5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: A study by XPS analysis
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 42Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; FEUP, Rua dos Bragas, 4099-Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8References: Ducheyne, P., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res.: Appl. Biomater., 21 (A2), p. 219;Hench, L.L., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 685; 
Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 7, p. 1487; 
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},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {181 - 185},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {In-vitro apatite layer formation on the surface of a newly developed glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). After 1 week soaking in an acellular simulated body fluid the composite surface was entirely covered by a Ca, P-layer, suggesting a bioactive behaviour. XPS binding energy results revealed that this surface layer was a carbonated and non- stoichiometric apatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.3. This apatite layer was composed of very fine needle-like crystallites. Comparative studies on a commercially available hydroxyapatite showed that a similar apatite layer was also formed on its surface.In-vitro apatite layer formation on the surface of a newly developed glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). After 1 week soaking in an acellular simulated body fluid the composite surface was entirely covered by a Ca, P-layer, suggesting a bioactive behaviour. XPS binding energy results revealed that this surface layer was a carbonated and non-stoichiometric apatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.3. This apatite layer was composed of very fine needle-like crystallites. Comparative studies on a commercially available hydroxyapatite showed that a similar apatite layer was also formed on its surface.
},
	keywords = {article, Binding energy, Biocompatibility, Biodegradation, biomaterial, Calcium, calcium phosphate, Characterization, Composite materials, Composition, Energy dispersive x ray analysis, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapetite composite, hydroxyapatite, implant, In vitro calcium phosphate formation, Ionic concentration, molecular interaction, Nucleation, Phosphates, phosphorus, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Surfaces, X ray analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030106254\&partnerID=40\&md5=725eba3e273e23b5c6519d07483495e8},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Jha, L.J. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2632,
	title = {Electrochemical and surface modifications on N                    +-ion implanted Ti-6A1-4V immersed in HBSS
},
	journal = {Corrosion ScienceCorros. Sci.},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 37Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CRRSALanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leit{\~a}o, E.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Praca do Coronel Pacheco, 1, 4050 Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {1861 - 1866},
	abstract = {The effect of nitrogen-ion implantation on the electrochemical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in a simulated physiological solution (HBSS-Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution) was studied by open-circuit potential versus time and cyclic polarization techniques, with the aim of characterizing better the surface prior to biological testing and to choose the most appropriate nitrogen-ion fluence. Three fluences (10                        15, 10
                        16 and 10
                        17 ions/cm
                        2) were used. The 10
                        16 ions/cm
                        2 N
                        + fluence produced the lowest corrosion rate under passive conditions. The highest fluence originated a large increase in the corrosion rate and inhibited the formation of a calcium- and phosphate-rich layer on the electrode surface. {\textcopyright} 1995.
},
	keywords = {Biological testing, Characterization, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Cyclic polarization technique, Electrochemical behaviour, electrochemistry, Hank balanced salt solution, Ion implantation, materials testing, Nitrogen ion implanted titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, Nitrogen-ion fluence, Open circuit potential, Passivation, Polarization, Simulated physiological solution, Solutions, Surface modification, Surface treatment, Titanium alloys},
	isbn = {0010938X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029403524\&partnerID=40\&md5=4726589b20b429b97686cee3106fed88},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Sa, C. and Silva, R.A. and Barbosa, M.A. and Ali, H.}
}
@article {2633,
	title = {Plasma surface treatment and PACVD on Ti alloys for surgical implants},
	journal = {Surface and Coatings TechnologySurf. Coat. Technol.},
	volume = {74-75},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 49Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/0257-8972(95)08316-2Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Rie, K.-T.; Institut f{\"u}r Oberfl{\"a}chentechnik und plasmatechnische Werkstoffentwicklung, Technische Universit{\"a}t Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 53, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {973 - 980},
	abstract = {To improve the poor surface hardness and wear resistance of titanium alloys used for surgical implants undergoing wear TiA16V4 and TiA15Fe2.5 have been plasma nitrided. TiN and other sublayers are formed by plasma nitriding. To increase the thickness of the outermost TiN layer the samples have been coated with TiN by PACVD following plasma nitriding. The produced layers have been characterized in terms of microstructure, layer composition, hardness depth profiles. The evaluation of corrosion resistance and biocompatibility revealed that the good properties of the untreated alloys have been well preserved. {\textcopyright} 1995 Elsevier Science S.A.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Biomaterials, Characterization, Chemical vapor deposition, Corrosion resistance, hardness, Implants (surgical), Microstructure, Nitriding, PACVD, Plasma applications, Plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, Plasma nitriding, Plasma surface treatment, Surface hardness, Surface treatment, Surfaces, Ti alloys, Titanium alloys, Wear resistance},
	isbn = {02578972 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029389521\&partnerID=40\&md5=289d2d683bcdc5c62d1ecdf56b33079a},
	author = {Rie, K.-T. and Stucky, T. and Silva, R.A. and Leitao, E. and Bordji, K. and Jouzeau, J.-Y. and Mainard, D.}
}
