



@article {3277,
	title = {Production, characterization and biocompatibility of marine collagen matrices from an alternative and sustainable source: The sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus},
	journal = {Marine Drugs},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Export Date: 21 November 2014},
	month = {2014},
	pages = {4912 - 4933},
	abstract = {Collagen has become a key-molecule in cell culture studies and in the tissue engineering field. Industrially, the principal sources of collagen are calf skin and bones which, however, could be associated to risks of serious disease transmission. In fact, collagen derived from alternative and riskless sources is required, and marine organisms are among the safest and recently exploited ones. Sea urchins possess a circular area of soft tissue surrounding the mouth, the peristomial membrane (PM), mainly composed by mammalian-like collagen. The PM of the edible sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus therefore represents a potential unexploited collagen source, easily obtainable as a food industry waste product. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to extract native collagen fibrils from the PM and produce suitable substrates for in vitro system. The obtained matrices appear as a homogeneous fibrillar network (mean fibril diameter 30-400 nm and < 2 μm) and display remarkable mechanical properties in term of stiffness (146 {\textpm} 48 MPa) and viscosity (60.98 {\textpm} 52.07 GPa{\textperiodcentered}s). In vitro tests with horse pbMSC show a good biocompatibility in terms of overall cell growth. The obtained results indicate that the sea urchin P. lividus can be a valuable low-cost collagen source for mechanically resistant biomedical devices.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Collagen matrix, Mesenchimal stromal cells, Native fibril, Sea urchin collagen, Tissue regeneration},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908025685\&partnerID=40\&md5=58774d56d0d60e6bc725ae6ecacaa068},
	author = {Di Benedetto, C. and Barbaglio, A. and Martinello, T. and Alongi, V. and Fassini, D. and Cullor{\`a}, E. and Patruno, M. and Bonasoro, F. and Barbosa, M.A. and Carnevali, M.D.C. and Sugni, M.}
}
@article {2203,
	title = {Biosynthesis of highly pure poly-γ-glutamic acid for biomedical applications},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/s10856-012-4639-xPubMed ID: 22532096Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Pereira, C.L.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Universidade Do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: Catarina.pereira@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: chitosan, 9012-76-4; glutamic acid, 11070-68-1, 138-15-8, 56-86-0, 6899-05-4; polyglutamic acid, 24991-23-9, 25513-46-6; Biocompatible Materials; Polyglutamic Acid, 25513-46-6; poly(gamma-glutamic acid)References: Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Shoen, F.J., Lemons, J.E., (2004) Natural Materials. Biomaterials Science-an Introduction to Materials in Medicine, , 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press;Buescher, J.M., Margaritis, A., Microbial biosynthesis of polyglutamic acid biopolymer and applications in the biopharmaceutical, biomedical and food industries (2007) Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 27 (1), pp. 1-19. , DOI 10.1080/07388550601166458, PII 773236840; 
Kang, H.-S., Park, S.-H., Lee, Y.-G., Son, T.-I., Polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel composed of chitosan and poly(γ-glutamic acid) for biological application: Preparation, physical properties, and cytocompatibility (2007) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103 (1), pp. 386-394. , DOI 10.1002/app.24623; 
Lin, Y.-H., Chung, C.-K., Chen, C.-T., Liang, H.-F., Chen, S.-C., Sung, H.-W., Preparation of nanoparticles composed of chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid and evaluation of their permeability through Caco-2 cells (2005) Biomacromolecules, 6 (2), pp. 1104-1112. , DOI 10.1021/bm049312a; 
Sanda, F., Fujiyama, T., Endo, T., Chemical synthesis of polygamma-glutamic acid by polycondensation of gamma-glutamic acid dimer: Synthesis and reaction of poly gamma-glutamic acid methyl ester (2000) J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem, 39, pp. 732-741; 
Ashiuchi, M., Shimanouchi, K., Nakamura, H., Kamei, T., Soda, K., Park, C., Sung, M.-H., Misono, H., Enzymatic synthesis of high-molecular-mass poly-γ-glutamate and regulation of its stereochemistry (2004) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70 (7), pp. 4249-4255. , DOI 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4249-4255.2004; 
Shih, I.-L., Van, Y.-T., The production of poly-(γ-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications (2001) Bioresource Technology, 79 (3), pp. 207-225. , DOI 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00074-8, PII S0960852401000748; 
Prodhomme, E.J.F., Tutt, A.L., Glennie, M.J., Bugg, T.D.H., Multivalent Conjugates of Poly-γ-D-glutamic Acid from Bacillus licheniformis with Antibody F(ab{\textquoteright}) and Glycopeptide Ligands (2003) Bioconjugate Chemistry, 14 (6), pp. 1148-1155. , DOI 10.1021/bc020019m; 
Schneerson, R., Kubler-Kielb, J., Liu, T.-Y., Dai, Z.-D., Leppla, S.H., Yergey, A., Backlund, P., Robbins, J.B., Poly(γ-D-glutamic acid) protein conjugates induce IgG antibodies in mice to the capsule of Bacillus anthracis: A potential addition to the anthrax vaccine (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100 (15), pp. 8945-8950. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.1633512100; 
Edde, B., Rossier, J., Le Caer, J., Desbruyeres, E., Gros, F., Denoulet, P., Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin (1990) Science, 247 (4938), pp. 83-85; 
Sung, M.-H., Park, C., Kim, C.-J., Poo, H., Soda, K., Ashiuchi, M., Natural and edible biopolymer poly-γ-glutamic acid: Synthesis, production, and applications (2005) Chemical Record, 5 (6), pp. 352-366. , DOI 10.1002/tcr.20061; 
Kunioka, M., Biosynthesis and chemical reactions of poly(amino acid)s from microorganisms (1997) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 47 (5), pp. 469-475. , DOI 10.1007/s002530050958; 
Ashiuchi, M., Soda, K., Misono, H., A poly-γ-glutamate synthetic system of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336: Gene cloning and biochemical analysis of poly-γ-glutamate produced by Escherichia coli clone cells (1999) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 263 (1), pp. 6-12. , DOI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1298; 
Park, C., Choi, J.-C., Choi, Y.-H., Nakamura, H., Shimanouchi, K., Horiuchi, T., Misono, H., Sung, M.-H., Synthesis of super-high-molecular-weight poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus subtilis subsp. chungkookjang (2005) Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 35 (4-6), pp. 128-133. , DOI 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.06.007; 
Goto, A., Kunioka, M., Biosynthesis and hydrolysis of poly (c-glutamic acid) from Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 (1992) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 56 (7), pp. 1031-1035; 
Kubota, H., Matsunobu, T., Uotani, K., Takebe, H., Satoh, A., Tanaka, T., Production of poly(c-glutamic acid) by Bacillus subtilis F-2-01 (1993) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 57 (7), pp. 1212-1213; 
Kunioka, M., Goto, A., Biosynthesis of poly(γ-glutamic acid) from L-glutamic acid, citric acid, and ammonium sulfate in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 (1994) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 40 (6), pp. 867-872. , DOI 10.1007/s002530050082; 
Ashiuchi, M., Misono, H., Biochemistry and molecular genetics of poly-γ-glutamate synthesis (2002) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 59 (1), pp. 9-14. , DOI 10.1007/s00253-002-0984-x; 
Hsieh, C.-Y., Tsai, S.-P., Wang, D.-M., Chang, Y.-N., Hsieh, H.-J., Preparation of γ-PGA/chitosan composite tissue engineering matrices (2005) Biomaterials, 26 (28), pp. 5617-5623. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.012, PII S0142961205001614; 
Richard, A., Margaritis, A., Rheology, oxygen transfer, and molecular weight characteristics of poly(glutamic acid) fermentation by Bacillus subtilis (2003) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 82 (3), pp. 299-305. , DOI 10.1002/bit.10568; 
Peng, S.-F., Yang, M.-J., Su, C.-J., Chen, H.-J., Lee, P.-W., Wei, M.-C., Effects of incorporation of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) in chitosan/DNA complex nanoparticles on cellular uptake and transfection efficiency (2009) Biomaterials, 30, pp. 1797-1808; 
Lin, Y.-H., Mi, F.-L., Chen, C.-T., Chang, W.-C., Peng, S.-F., Liang, H.-F., Sung, H.-W., Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles shelled with chitosan for oral insulin delivery (2007) Biomacromolecules, 8 (1), pp. 146-152. , DOI 10.1021/bm0607776; 
Lee, P.-W., Peng, S.-F., Su, C.-J., Mi, F.-L., Chen, H.-L., Wei, M.-C., Lin, H.-J., Sung, H.-W., The use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in combination with a low-pressure gene gun for transdermal DNA delivery (2008) Biomaterials, 29 (6), pp. 742-751. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.10.034, PII S014296120700837X; 
Hajdu, I., Bodn{\'a}r, M., Filipcsei, G., Hartmann, J., Dar{\'o}czi, L., Zr{\'\i}nyi, M., Nanoparticles prepared by self-assembly of Chitosan and poly-γ-glutamic acid (2008) Colloid Polym Sci, 286 (3), pp. 343-350; 
Keresztessy, Z., Bodn{\'a}r, M., Ber, E., Hajdu, I., Zhang, M., Hartmann, J., Self-assembling chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery (2009) Colloid Polym Sci, 287 (7), pp. 759-765; 
Nelson, D., Cox, M., Amino acids peptides and proteins (2005) Lehnninger Principles of Biochemistry, pp. 78-79. , Freeman WH editor. New York: WH Freemand and Company; 
Berger, J., Reist, M., Mayer, J.M., Felt, O., Gurny, R., Structure and interactions in chitosan hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications (2004) European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 57 (1), pp. 35-52. , DOI 10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00160-7; 
Yamaguchi, F., Ogawa, Y., Kikuchi, M., Yuasa, K., Motai, H., Detection of γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) by SDS-PAGE (1996) Biosci Biotech Biochem, 60 (2), pp. 255-258; 
Antunes, J.C., Pereira, C.L., Molinos, M., Ferreira-Da-Silva, F., Gon{\c c}alves, R.M., Barbosa, M.A., Layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyelectrolyte complexes of Chitosam and poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (2011) Biomacromolecules, 12 (12), pp. 4183-4195; 
Georgiou, C., Grintzalis, K., Zervoudakis, G., Papapostolou, I., Mechanism of Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 binding to proteins: A hydrophobic assay for nanogram quantities of proteins (2008) Anal Bioanal Chem, 391 (1), pp. 391-403; 
Socrates, G., (2001) Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies - Table and Charts, , England: Jonh Wiley \&Sons Ltd; 
Birrer, G.A., Cromwick, A.M., Gross, R.A., Gamma-poly(glutamic acid) formation by Bacillus licheniformis 9945a: Physiological and biochemical studies (1994) Int J Biol Macromol, 16 (5), pp. 265-275; 
Calvo, P., Remunan-Lopez, C., Vila-Jato, J.L., Alonso, M.J., Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers (1997) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 63 (1), pp. 125-132
},
	month = {2012///},
	pages = {1583 - 1591},
	abstract = {The remarkable properties of poly-aminoacids, mainly their biocompatibility and biodegradability, have prompted an increasing interest in these polymers for biomedical applications. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is one of the most interesting poly-aminoacids with potential applications as a biomaterial. Here we describe the production and characterization of γ-PGA by Bacillus subtilis natto. The γ-PGA was produced with low molecular weight (10-50 kDa), high purity grade (>99 \%) and a D-/L-glutamate ratio of 50-60/50-40 \%. To evaluate the feasibility of using this γ-PGA as a biomaterial, chitosan (Ch)/γ-PGA nanoparticles were prepared by the coacervation method at pH ranging from 3.0 to 5.0, with dimensions in the interval 214-221 nm with a poly-dispersion index of ca. 0.2. The high purity of γ-PGA produced by this method, which is firstly described here, renders this biopolymer suitable for biomedical applications. Moreover, the Ch/γ-PGA nanocomplexes developed in this investigation can be combined with biologically active substances for their delivery in the organism. The fact that the assembly between Ch and γ-PGA relies on electrostatic interactions enables addition of other molecules that can be released into the medium through changes from acidic to physiological pH, without loss in biological activity. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.},
	keywords = {Amino acids, animal cell, article, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis natto, Bioactivity, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, biodegradability, Biodegradable polymers, Biodegradation, Biologically active substances, biomaterial, Biomedical applications, biomedicine, biosynthesis, chitosan, circular dichroism, complex formation, controlled study, dispersion, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, feasibility study, Functional polymers, gamma polyglutamic acid, Glutamic acid, High purity, Low molecular weight, Medical applications, molecular interaction, molecular weight, Nanocomplexes, nanoparticle, nonhuman, pH, Physiological pH, polyglutamic acid, Potential applications, priority journal, purification, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, static electricity, Stereoisomerism, unclassified drug},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863314791\&partnerID=40\&md5=d0d618bb2684c8e80e984cfe35f3eb77},
	author = {Pereira, C.L. and Antunes, J.C. and Gon{\c c}alves, R.M. and Ferreira-da-Silva, F. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2211,
	title = {Enhanced mesenchymal stromal cell recruitment via natural killer cells by incorporation of inflammatory signals in biomaterials},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Society InterfaceJ. R. Soc. Interface},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0357Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Almeida, C.R.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Biomaterials Division, NEWTherapies Group, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: cralmeid@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: alkaline phosphatase, 9001-78-9; chitosan, 9012-76-4; fibrinogen, 9001-32-5; gamma interferon, 82115-62-6References: Mountziaris, P.M., Mikos, A.G., Modulation of the inflammatory response for enhanced bone tissue regeneration (2008) Tissue Eng. Part B Rev., 14, pp. 179-186. , doi:10. 1089/ten.teb.2008.0038;Anderson, J.M., Rodriguez, A., Chang, D.T., Foreign body reaction to biomaterials (2008) Semin. Immunol., 20, pp. 86-100. , doi:10.1016/j.smim.2007.11.004; 
Agaiby, A.D., Dyson, M., Immuno-inflammatory cell dynamics during cutaneous wound healing (1999) J. Anat., 195, pp. 531-542. , doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19540531.x; 
Vivier, E., Tomasello, E., Baratin, M., Walzer, T., Ugolini, S., Functions of natural killer cells (2008) Nat. Immunol., 9, pp. 503-510. , doi:10.1038/ni1582; 
Aggarwal, S., Pittenger, M.F., Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses (2005) Blood, 105, pp. 1815-1822. , doi:10.1182/blood- 2004-04-1559; 
Caplan, A.I., Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine (2007) J. Cell. Physiol., 213, pp. 341-347. , doi:10.1002/jcp.21200; 
Pittenger, M.F., Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells (1999) Science, 284, pp. 143-147. , doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.143; 
Poggi, A., Prevosto, C., Massaro, A.M., Negrini, S., Urbani, S., Pierri, I., Saccardi, R., Zocchi, M.R., Interaction between human NK cells and bone marrow stromal cells induces NK cell triggering: Role of NKp30 and NKG2D receptors (2005) J. Immunol., 175, pp. 6352-6360. , doi:10.175/10/6352[pii]; 
Rasmusson, I., Ringden, O., Sundberg, B., Le Blanc, K., Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the formation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but not activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells (2003) Transplantation, 76, pp. 1208-1213. , doi:10.1097/01.TP.0000082540.43730.80; 
G{\"o}therstr{\"o}m, C., Lundqvist, A., Duprez, I.R., Childs, R., Berg, L., Le Blanc, K., Fetal and adult multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells are killed by different pathways (2010) Cytotherapy, 13, pp. 269-278. , doi:10.3109/14653249.2010.523077; 
Jewett, A., Arasteh, A., Tseng, H.C., Behel, A., Arasteh, H., Yang, W., Cacalano, N.A., Paranjpe, A., Strategies to rescue mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from NK cell mediated cytotoxicity (2010) PLoS ONE, 5, pp. e9874. , doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0009874; 
Sotiropoulou, P.A., Perez, S.A., Gritzapis, A.D., Baxevanis, C.N., Papamichail, M., Interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells (2006) Stem Cells, 24, pp. 74-85. , doi:10.1634/stemcells.2004-0359; 
Spaggiari, G.M., Capobianco, A., Becchetti, S., Mingari, M.C., Moretta, L., Mesenchymal stem cell-natural killer cell interactions: Evidence that activated NK cells are capable of killing MSCs, whereas MSCs can inhibit IL-2- Induced NK-cell proliferation (2006) Blood, 107, pp. 1484-1490. , doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2775; 
Tseng, H.C., Increased lysis of stem cells but not their differentiated cells by natural killer cells; dedifferentiation or reprogramming activates NK cells (2010) PLoS ONE, 5, pp. e11590. , doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011590; 
Krampera, M., Role for interferon-gamma in the immunomodulatory activity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (2006) Stem Cells, 24, pp. 386-398. , doi:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0008; 
Pradier, A., Passweg, J., Villard, J., Kindler, V., Human bone marrow stromal cells and skin fibroblasts inhibit natural killer cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity (2010) Cell Transplant., , doi:10.3727/096368910X 536545; 
Selmani, Z., Human leukocyte antigen-G5 secretion by human mesenchymal stem cells is required to suppress T lymphocyte and natural killer function and to induce CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ regulatory T cells (2008) Stem Cells, 26, pp. 212-222. , doi:10.1634/stemcells. 2007-0554; 
Spaggiari, G.M., Capobianco, A., Abdelrazik, H., Becchetti, F., Mingari, M.C., Moretta, L., Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit natural killer-cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production: Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and prostaglandin E2 (2008) Blood, 111, pp. 1327-1333. , doi:10.1182/blood-2007-02- 074997; 
Salem, H.K., Thiemermann, C., Mesenchymal stromal cells: Current understanding and clinical status (2010) Stem Cells, 28, pp. 585-596. , doi:10.1002/stem.269; 
Dimitriou, R., Tsiridis, E., Giannoudis, P.V., Current concepts of molecular aspects of bone healing (2005) Injury, 36, pp. 1392-1404. , doi:10.1016/j.injury.2005.07.019; 
Rifas, L., T-cell cytokine induction of BMP-2 regulates human mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation and mineralization (2006) J. Cell. Biochem., 98, pp. 706-714. , doi:10.1002/jcb.20933; 
Rifas, L., Arackal, S., Weitzmann, M.N., Inflammatory T cells rapidly induce differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into mature osteoblasts (2003) J. Cell. Biochem., 88, pp. 650-659. , doi:10.1002/jcb.10436; 
Champagne, C.M., Takebe, J., Offenbacher, S., Cooper, L.F., Macrophage cell lines produce osteoinductive signals that include bone morphogenetic protein-2 (2002) Bone, 30, pp. 26-31. , doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00638-X; 
Gerstenfeld, L.C., Cho, T.J., Kon, T., Aizawa, T., Cruceta, J., Graves, B.D., Einhorn, T.A., Impaired intramembranous bone formation during bone repair in the absence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling (2001) Cells Tissues Organs, 169, pp. 285-294. , doi:10.1159/ 000047893; 
Gerstenfeld, L.C., Cho, T.J., Kon, T., Aizawa, T., Tsay, A., Fitch, J., Barnes, G.L., Einhorn, T.A., Impaired fracture healing in the absence of TNF-alpha signaling: The role of TNF-α in endochondral cartilage resorption (2003) J. Bone Miner. Res., 18, pp. 1584-1592. , doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.9.1584; 
Duque, G., Huang, D.C., Macoritto, M., Rivas, D., Yang, X.F., Ste-Marie, L.G., Kremer, R., Autocrine regulation of interferon gamma in mesenchymal stem cells plays a role in early osteoblastogenesis (2009) Stem Cells, 27, pp. 550-558. , doi:10.1634/stemcells.2008-0886; 
Honczarenko, M., Le, Y., Swierkowski, M., Ghiran, I., Glodek, A.M., Silberstein, L.E., Human bone marrow stromal cells express a distinct set of biologically functional chemokine receptors (2006) Stem Cells, 24, pp. 1030-1041. , doi:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0319; 
Robertson, M.J., Role of chemokines in the biology of natural killer cells (2002) J. Leukoc Biol., 71, pp. 173-183; 
Rodrigues, S.N., Gon{\c c}alves, I.C., Martins, M.C.L., Barbosa, M.A., Ratner, B.D., Fibrinogen adsorption, platelet adhesion and activation on mixed hydroxyl-/methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (2006) Biomaterials, 27, pp. 5357-5367. , doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.010; 
Peled, E., Boss, J., Bejar, J., Zinman, C., Seliktar, D., A novel poly(ethylene glycol)-fibrinogen hydrogel for tibial segmental defect repair in a rat model (2007) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 80, pp. 874-884. , doi:10.1002/jbm. a.30928; 
Bryceson, Y.T., March, M.E., Ljunggren, H.G., Long, E.O., Activation, coactivation, and costimulation of resting human natural killer cells (2006) Immunol. Rev., 214, pp. 73-91. , doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00457.x; 
Muto, S., Vetvicka, V., Ross, G.D., CR3 (CD11b/ CD18) expressed by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells is upregulated in a manner similar to neutrophil CR3 following stimulation with various activating agents (1993) J. Clin. Immunol., 13, pp. 175-184. , doi:10.1007/ BF00919970; 
Ross, G.D., Vetvicka, V., CR3 (CD11b, CD18): A phagocyte and NK cell membrane receptor with multiple ligand specificities and functions (1993) Clin. Exp. Immunol., 92, pp. 181-184. , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03377.x; 
Lishko, V.K., Kudryk, B., Yakubenko, V.P., Yee, V.C., Ugarova, T.P., Regulated unmasking of the cryptic binding site for integrin alpha M beta 2 in the gamma C-domain of fibrinogen (2002) Biochemistry, 41, pp. 12942-12951. , doi:10.1021/bi026324c; 
Mwale, F., Iordanova, M., Demers, C.N., Steffen, T., Roughley, P., Antoniou, J., Biological evaluation of chitosan salts cross-linked to genipin as a cell scaffold for disk tissue engineering (2005) Tissue Eng., 11, pp. 130-140. , doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.130; 
Prabaharan, M., Jayakumar, R., Chitosan-graft-beta-cyclodextrin scaffolds with controlled drug release capability for tissue engineering applications (2009) Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 44, pp. 320-325. , doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.01.005; 
Agnihotri, S.A., Mallikarjuna, N.N., Aminabhavi, T.M., Recent advances on chitosan-based micro-and nanoparticles in drug delivery (2004) J. Control Release, 100, pp. 5-28. , doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.010; 
Barbosa, M.A., Granja, P.L., Barrias, C.C., Amaral, I.F., Polysaccharides as scaffolds for bone regeneration (2005) ITBM-RBM, 26, pp. 212-217. , doi:10.1016/j.rbmret.2005.04.006; 
Berger, J., Reist, M., Mayer, J.M., Felt, O., Gurny, R., Structure and interactions in chitosan hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications (2004) Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 57, pp. 35-52. , doi:10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00160-7; 
Amaral, I.F., Cordeiro, A.L., Sampaio, P., Barbosa, M.A., Attachment, spreading and short-term proliferation of human osteoblastic cells cultured on chitosan films with different degrees of acetylation (2007) J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 18, pp. 469-485. , doi:10.1163/ 156856207780425068; 
Barbosa, J.N., Amaral, I.F., Aguas, A.P., Barbosa, M.A., Evaluation of the effect of the degree of acetylation on the inflammatory response to 3D porous chitosan scaffolds (2010) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 93 A, pp. 20-28. , doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32499; 
Oliveira, S.M., Mijares, D.Q., Turner, G., Amaral, I.F., Barbosa, M.A., Teixeira, C.C., Engineering endochondral bone: In vivo studies (2009) Tissue Eng. Part A, 15, pp. 635-643. , doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0052; 
Amaral, I.F., Sampaio, P., Barbosa, M.A., Three-dimensional culture of human osteoblastic cells in chitosan sponges: The effect of the degree of acetylation (2006) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 76, pp. 335-346. , doi:10.1002/jbm.a.30522; 
Goncalves, R.M., Martins, M.C., Almeida-Porada, G., Barbosa, M.A., Induction of notch signaling by immobilization of jagged-1 on self-assembled monolayers (2009) Biomaterials, 30, pp. 6879-6887. , doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.010; 
Dominici, M., Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement (2006) Cytotherapy, 8, pp. 315-317. , doi:10.1080/14653240600855905; 
Siddappa, R., Licht, R., Van Blitterswijk, C., De Boer, J., Donor variation and loss of multipotency during in vitro expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering (2007) J. Orthop. Res., 25, pp. 1029-1041. , doi:10.1002/jor.20402; 
Maeda, Y., Kimura, Y., Antitumor Effects of Various Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosans Are Due to Increased Natural Killer Activity of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Sarcoma 180-Bearing Mice (2004) Journal of Nutrition, 134 (4), pp. 945-950; 
Zaharoff, D.A., Rogers, C.J., Hance, K.W., Schlom, J., Greiner, J.W., Chitosan solution enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to subcutaneous vaccination (2007) Vaccine, 25, pp. 2085-2094. , doi:10. 1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.034; 
Tang, L., Eaton, J.W., Fibrin(ogen) mediates acute inflammatory responses to biomaterials (1993) J. Exp. Med., 178, pp. 2147-2156. , doi:10.1084/jem.178.6.2147; 
Drew, A.F., Liu, H., Davidson, J.M., Daugherty, C.C., Degen, J.L., Wound-healing defects in mice lacking fibrinogen (2001) Blood, 97, pp. 3691-3698. , doi:10.1182/blood. V97.12.3691; 
Flick, M.J., Du, X., Degen, J.L., Fibrin(ogen)- alpha M beta 2 interactions regulate leukocyte function and innate immunity in vivo (2004) Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 229, pp. 1105-1110. , doi:10.229/11/1105[pii]; 
Culley, F.J., Natural killer cell signal integration balances synapse symmetry and migration (2009) PLoS Biol., 7, pp. e1000159. , doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000159; 
Dustin, M.L., Cell adhesion molecules and actin cytoskeleton at immune synapses and kinapses (2007) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 19, pp. 529-533. , doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2007.08.003; 
Jacobs, R., Hintzen, G., Kemper, A., Beul, K., Kempf, S., Behrens, G., Sykora, K.W., Schmidt, R.E., CD56bright cells differ in their KIR repertoire and cytotoxic features from CD56dim NK cells (2001) Eur. J. Immunol., 31, pp. 3121-3127. , doi:10.1002/1521-4141(2001010)31: 10〈3121::AID-IMMU3121〉3.0. CO;2-4; 
Anfossi, N., Human NK cell education by inhibitory receptors for MHC class I (2006) Immunity, 25, pp. 331-342. , doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.06.013; 
Nolte-{\textquoteright}t Hoen, E.N.M., Almeida, C.R., Cohen, N.R., Nedvetzki, S., Yarwood, H., Davis, D.M., Increased surveillance of cells in mitosis by human NK cells suggests a novel strategy for limiting tumor growth and viral replication (2006) Blood, 109, pp. 670-673. , doi:10.1182/blood-2006-07- 036509; 
Hemeda, H., Jakob, M., Ludwig, A.K., Giebel, B., Lang, S., Brandau, S., Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha differentially affect cytokine expression and migration properties of mesenchymal stem cells (2010) Stem Cells Dev., 19, pp. 693-706; 
Liippo, J., Toriseva, M., K{\"a}h{\"a}ri, V.-M., Natural killer cell in wound healing (2009) Natural Killer Cells - Basic Science and Clinical Application, pp. 519-525. , eds M. Lotze \& A. Thomson, New York, NY: Academic Press; 
Soderstrom, K., Stein, E., Colmenero, P., Purath, U., Muller-Ladner, U., De Matos, C.T., Tarner, I.H., Engleman, E.G., Natural killer cells trigger osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in arthritis (2010) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 107, pp. 13028-13033. , doi:10.1073/pnas.1000546107
},
	month = {2012///},
	pages = {261 - 271},
	abstract = {An exacerbated inflammatory response questions biomaterial biocompatibility, but on the other hand, inflammation has a central role in the regulation of tissue regeneration. Therefore, it may be argued that an {\textquoteright}ideal{\textquoteright} inflammatory response is crucial to achieve efficient tissue repair/regeneration. Natural killer (NK) cells, being one of the first populations arriving at an injury site, can have an important role in regulating bone repair/regeneration, particularly through interactions with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Here, we studied how biomaterials designed to incorporate inflammatory signals affected NK cell behaviour and NK cell-MSC interactions. Adsorption of the pro-inflammatory molecule fibrinogen (Fg) to chitosan films led to a 1.5-fold increase in adhesion of peripheral blood human NK cells, without an increase in cytokine secretion. Most importantly, it was found that NK cells are capable of stimulating a threefold increase in human bone marrow MSC invasion, a key event taking place in tissue repair, but did not affect the expression of the differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Of significant importance, this NK cell-mediated MSC recruitment was modulated by Fg adsorption. Designing novel biomaterials leading to rational modulation of the inflammatory response is proposed as an alternative to current bone regeneration strategies. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Royal Society.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Adsorption, alkaline phosphatase, article, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, blood cell, Bone, bone marrow cell, Bone Regeneration, Bone repair, cell adhesion, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell function, cell interaction, cell invasion, Cells, chitosan, Chitosan film, cytokine, Cytokine secretions, Differentiation markers, fibrinogen, gamma interferon, human, Human bone marrow, human cell, Inflammation, Inflammatory response, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, mesenchymal stroma cell, Mesenchymal stromal cells, natural killer cell, Natural killer cells, NK cells, ossification, Pathology, Peripheral blood, Phosphatases, protein expression, Tissue, Tissue regeneration, tissue repair},
	isbn = {17425689 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856583891\&partnerID=40\&md5=8a6b58ebb9ee4c20099877008acde805},
	author = {Almeida, C.R. and Vasconcelos, D.P. and Gon{\c c}alves, R.M. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2277,
	title = {Biocompatibility and calcification of bovine pericardium employed for the construction of cardiac bioprostheses treated with different chemical crosslink methods},
	journal = {Artificial OrgansArtif. Organs},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: ARORDdoi: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00978.xPubMed ID: 20633147Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Jorge-Herrero, E.; Biomateriales y Telemedicina, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Peine 7, planta 0, c/ Manuel de Falla 2, 28222Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; email: ejorge.herrero@bioing.cph.esChemicals/CAS: calcium, 14092-94-5, 7440-70-2; glutaraldehyde, 111-30-8, 37245-61-7; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Cross-Linking Reagents; Glutaral, 111-30-8References: Grunkemeier, G.L., Rahimtoola, S.H., Artificial heart valves (1990) Annu Rev Med, 41, pp. 251-263;Vongpatanasin, W., Hillis, L.D., Lange, R.A., Prosthetic heart valves (1996) N Engl J Med, 335, pp. 407-416; 
Zilla, P., Brink, J., Human, P., Bezuidenhout, D., Prosthetic heart valves: Catering for the few (2008) Biomaterials, 29, pp. 385-406; 
Schoen, F.J., Levy, R.J., Heart valve bioprostheses: Antimineralization (1992) Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 6 (1), pp. 91-3. , Suppl; 
Schoen, F.J., Cardiac valve prostheses: Review of clinical status and contemporary biomaterials issues (1987) J Biomed Mater Res, 21 (A1), pp. 91-117. , Suppl; 
Thubrikar, M.J., Deck, J.D., Aouad, J., Nolan, S.P., Role of mechanical stress in calcification of aortic bioprosthetic valves (1983) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 86, pp. 115-125; 
Schoen, F.J., Kujovich, J.L., Levy, R.J., Sutton, M.S., Bioprosthetic valve failure (1988) Cardiovasc Clin, 18, pp. 289-317; 
Schoen, F.J., Tsao, J.W., Levy, R.J., Calcification of bovine pericardium used in cardiac valve bioprostheses. Implications for the mechanisms of bioprosthetic tissue mineralization (1986) Am J Pathol, 123, pp. 134-145; 
Ishihara, T., Ferrans, V.J., Boyce, S.W., Jones, M., Roberts, W.C., Structure and classification of cuspal tears and perforations in porcine bioprosthetic cardiac valves implanted in patients (1981) Am J Cardiol, 48, pp. 665-678; 
Gendler, E., Gendler, S., Nimni, M.E., Toxic reactions evoked by glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium and cardiac valve tissue bioprosthesis (1984) J Biomed Mater Res, 18, pp. 727-736; 
Chanda, J., Kondoh, K., Ijima, K., Matsukawa, M., Kuribayashi, R., In vitro and in vivo calcification of vascular bioprostheses (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 1651-1656; 
Biedrzycki, L.M., Lerner, E., Levy, R.J., Schoen, F.J., Differential calcification of cusps and aortic wall failed stented porcine bioprosthetic valves (1997) J Biomed Mater Res, 34, pp. 411-415; 
Jorge, H.E., Fernandez, P., Gutierrez, M., Castillo, O.J., Study of the calcification of bovine pericardium: Analysis of the implication of lipids and proteoglycans (1991) Biomaterials, 12, pp. 683-689; 
Arenaz, B., Maestro, M.M., Fernandez, P., Effects of periodate and chondroitin 4-sulfate on proteoglycan stabilization of ostrich pericardium. Inhibition of calcification in subcutaneous implants in rats (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 3359-3368; 
Calero, P., Jorge-Herrero, E., Turnay, J., Gelatinases in soft tissue biomaterials. Analysis of different crosslinking agents (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 3473-3478; 
Simionescu, A., Simionescu, D., Deac, R.F., Matrix metalloproteinases in the pathology of natural and bioprosthetic cardiac valves (1996) Cardiovasc Pathol, 5, pp. 323-332; 
Griffiths, L.G., Choe, L.H., Reardon, K.F., Dow, S.W., Christopher, O.E., Immunoproteomic identification of bovine pericardium xenoantigens (2008) Biomaterials, 29, pp. 3514-3520; 
Vesely, I., Barber, J.E., Ratliff, N.B., Tissue damage and calcification may be independent mechanisms of bioprosthetic heart valve failure (2001) J Heart Valve Dis, 10, pp. 471-477; 
Vesely, I., The evolution of bioprosthetic heart valve design and its impact on durability (2003) Cardiovasc Pathol, 12, pp. 277-286; 
Jorge-Herrero, E., Fernandez, P., De La Torre, N., Inhibition of the calcification of porcine valve tissue by selective lipid removal (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 815-820; 
Pettenazzo, E., Valente, M., Thiene, G., Octanediol treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed bovine pericardium: Evidence of anticalcification efficacy in the subcutaneous rat model (2008) Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 34, pp. 418-422; 
Nimni, M.E., Myers, D., Ertl, D., Han, B., Factors which affect the calcification of tissue-derived bioprostheses (1997) J Biomed Mater Res, 35, pp. 531-537; 
Jayakrishnan, A., Jameela, S.R., Glutaraldehyde as a fixative in bioprostheses and drug delivery matrices (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 471-484; 
Eybl, E., Griesmacher, A., Grimm, M., Wolner, E., Toxic effects of aldehydes released from fixed pericardium on bovine aortic endothelial cells (1989) J Biomed Mater Res, 23, pp. 1355-1365; 
Levy, R.J., Schoen, F.J., Sherman, F.S., Nichols, J., Hawley, M.A., Lund, S.A., Calcification of subcutaneously implanted type i collagen sponges. Effects of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde pretreatments (1986) Am J Pathol, 122, pp. 71-82; 
Golomb, G., Schoen, F.J., Smith, M.S., Linden, J., Dixon, M., Levy, R.J., The role of glutaraldehyde-induced cross-links in calcification of bovine pericardium used in cardiac valve bioprostheses (1987) Am J Pathol, 127, pp. 122-130; 
Huang-Lee, L.L., Cheung, D.T., Nimni, M.E., Biochemical changes and cytotoxicity associated with the degradation of polymeric glutaraldehyde derived crosslinks (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 1185-1201; 
Southern, L.J., Hughes, H., Lawford, P.V., Clench, M.R., Manning, N.J., Glutaraldehyde-induced cross-links: A study of model compounds and commercial bioprosthetic valves (2000) J Heart Valve Dis, 9, pp. 241-248; 
Goissis, G., Yoshioka, S.A., Braile, D.M., Ramirez, V.D., The chemical protecting group concept applied in crosslinking of natural tissues with glutaraldehyde acetals (1998) Artif Organs, 22, pp. 210-214; 
Yoshioka, S.A., Goissis, G., Thermal and spectrophotometric studies of new crosslinking method for collagen matrix with glutaraldehyde acetals (2008) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 19, pp. 1215-1223; 
Vyavahare, N.R., Hirsch, D., Lerner, E., Prevention of calcification of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked porcine aortic cusp by ethanol preincubation: Mechanistic studies of protein structure and water-biomaterial relationship (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 40, pp. 577-585; 
Triglia, D., Braa, S.S., Yonan, C., Naughton, G.K., In vitro toxicity of various classes of test agents using the neutral red assay on a human three-dimensional physiologic skin model (1991) Vitro Cell Dev Biol, 27, pp. 239-244; 
Plumb, J.A., Milroy, R., Kaye, S.B., Effects of the pH dependence of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide-formazan absorption on chemosensitivity determined by a novel tetrazolium-based assay (1989) Cancer Res, 49, pp. 4435-4440; 
Garcia Paez, J.M., Carrera, A., Cordon, A., Uniaxial and biaxial tensile strength of calf pericardium used in the construction of bioprostheses: Biomaterial selection criteria (2000) J Biomater Appl, 15, pp. 47-64; 
Kirby, B.J., Hasselbrink, Jr.E.F., Zeta potential of microfluidic substrates: 2. Data for polymers (2004) Electrophoresis, 25, pp. 203-213; 
Jorge-Herrero, E., Turnay, J., Calero, P., Calcification and identification of metalloproteinases in bovine pericardium after subcutaneous implantation in rats (2001) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 12, pp. 1013-1017; 
Van Wachem, P.B., Van Luyn, M.J.A., Damink, L.H.H.O., Dijkstra, P.J., Feijen, J., Nieuwenhuis, P., Tissue regenerating capacity of carbodiimide-crosslinked dermal sheep collagen during repair of the abdominal wall (1994) International Journal of Artificial Organs, 17 (4), pp. 230-239; 
Olde Damink, L.H.H., Dijkstra, P.J., Van Luyn, M.J.A., Van Wachem, P.B., Nieuwenhuis, P., Feijen, J., In vitro degradation of dermal sheep collagen cross-linked using a water-soluble carbodiimide (1996) Biomaterials, 17 (7), pp. 679-684. , DOI 10.1016/0142-9612(96)86737-8; 
Olde Damink, L.H., Dijkstra, P.J., Van Luyn, M.J., Van Wachem, P.B., Nieuwenhuis, P., Feijen, J., Cross-linking of dermal sheep collagen using a water-soluble carbodiimide (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 765-773; 
Olde Damink, L.H.H., Dijkstra, P.J., Van Luyn, M.J.A., Van Wachem, P.B., Nieuwenhuis, P., Feijen, J., In vitro degradation of dermal sheep collagen cross-linked using a water-soluble carbodiimide (1996) Biomaterials, 17 (7), pp. 679-684. , DOI 10.1016/0142-9612(96)86737-8; 
Anselme, K., Petite, H., Herbage, D., Inhibition of calcification in vivo by acyl azide cross-linking of a collagen-glycosaminoglycan sponge (1992) Matrix, 12, pp. 264-273; 
Petite, H., Frei, V., Huc, A., Herbage, D., Use of diphenylphosphorylazide for cross-linking collagen-based biomaterials (1994) J Biomed Mater Res, 28, pp. 159-165; 
Petite, H., Duval, J.L., Frei, V., Abdul-Malak, N., Sigot-Luizard, M.F., Herbage, D., Cytocompatibility of calf pericardium treated by glutaraldehyde and by the acyl azide methods in an organotypic culture model (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 1003-1008; 
Marinucci, L., Lilli, C., Guerra, M., Biocompatibility of collagen membranes crosslinked with glutaraldehyde or diphenylphosphoryl azide: An in vitro study (2003) J Biomed Mater Res, 67, pp. 504-509; 
Naimark, W.A., Pereira, C.A., Tsang, K., Lee, J.M., HMDC crosslinking of bovine pericardial tissue: A potential role of the solvent environment in the design of bioprosthetic materials (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 235-241; 
Khouw, I.M., Van Wachem, P.B., Molema, G., Plantinga, J.A., De Leij, L.F., Van Luyn, M.J., The foreign body reaction to a biodegradable biomaterial differs between rats and mice (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 52, pp. 439-446; 
Huma, P., Bezuidenhout, D., Torrianni, M., Hendriks, M., Zilla, P., Optimization of diamine bridges in glutaraldehyde treated bioprosthetic aortic wall tissue (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 2099-2103; 
Jorge-Herrero, E., Fernandez, P., Turnay, J., Influence of different chemical cross-linking treatments on the properties of bovine pericardium and collagen (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 539-545
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {E168 - E176},
	abstract = {The use of biological materials in the construction of bioprostheses requires the application of different chemical procedures to improve the durability of the material without producing any undesirable effects. A number of crosslinking methods have been tested in biological tissues composed mainly of collagen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility, the mechanical properties, and in vivo calcification of chemically modified bovine pericardium using glutaraldehyde acetals (GAAs) in comparison with glutaraldehyde (GA) treatment. Homsy{\textquoteright}s tests showed that the most cytotoxic treatment is GA whereas GAA treatments showed lower cytotoxicity. Regarding the mechanical properties of the modified materials, no significant differences in stress at rupture were detected among the different treatments. Zeta-Potential showed higher negative values for GA treatment (-4.9 {\textpm} 0.6 mV) compared with GAA-0.625\% (-2.2 {\textpm} 0.5 mV) and GAA-1\% (-2.2 {\textpm} 0.4 mV), which presented values similar to native tissue. Similar results were obtained for calcium permeability coefficients which showed the highest values for GA treatment (0.12 {\textpm} 0.02 mm                        2/min), being significantly lower for GAA treatments or non-crosslinked pericardium. These results confirmed the higher propensity of the GA-treated tissues for attraction of calcium cations and were in good agreement with the calcification degree obtained after 60 days implantation into young rats, which was significantly higher for the GA group (22.70 {\textpm} 20.80 mg/g dry tissue) compared with GAA-0.625\% and GAA-1\% groups (0.49 {\textpm} 0.28 mg/g dry tissue and 3.51 {\textpm} 3.27 mg/g dry tissue, respectively; P \&lt; 0.001). In conclusion, GAA treatments can be considered a promising alternative to GA treatment. {\textcopyright} 2010, International Center for Artificial Organs and Transplantation and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
},
	keywords = {acetal derivative, animal cell, animal experiment, animal tissue, Animals, article, Biocompatibility, Bioprostheses, Bioprosthesis, Bovinae, Calcification, Calcification, Physiologic, Calcium, cation, Cattle, Chemical modification, controlled study, Cross-Linking Reagents, Crosslinking, Cytotoxicity, Glutaral, glutaraldehyde, heart valve bioprosthesis, Heart, Artificial, in vitro study, materials testing, mechanical stress, nonhuman, pericardium, permeability, priority journal, rat, Rats, Rattus, Subcutaneous implantation, Tissue engineering, Zeta potential},
	isbn = {0160564X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77952172654\&partnerID=40\&md5=bfd9eacf640d519719f005083ad7a1ae},
	author = {Jorge-Herrero, E. and Fonseca, C. and Barge, A.P. and Turnay, J. and Olmo, N. and Fern{\'a}ndez, P. and Lizarbe, M.A. and Garc{\'\i}a P{\'a}ez, J.M.}
}
@article {2274,
	title = {Characterization of polymeric solutions as injectable vehicles for hydroxyapatite microspheres},
	journal = {AAPS PharmSciTechAAPS PharmSciTech},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1208/s12249-010-9447-3PubMed ID: 20490958Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Oliveira, S. M.; Dep. de Eng. Mec{\^a}nica e Gest{\~a}o Industrial, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest{\~a}o de Viseu, Campus Polit{\'e}cnico de Repeses, 3504-510, Viseu, Portugal; email: soliveira@estv.ipv.ptChemicals/CAS: alginic acid, 28961-37-7, 29894-36-8, 9005-32-7, 9005-38-3; carboxymethylcellulose, 8050-38-2, 9000-11-7, 9004-32-4, 9050-04-8; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, 9004-65-3; Biocompatible Materials; Capsules; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Excipients; Polymers; Solutions; VehiclesReferences: Verlaan, J.J., Oner, F.C., Dhert, W.J., Anterior spinal column augmentation with injectable bone cements (2006) Biomat, 27 (3), pp. 290-301;Chenite, A., Chaput, C., Wang, D., Combes, C., Buschmann, M.D., Hoemann, C.D., Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ (2000) Biomat, 21 (21), pp. 2155-2161; 
Hoemann, C.D., Sun, J., Legare, A., McKee, M.D., Buschmann, M.D., Tissue engineering of cartilage using an injectable and adhesive chitosan-based cell-delivery vehicle (2005) Osteoarthritis Cart., 13 (4), pp. 318-329; 
Balakrishnan, B., Jayakrishnan, A., Self-cross-linking biopolymers as injectable in situ forming biodegradable scaffolds (2005) Biomat, 26 (18), pp. 3941-3951; 
Shu, X.Z., Ghosh, K., Liu, Y., Palumbo, F.S., Luo, Y., Clark, R.A., Attachment and spreading of fibroblasts on an RGD peptidemodified injectable hyaluronan hydrogel (2004) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 68 A (2), pp. 365-375; 
Shu, X.Z., Ahmad, S., Liu, Y., Prestwich, G.D., Synthesis and evaluation of injectable, in situ crosslinkable synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering (2006) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 79 (4), pp. 902-912; 
Weiss, P., Gauthier, O., Bouler, J.-M., Grimandi, G., Daculsi, G., Injectable bone substitute using a hydrophilic polymer (1999) Bone, 25 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 67S-70S. , DOI 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00146-5, PII S8756328299001465; 
Trojani, C., Weiss, P., Michiels, J.F., Vinatier, C., Guicheux, J., Daculsi, G., Three-dimensional culture and differentiation of human osteogenic cells in an injectable hydroxypropylmethylcellulose hydrogel (2005) Biomat, 26 (27), pp. 5509-5517; 
Virto, M.R., Frutos, P., Torrado, S., Frutos, G., Gentamicin release from modified acrylic bone cements with lactose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (2003) Biomat, 24 (1), pp. 79-87; 
Bodic, F., Amouriq, Y., Gayet-Delacroix, M., Gauthier, O., Bouler, J.-M., Daculsi, G., M{\'e}thode nom invasive d{\textquoteright}evaluation d{\textquoteright}un substitut osseux injectable/Non-invasive evaluation of an injectable bone substitute (2002) C R Biologies, 325, pp. 345-353; 
Andrews, G.P., Gorman, S.P., Jones, D.S., Rheological characterisation of primary and binary interactive bioadhesive gels composed of cellulose derivatives designed as ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (2005) Biomat, 26 (5), pp. 571-580; 
He, S., Yaszemski, M.J., Yasko, A.W., Engel, P.S., Mikos, A.G., Injectable biodegradable polymer composites based on poly (propylene fumarate) crosslinked with poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (2000) Biomat, 21 (23), pp. 2389-2394; 
Temenoff, J.S., Mikos, A.G., Injectable biodegradable materials for orthopedic tissue engineering (2000) Biomat, 21 (23), pp. 2405-2412; 
Iooss, P., Le Ray, A.M., Grimandi, G., Daculsi, G., Merle, C., A new injectable bone substitute combining poly (epsilon-caprolactone) microparticles with biphasic calcium phosphate granules (2001) Biomat, 22 (20), pp. 2785-2794; 
Uda, H., Sugawara, Y., Nakasu, M., Experimental studies on hydroxyapatite powder-carboxymethyl chitin composite: Injectable material for bone augmentation (2006) J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., 59 (2), pp. 188-196; 
Carrodeguas, R.G., Lasa, B.V., Barrio, J.S.D., Injectable acrylic bone cements for vertebroplasty with improved properties (2004) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B-Appl. Biomat., 68 (1), pp. 94-104; 
Oliveira, S.M., Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Almeida, I.F., Bahia, M.F., Barbosa, M.A., Morphology and mechanical properties of injectable ceramic microspheres (2009) Key Engineering Mat., 396-398, pp. 691-694; 
Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells seeded on injectable hydroxyapatite microspheres (2004) Key Engineering Mat., 254-256, pp. 877-880; 
Ribeiro, C.C., Barrias, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Preparation and characterisation of calcium-phosphate porous microspheres with a uniform size for biomedical applications (2006) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 17 (5), pp. 455-463; 
Oliveira, S.M., Barrias, C.C., Almeida, I.F., Costa, P.C., Ferreira, M.P., Bahia, M.F., Injectability of a bone filler system based on hydroxyapatite microspheres and a vehicle with in situ gelforming ability (2008) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B-Appl. Biomat., 87 B, pp. 49-58; 
Barnes, H.A., Hutton, J.F., Walters, K., (1998) An Introduction to Rheology, , Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 
Leo, W.J., McLoughlin, A.J., Malone, D.M., Effects of sterilization treatments on some properties of alginate solutions and gels (1990) Biotech. Progress, 6 (1), pp. 51-53; 
Holme, H.K., Lindmo, K., Kristiansen, A., Smidsr{\o}d, O., Thermal depolymerization of alginate in the solid state (2003) Carbohydrate Polym., 54 (4), pp. 431-438; 
Bohner, M., Baroud, G., Injectability of calcium phosphate pastes (2005) Biomat, 26 (13), pp. 1553-1563; 
Hide, I.G., Gangi, A., Percutaneous vertebroplasty: History, technique and current perspectives (2004) Clin. Radiol., 59 (6), pp. 461-467; 
Lewis, G., Injectable bone cements for use in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: State-of-the-art review (2006) J. Biomed. Mat. Res. B-Appl. Biomat., 76 B (2), pp. 456-468; 
Baumann, A., Tauss, J., Baumann, G., Tomka, M., Hessinger, M., Tiesenhausen, K., Cement embolization into the vena cava and pulmonal arteries after vertebroplasty: Interdisciplinary management (2006) Europ J. Vasc. and End Surg., 31 (5), pp. 558-561; 
Mathis, J.M., Wong, W., Percutaneous vertebroplasty: Technical considerations (2003) J. Vasc. and Intervent Rad., 14 (8), pp. 953-960; 
Xu, H.H., Weir, M.D., Burguera, E.F., Fraser, A.M., Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold (2006) Biomat, 27 (24), pp. 4279-4287; 
Gisep, A., Curtis, R., Hanni, M., Suhm, N., Augmentation of implant purchase with bone cements: An in vitro study of injectability and dough distribution (2006) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B-Appl. Biomat., 77 (1), pp. 114-119; 
Krebs, J., Ferguson, S.J., Bohner, M., Baroud, G., Steffen, T., Heini, P.F., Clinical measurements of cement injection pressure during vertebroplasty (2005) Spine, 30 (5), pp. E118-E122; 
Draget, K.I., Skjak-Braek, G., Smidsrod, O., Alginate-based new materials (1997) Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 21 (1-2), pp. 47-55
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {852 - 858},
	abstract = {A polymeric solution and a reinforcement phase can work as an injectable material to fill up bone defects. However, the properties of the solution should be suitable to enable the transport of that extra phase. Additionally, the use of biocompatible materials is a requirement for tissue regeneration. Thus, we intended to optimize a biocompatible polymeric solution able to carry hydroxyapatite microspheres into bone defects using an orthopedic injectable device. To achieve that goal, polymers usually regarded as biocompatible were selected, namely sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and Na-alginate (ALG). The rheological properties of the polymeric solutions at different concentrations were assessed by viscosimetry before and after moist heat sterilization. In order to correlate rheological properties with injectability, solutions were tested using an orthopedic device applied for minimal invasive surgeries. Among the three polymers, ALG solutions presented the most suitable properties for our goal and a non-sterile ALG 6\% solution was successfully used to perform preliminary injection tests of hydroxyapatite microspheres. Sterile ALG 7.25\% solution was found to closely match non-sterile ALG 6\% properties and it was selected as the optimal vehicle. Finally, sterile ALG 7.25\% physical stability was studied at different temperatures over a 3-month period. It was observed that its rheological properties presented minor changes when stored at 25{\textdegree}C or at 4{\textdegree}C. {\textcopyright} 2010 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.},
	keywords = {Alginate, alginic acid, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Capsules, Carboxymethylcellulose, Drug Compounding, Durapatite, Excipients, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Injectability, injection, Injections, instrument sterilization, microsphere, Microspheres, minimally invasive surgery, molecular weight, orthopedic equipment, Polymers, priority journal, Solutions, Vehicles, viscometry},
	isbn = {15309932 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954819260\&partnerID=40\&md5=e8503462fa39dcc285aef7e07f765eef},
	author = {Oliveira, S.M. and Almeida, I.F. and Costa, P.C. and Barrias, C.C. and Ferreira, M.R.P. and Bahia, M.F. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2273,
	title = {In vitro study of the proliferation and growth of human bone marrow cells on apatite-wollastonite-2M glass ceramics},
	journal = {Acta BiomaterialiaActa Biomater.},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.027Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: De Aza, A. H.; Instituto de Cer{\'a}mica y Vidrio, CSIC, C/Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain; email: aaza@icv.csic.esChemicals/CAS: apatite, 64476-38-6; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; calcium silicate, 1344-95-2, 13983-17-0; silicate, 12627-13-3; Apatites; Bone Substitutes; Calcium Compounds; Ceramics; Silicates; calcium silicate, 1344-95-2References: Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , London: World Scientific;Hench, L.L., Bioceramics: From concept to clinic (1991) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, pp. 1487-1510; 
Best, S.M., Porter, A.E., Thian, E.S., Huan, J., Bioceramics: Past, present and for the future (2008) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28, pp. 1319-1327; 
Chevalier, J., Gremillard, L., Ceramics for medical applications: A picture for the next 20 years (2009) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 29, pp. 1245-1255; 
Teixeira, S., Oliveira, S., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and morphological analysis on interconnected macroporous structures (2007) Key Eng. Mater., 330-332, pp. 1129-1132; 
Temenoff, J.S., Mikos, A.G., (2008) Biomaterials: The Intersection of Biology and Materials Science, p. 471. , London: Pearson International; 
Carlisle, E.M., Biochemical and morphological changes associated with long bone abnormalities in silicon deficiency (1980) J. Nutr., 110, pp. 1046-1055; 
Carlisle, E.M., A silicon requirement for normal skull formation (1980) J. Nutr., 110, pp. 352-359; 
Reffitt, M., Ogston, N., Jugdaohsingh, R., Cheung, H.F., Evans, B.A., Thompson, R.P., Orthosilicic acid stimulates collagen type 1 synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro (2003) Bone, 32, pp. 127-135; 
Brown, L., Luklinska, Z., De Aza, P.N., De Aza, S., Anseau, M., Hughes, F.J., Mechanism of osteoinduction by pseudowollastonite (psW) ceramic (2004) 7th World Biomaterials Congress, , Paper presented at the, Sydney; 
De Aza, P.N., De Aza, A.H., De Aza, S., Crystalline bioceramic materials (2005) Bol Soc. Esp. Ceram. V, 44, pp. 135-145; 
De Aza, P.N., De Aza, A.H., Pena, P., De Aza, S., Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics (2007) Bol Soc. Esp. Ceram. V, 46, pp. 45-55; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Sakka, S., Formation of a high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic in the system MgO-CaO-SiO 2-P 2O 5 (1986) J. Mat. Sci., 21, pp. 536-540; 
De Aza, P.N., Guiti{\'a}n, F., De Aza, S., Bioeutectic: A new ceramic material for human bone replacement (1997) Biomaterials, 18, pp. 1285-1291; 
De Aza, P.N., Guiti{\'a}n, F., De Aza, S., A new bioactive material which transforms in situ into hydroxyapatite (1998) Act Mater., 46, pp. 2541-2549; 
De Aza, P.N., Guiti{\'a}n, F., De Aza, S., Bioeutectics (1994) Internacional Trademark, 780 (1), p. 697. , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; 
De Aza, P.N., Guiti{\'a}n, F., De Aza, S., Bioeutectics: New bioceramic materials (1999) Advances in Science and Technology, 28, pp. 25-32. , Vicenzini P, editor, Materials in clinical applications, Faenza: Publi Techna Italia; 
De Aza, P.N., Luklinska, Z.B., Anseau, M.R., Guitian, F., De Aza, S., Reactivity of wollastonite-tricalcium phosphate ceramic (Bioeutectic {\textregistered}) in parotid human saliva (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1735-1741; 
De Aza, A.H., Velasquez, P., Alemany, M.I., Pena, P., De Aza, P.N., In situ bone-like apatite formation from a Bioeutectic ceramic in SBF dynamic flow (2007) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90, pp. 1200-1207; 
S{\'a}nchez, F.M., D{\'\i}az-G{\"u}emes, I., Enciso, S., Moreno, B., De Aza, A.H., Carrodeguas, R.G., Evaluaci{\'o}n de una cer{\'a}mica bioactiva de p-wollastonita como sustituto {\'o}seo en el modelo ovino (2009) XVII Congreso Internacional de la Sociedad Espa{\~n}ola de Cirug{\'\i}a Veterinaria, , C{\'a}ceres; 6-8 November, Paper Presented at the; 
Llorca, J., Orera, V., Directionally solidified eutectic ceramic oxides (2006) Prog. Mater. Sci., 51, pp. 711-809; 
Magallanes-Perdomo, M., Carrodeguas, R.G., Pena, P., De Aza, P.N., De Aza, S., De Aza, A.H., Non-isothermal devitrification study of wollastonite-tricalcium phosphate Bioeutectic {\textregistered} glass (2009) Key Eng. Mat., 396-398, pp. 127-130; 
Magallanes-Perdomo, M., Pena, P., De Aza, P.N., Carrodeguas, R.G., Rodriguez, M.A., Turrillas, X., Devitrification studies of wollastonite-tricalcium phosphate eutectic glass (2009) Acta Biomater, 5, pp. 3057-3066; 
De Aza, P.N., Guiti{\'a}n, F., De Aza, S., Phase diagram of wollastonite-tricalcium phosphate (1995) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 78, pp. 1653-1656; 
Young, R.A., (1993) The Rietveld Method, p. 336. , Oxford: Oxford University Press; 
Larson, A.C., Von Dreele, R.B., (1994) Los Alamos National Laboratory Report No. LA-UR-86-748, , Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; 
Finger, L.W., Cox, D.E., Jephcoat, A.P., A correction for powder diffraction peak asymmetry due to axial divergence (1994) J. Appl. Cryst., 27, pp. 892-900; 
Wilson, R.M., Elliott, J.C., Dowker, S.E., Rodriguez-Lorenzo, L.M., Rietveld refinements and spectroscopic studies of the structure of Ca-deficient apatite (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 1317-1327; 
Wilson, R.M., Elliott, J.C., Dowker, S.E., Rodriguez-Lorenzo, L.M., Ca 9.303 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 0.6061.97 (H 2O) (2005) ICSD Collection Code 152190, Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, , Karlsruhe: Fachonformationszentrum; 
Trojer, F.J., The crystal structure of parawollastonite (1968) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie Kristallgeometrie Kristallphysik Kristallchemie, 127, pp. 291-308; 
Trojer, F.J., CaSiO 3-wollastonite-2M (1968) ICSD Collection Code 34908, Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, , Karlsruhe: Fachonformationszentrum; 
De La, T.A.G., Bruque, S., Aranda, M.A.G., Rietveld quantitative amorphous content analysis (2001) J. Appl. Cryst., 34, pp. 196-202; 
De Aza, A.H., De La Torre, A.G., Aranda, M.A.G., Valle, F.J., De Aza, S., Rietveld quantitative analysis of Buen Retiro porcelains (2004) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 87, pp. 449-454; 
Magallanes-Perdomo, M., Luklinska, Z.B., De Aza, A.H., Carrodeguas, R.G., De Aza, S., Pena, P., Bone like apatite forming ability of apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic (2009) 11th International Conference and Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society, , Krakow, Poland; 21-25 June, Paper Presented at the; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M.H., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., HA and double-layer HA-P 2O 3/CaO glass coatings: Influence of chemical composition on human bone marrow cells osteoblastic behavior (2001) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 12, pp. 629-638; 
Meseguer-Olmo, L., Bernabeu-Esclapez, A., Ros-Martinez, E., Sanchez-Salcedo, S., Padilla, S., Martin, A.I., In vitro behaviour of adult mesenchymal stem cells seeded on a bioactive glass ceramic in the SiO 2-CaO-P 2O 5 system (2008) Acta Biomater, 4, pp. 1104-1113; 
Muller, P., Bulnheim, U., Diener, A., Luthen, F., Teller, M., Klinkenberg, E.D., Calcium phosphate surfaces promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (2008) J. Cell. Mol. Med., 12, pp. 281-291; 
Saldana, L., Sanchez-Salcedo, S., Izquierdo-Barba, I., Bensiamar, F., Munuera, L., Vallet-Regi, M., Calcium phosphate-based particles influence osteogenic maturation of human mesenchymal stem cells (2009) Acta Biomater, 5, pp. 1294-1305; 
Martin, J.Y., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T.W., Schraub, D.M., Simpson, J., Lankford, J., Effect of titanium surface-roughness on proliferation, differentiation, and protein-synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) (1995) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 29, pp. 389-401; 
Bowers, K.T., Keller, J.C., Randolph, B.A., Wick, D.G., Michaels, C.M., Optimization of surface micromorphology for enhanced osteoblast responses in vitro (1992) Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implants, 7, pp. 302-310; 
Boyan, B.D., Batzer, R., Kieswetter, K., Liu, Y., Cochran, D.L., Szmuckler-Moncler, S., Titanium surface roughness alters responsiveness of MG63 osteoblastlike cells to 1 alpha, 25-(OH) (2) D-3 (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, pp. 77-85; 
Mateus, A.Y.P., Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Comparative study of nanohydroxyapatite microspheres for medical applications (2008) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 86, pp. 483-493; 
Ni, S.Y., Chang, J., Chou, L., Zhai, W.Y., Comparison of osteoblast-like cell responses to calcium silicate and tricalcium phosphate ceramics in vitro (2007) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. Appl. Biomater, 80, pp. 174-183; 
Sarmento, C., Luklinska, Z.B., Brown, L., Anseau, M., De Aza, P.N., De Aza, S., In vitro behavior of osteoblastic cells cultured in the presence of pseudowollastonite ceramic (2004) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 69 A, pp. 351-358
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {2254 - 2263},
	abstract = {This study concerns the preparation and in vitro characterization of an apatite-wollastonite-2M bioactive glass ceramic which is intended to be used for the regeneration of hard tissue (i.e. in dental and craniomaxillofacial surgery). This bioglass ceramic has been obtained by appropriate thermal treatment through the devitrification (crystallization) of a glass with a stoichiometric eutectic composition within the Ca                        3(PO 
                        4)2-CaSiO
                        3 binary system. Crack-free specimens of the bioglass ceramic were immersed in human bone marrow cell cultures for 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, in order to study biocompatibility. Cell morphology, proliferation and colonization were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A total protein content assay was used to evaluate the viability and proliferation of cultured bone marrow cells. The results showed that the cells were able to adhere and proliferate on the designed material due to the essentiality of silicon and calcium as accessory factors for cell activity stimulation. {\textcopyright} 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Apatite, Apatites, article, Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, bone marrow cell, bone prosthesis, Bone Substitutes, Calcium Compounds, calcium derivative, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, cell activity, cell adhesion, Cell culture, cell differentiation, cell enlargement, cell growth, cell proliferation, cell structure, cell viability, Cells, Cultured, ceramics, chemistry, confocal laser microscopy, crystal structure, Crystallization, cytology, glass, Glass ceramics, human, human cell, Humans, in vitro study, materials testing, Mesenchymal stem cell, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, methodology, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, physiology, priority journal, protein content, Scanning electron microscopy, silicate, Silicates, Surface Properties, surface property, Tissue regeneration, Wollastonite, X ray fluorescence},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956625645\&partnerID=40\&md5=426d361faf4a2e3f988754fc5822ea56},
	author = {Magallanes-Perdomo, M. and De Aza, A.H. and Mateus, A.Y. and Teixeira, S. and Monteiro, F.J. and De Aza, S. and Pena, P.}
}
@article {2276,
	title = {In vivo evaluation of highly macroporous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 6Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32532PubMed ID: 19591232Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomaterials, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: sandra_teixeira3@yahoo.comChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Biocompatible Materials; Ceramics; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Jones, A.C., Milthorpe, B., Averdunk, H., Limaye, A., Senden, T.J., Sakellariou, A., Sheppard, A.P., Dwdw, H., Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 4947-4954;Aizawa, M., Shinoda, H., Uchida, H., Itatani, K., Okada, I., Matsumoto, M., Toyama, Y., Development and biological evaluation of apatite fibre scaffolds with large pore size and high porosity for bone regeneration (2003) Bioceramics, 240-242, pp. 647-650; 
Ebaretonbofa, E., Evans, J.R.G., High porosity hydroxyapatite foam scaffolds for bone substitute (2002) J Porous Mater, 9, pp. 257-263; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Beernink, R., Pieper, J.S., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Van Aken, W.G., Feijen, J., Immobilization of heparin to EDC/NHS-crosslinked collagen (2001) Characterization and in Vitro Evaluation. Biomaterials, 22, pp. 151-163; 
Lee, C.H., Singla, A., Lee, Y., Biomedical applications of collagen (2001) Int J Pharm, 221, pp. 1-22; 
Jensen, T.B., Overgaard, S., Lind, M., Rahbek, O., B{\"u}nger, C., S{\o}balle, K., Osteogenic protein 1 device increases bone formation and bone graft resorption around cementless implants (2002) Acta Orthop Scand, 73, pp. 31-39; 
Niemeyer, P., Krause, U., Fellenberg, J., Kasten, P., Seckinger, A., Ho, A.D., Simank, H.G., Evaluation of mineralized collagen and alpha-tricalcium phosphate as scaffolds for tissue engineering of bone using human mesenchymal stem cells (2004) Cells Tissues Organs, 177, pp. 68-78; 
Yang, X.B., Bhatnagar, R.S., Li, S., Oreffo, R.O., Biomimetic collagen scaffolds for human bone cell growth and differentiation (2004) Tissue Eng, 10, pp. 1148-1159; 
Xu, C., Wang, Y., Yu, X., Chen, X., Li, X., Yang, X., Li, S., Xiang, A.P., Evaluation of human mesenchymal stem cells response to biomimetic bioglass-collagen-hyaluronic acidphosphatidylserine composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (2009) J Biomed Mater Res A, 88, pp. 264-273; 
Kikuchi, M., Matsumoto, H.N., Yamada, T., Koyama, Y., Takakuda, K., Tanaka, J., Glutaraldehyde cross-linked hydroxyapatite/collagen self-organized nanocomposites (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 63-69; 
Liao, S., Wang, W., Uo, M., Ohkawa, S., Akasaka, T., Tamura, K., Cui, F., Watari, F., A three-layered nano-carbonated hydroxyapatite/ collagen/PLGA composite membrane for guided tissue regeneration (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 7564-7571; 
Liao, S., Watari, F., Zhu, Y., Uo, M., Akasaka, T., Wang, W., Xu, G., Cui, F., The degradation of the three layered nano-carbonated hydroxyapatite/ collagen/PLGA composite membrane in vitro (2007) Dent Mater, 23, pp. 1120-1128; 
Zhang, S.M., Cui, F.Z., Liao, S.S., Zhu, Y., Han, L., Synthesis and biocompatibility of porous nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/ alginate composite (2003) J Mater Sci, 14, pp. 641-645; 
Glowacki, J., Mizuno, S., Collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering (2008) Biopolymers, 89, pp. 338-344; 
Hao, W., Hu, Y.Y., Wei, Y.Y., Pang, L., Lv, R., Bai, J.P., Xiong, Z., Jiang, M., Collagen I gel can facilitate homogenous bone formation of adipose-derived stem cells in PLGA-beta-TCP scaffold (2008) Cells Tissues Organs, 187, pp. 89-102; 
Liuyun, J., Yubao, L., Li, Z., Jianguo, L., Preparation and properties of a novel bone repair composite: Nano-hydroxyapatite/ chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose (2008) J Mater Sci, 19, pp. 981-987; 
Zhou, G., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Zuo, Y., Jansen, J.A., Preparation and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/konjac glucomannan composite (2007) J Biomed Mater Res, 83, pp. 931-939; 
Hua, Y., Ning, C., Xiaoying, L., Buzhong, Z., Wei, C., Xiaoling, S., Natural hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite for bone substitute materials (2005) Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 5, pp. 4888-4891; 
Oliveira, J.M., Rodrigues, M.T., Silva, S.S., Malafaya, P.B., Gomes, M.E., Viegas, C.A., Dias, I.R., Reis, R.L., Novel hydroxyapatite/ chitosan bilayered scaffold for osteochondral tissue- Engineering applications: Scaffold design and its performance when seeded with goat bone marrow stromal cells (2006) Biomaterials, 27, pp. 6123-6137; 
Kong, L., Gao, Y., Cao, W., Gong, Y., Zhao, N., Zhang, X., Preparation and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite scaffolds (2005) J Biomed Mater Res, 75, pp. 275-282; 
Zhao, F., Yin, Y., Lu, W.W., Leong, J.C., Zhang, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Yao, K., Preparation and histological evaluation of biomimetic three-dimensional hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network composite scaffolds (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 3227-3234; 
Everaerts, F., Torrianni, M., Hendriks, M., Feijen, J., Biomechanical properties of carbodiimide crosslinked collagen: Influence of the formation of ester crosslinks (2008) J Biomed Mater Res A, 85, pp. 547-555; 
Vrana, N.E., Builles, N., Kocak, H., Gulay, P., Justin, V., Malbouyres, M., Ruggiero, F., Hasirci, V., EDC/NHS cross-linked collagen foams as scaffolds for arti.cial corneal stroma (2007) J Biomater Sci, 18, pp. 1527-1545; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Beernink, R., Scharenborg, N.M., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Van Aken, W.G., Feijen, J., Endothelial cell seeding of (heparinized) collagen matrices: Effects of bFGF pre-loading on proliferation (after low density seeding) and pro-coagulant factors (2000) J Control Release, 67, pp. 141-155; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Van Luyn, M.J.A., Beernink, R., Dijk, F., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Feijen, J., Endothelial cell seeding on crosslinked collagen: Effects of crosslinking on endothelial cell proliferation and functional parameters (2000) Thrombosis Haemostasis, 84, pp. 325-331; 
Teixeira, S., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Biocompatibility of highly macroporous ceramic scaffolds: Cell adhesion and morphology studies (2008) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 19, pp. 855-859; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Beernink, R., Pieper, J.S., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Van Aken, W.G., Feijen, J., Binding and release of basic fibroblast growth factor from heparinized collagen matrices (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 2291-2299; 
Wissink, M.J.B., Beernink, R., Poot, A.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Beugeling, T., Van Aken, W.G., Feijen, J., Improved endothelialization of vascular grafts by local release of growth factor from heparinized collagen matrices (2000) J Control Release, 64, pp. 103-114; 
Habibovic, P., Yuan, H., Van Den Doel, M.A., Sees, T.M., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Groot, K., Relevance of osteoinductive biomaterials in critical-sized orthotopic defect (2006) J Orthop Res, 24, pp. 867-876; 
Habibovic, P., Sees, T.M., Van Den Doel, M.A., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Groot, K., Osteoinduction by biomaterials-physicochemical and structural influences (2006) J Biomed Mater Res A, 77, pp. 747-762; 
Both, S.K., Van Der Muijsenberg, A.J., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Boer, J., De Bruijn, J.D., A rapid and ef.cient method for expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (2007) Tissue Eng, 13, pp. 3-9; 
Habibovic, P., Gbureck, U., Doillon, C.J., Bassett, D.C., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Barralet, J.E., Osteoconduction and osteoinduction of low-temperature 3D printed bioceramic implants (2008) Biomaterials, 29, pp. 944-953; 
Teixeira, S., Oliveira, S., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Three dimensional macroporous calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (2008) Key Eng Mater, 361-363 (2), pp. 947-950; 
Teixeira, S., Rodriguez, M.A., Pena, P., De Aza, A.H., De Aza, S., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Physical characterization of hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (2009) Mat Sci Eng: C, 29, pp. 1510-1514; 
Kim, H.W., Knowles, J.C., Kim, H.E., Hydroxyapatite porous scaffold engineered with biological polymer hybrid coating for antibiotic Vancomycin release (2005) J Mater Sci, 16, pp. 189-195; 
Gibson, I.R., Best, S.M., Bonfield, W., Chemical characterization of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 44, pp. 422-428; 
Siddappa, R., Fernandes, H., Liu, J., Van Blitterswijk, C., De Boer, J., The response of human mesenchymal stem cells to osteogenic signals and its impact on bone tissue engineering (2007) Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2, pp. 209-220; 
Olivo, C., Alblas, J., Verweij, V., Van Zonneveld, A.J., Dhert, W.J., Martens, A.C., In vivo bioluminescence imaging study to monitor ectopic bone formation by luciferase gene marked mesenchymal stem cells (2008) J Orthop Res, 26, pp. 901-909; 
Yuan, H., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Groot, K., De Bruijn, J.D., A comparison of bone formation in biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) implanted in muscle and bone of dogs at different time periods (2006) J Biomed Mater Res A, 78, pp. 139-147; 
Habibovic, P., Li, J., Van Der Valk, C.M., Meijer, G., Layrolle, P., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Groot, K., Biological performance of uncoated and octacalcium phosphate-coated Ti6Al4V (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 23-36; 
Habibovic, P., Yuan, H., Van Der Valk, C.M., Meijer, G., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Groot, K., 3D microenvironment as essential element for osteoinduction by biomaterials (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 3565-3575
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {567 - 575},
	abstract = {During the last decades, different materials of both natural and synthetic origin have been developed with the aim of inducing and controlling osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In order for that to happen, it is necessary that the material to be implanted obey a series of requirements, namely: osteoconduction, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Additionally, they must be low-priced, easy to produce, shape, and store. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well known ceramic with a composition similar to the mineral component of bone and is highly biocompatible and easy to obtain and/or process. On the other hand, collagen is the main structural protein present in the human body and bone. In this study, a polymer replication method was applied and a highly porous HA scaffold was produced. Collagen was later incorporated to improve the biological properties of the scaffold while resembling the bone composition. The scaffolds were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In vitro and in vivo testing was performed in all scaffolds produced. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vivo osteogenic potential of MSCs from two different species seeded on the different HA based porous scaffolds with collagen type I. The results indicate that all scaffolds exhibit relevant bone formation, being more prominent in the case of the HA scaffolds. {\textcopyright} 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {animal cell, animal experiment, animal model, Animals, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biodegradation, Bone, Bone and Bones, Bone formation, bone tissue, Calcium, Calcium alloys, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Cell Count, Cell culture, Cell Culture Techniques, Cells, Cultured, cellular distribution, Ceramic materials, ceramics, Collagen, collagen type 1, Durapatite, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Flowcharting, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxylation, in vitro study, In vivo bone formation, in vivo study, In-vivo, infrared spectroscopy, Macroporous, Macroporous scaffolds, male, materials testing, Mesenchymal stem cell, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, nonhuman, ossification, Osteogenesis, porous polymer, rat, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Stem cells, Tissue engineering, tissue scaffold, Tissue Scaffolds},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950190285\&partnerID=40\&md5=612e26b56020935c7b0b1c564bffa89a},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Fernandes, H. and Leusink, A. and Van Blitterswijk, C. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and De Boer, J.}
}
@article {2321,
	title = {Cytotoxicity evaluation of nanocrystalline diamond coatings by fibroblast cell cultures},
	journal = {Acta BiomaterialiaActa Biomater.},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 8Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.08.015PubMed ID: 18819854Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Amaral, M.; CICECO, Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: margarida.amaral@ua.ptChemicals/CAS: 3 (4,5 dimethyl 2 thiazolyl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide, 298-93-1; diamond, 7782-40-3; polystyrene, 9003-53-6; silicon nitride, 12033-89-5; Culture Media; Diamond, 7782-40-3References: Griffin, J., Ray, P.C., Role of inert gas in the low-temperature nano-diamond chemical vapour deposition process (2006) Nanotechnology, 17, pp. 1225-1229;Mitura, S., Mitura, K., Niedzielski, P., Louda, P., Danilenko, V., Nanocrystalline diamond, its synthesis, properties and applications (2006) J Achievements Mater Manuf Eng, 16, pp. 9-16; 
Okr{\'o}j, W., Kami{\'n}ska, M., Klimek, L., Szyma{\'n}ski, W., Walkowiak, B., Blood platelets in contact with nanocrystalline diamond surfaces (2006) Diamond Relat Mater, 15, pp. 1535-1539; 
Xiao, X., Wang, J., Liu, C., Carlisle, J.A., Mech, B., Greenberg, R., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ultrananocrystalline diamond for coating of implantable retinal microchips (2006) J Biomed Mater Res B: Appl Biomater, 77 B, pp. 273-281; 
Tang, L., Tsai, C., Gerberich, W.W., Kruckeberg, L., Kania, D.R., Biocompatibility of chemical-vapour-deposited diamond (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 483-488; 
Steinmueller-Nethl, D., Kloss, F.R., Haq, M.N.U., Rainer, M., Larsson, K., Linsmeier, C., Strong binding of bioactive BMP-2 to nanocrystalline diamond by physisorption (2006) Biomaterials, 27, pp. 4547-4556; 
Wenmackers, S., Christiaens, P., Daenen, M., Haenen, K., Nesl{\'a}dek, M., Ven, M., DNA attachment to nanocrystalline diamond films (2005) Phys Status Solidi, 202, pp. 2212-2216; 
Retama, J.R., Hernando, J., Lopez-Ruiz, B., H{\"a}rtl, A., Steinm{\"u}ller, D., Stutzmann, M., Synthetic nanocrystalline diamond as a third-generation biosensor support (2006) Langmuir, 22, pp. 5837-5842; 
Siew, P.S., Loh, K.P., Poh, W.C., Zhang, H., Biosensing properties of nanocrystalline diamond film grown on polycrystalline diamond electrodes (2005) Diamond Relat Mater, 14, pp. 426-431; 
Jakubowski, W., Bartosz, G., Niedzielski, P., Szymanski, W., Walkowiak, B., Nanocrystalline diamond surface is resistant to bacterial colonization (2004) Diamond Relat Mater, 13, pp. 1761-1763; 
Trava-Airoldi, V.J., Corat, E.J., Leite, N.F., Nono, M., Ferreira, N.G., Baranauskas, V., CVD diamond burrs-development and applications (1996) Diamond Relat Mater, 5, pp. 857-860; 
Amar, M., Ahmed, W., Sein, H., Jones, A.N., Rego, C., Chemical vapour deposition of diamond coatings onto molybdenum dental tools (2003) J Phys Condens Matter, 15, pp. S2977-S2982; 
Tetsumura, A., Honda, E., Sasaki, T., Kino, K., Metallic residues as a source of artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint (1999) Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 28, pp. 186-190; 
Carvalho, C.A., Fagundes, T.C., Barata, T.E., Trava-Airoldi, V.J., Navarro, M.L., The use of CVD diamond burrs for ultraconservative cavity preparations: a report of two cases (2007) J Esthet Restor Dent, 19, pp. 19-29; 
Mitura, K., Niedzielski, P., Grzegorz, B., Moll, J., Walkowiak, B., Pawlowska, Z., Interactions between carbon coatings and tissue (2006) Surf Coat Technol, 201, pp. 2117-2123; 
Fries, M.D., Vohra, Y.K., Microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond film deposition on cobalt chrome alloy (1999) Thin films-stresses and mechanical properties VIII, , Vinci R., Kraft O., Moody N., Besser P., and Shaffer II E. (Eds), MRS Publications, Boston, MA; 
Fries, M.D., Vohra, Y.K., Properties of nanocrystalline thin films grown by MPCVD for biomedical implant purposes (2004) Diamond Relat Mater, 13, pp. 1740-1743; 
Papo, M.J., Catledge, S.A., Vohra, Y.K., Mechanical wear behavior of nanocrystalline and multilayer diamond coatings on temporomandibular joint implants (2004) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 15, pp. 773-777; 
Sun, F.H., Zhang, Z.M., Ma, Y.P., Chen, M., Synthesis of nanocrystalline diamond films on smooth WC-Co cemented carbide substrates (2007) Int J Abrasive Technol, 1, pp. 161-172; 
Belmonte, M., Fernandes, A.J.S., Costa, F.M., Oliveira, F.J., Silva, R.F., Adhesion behaviour assessment on diamond coated silicon nitride by acoustic emission (2003) Diamond Relat Mater, 12, pp. 733-737; 
Petzow, G., Herrmann, M., Silicon nitride ceramics (2002) Struct Bond, 102, pp. 47-167; 
Amaral, M., Costa, M.A., Lopes, M.A., Silva, R.F., Santos, J.D., Fernandes, M.H., Si 3N 4-bioglass composites stimulate the proliferation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow cells (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 4897-4906; 
Kue, R., Sahrabi, A., Nagle, D., Frondonza, C., Hungerford, D., Enhanced proliferation and osteocalcin production by human osteoblast-like cells on silicon nitride ceramic discs (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1195-1201; 
Popov, C., Kulisch, W., Jelinek, M., Bock, A., Strnad, J., Nanocrystalline diamond/amorphous carbon composite films for applications in tribology, optics and biomedicine (2006) Thin Solid Films, 494, pp. 92-97; 
Chong, K.F., Loh, K.P., Vedula, S.R., Lim, C.T., Sternschulte, H., Steinm{\"u}ller, D., Cell adhesion properties on photochemically functionalized diamond (2007) Langmuir, 23, pp. 5615-5621; 
Bajaj, P., Akin, D., Gupta, A., Sherman, D., Shi, B., Auciello, O., Ultra-nanocrystalline diamond film as an optimal cell interface for biomedical applications (2007) Biomed Microdevices, , [Epub ahead of print]; 
Arnold, L.F., Baram, B., In vitro culture of periodontal ligament cells (1972) J Dent Res, 51, pp. 953-959; 
Piche, J.E., Carnes Jr., D.L., Graves, D.T., Initial characterization of cells derived from human periodontia (1989) J Dent Res, 68, pp. 761-767; 
Trigo Cabral, C., Costa, M.A., Fernandes, M.H., In vitro models of periodontal cells: a comparative study of long-term gingival, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cell cultures in the presence of β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone (2007) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 18, pp. 1079-1088; 
Bajpai, P.K., Billote, W.G., Ceramic biomaterials (1995) The biomedical engineering handbook, pp. 552-580. , Bronzino J.D. (Ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
Nishitani-Gamo, M., Ando, T., Watanabe, K., Sekita, M., Dennig, P.A., Yamamoto, K., Interfacial structures of oriented diamond on Si (1 0 0) characterized by confocal Raman spectroscopy (1997) Diamond Relat Mater, 6, pp. 1036-1040; 
Ferrari, A.C., Robertson, J., Origin of the 1150 cm -1 Raman mode in nanocrystalline diamond (2001) Phys Rev B, 63, pp. 121405-1-121405-4; 
Pfeiffer, R., Kuzmany, H., Knoll, P., Bokova, S., Salk, N., G{\"u}nther, B., Evidence for trans-polyacetylene in nano-crystalline diamond films (2003) Diamond Relat Mater, 12, pp. 268-271; 
Zimmermann, T., Janischowsky, K., Denisenko, A., Guill{\'e}n, F.J.H., Kubovic, M., Gruen, D.M., Nanocrystalline diamond pn-structure grown by hot-filament CVD (2006) Diamond Relat Mater, 15, pp. 203-206; 
Krauss, A.R., Auciello, O., Gruen, D.M., Jayatissa, A., Sumant, A., Tucek, J., Ultrananocrystalline diamond thin films for MEMS and moving mechanical assembly devices (2001) Diamond Relat Mater, 10, pp. 1952-1961; 
Amaral, M., Fernandes, A.J.S., Vila, M., Oliveira, F.J., Silva, R.F., Growth rate improvements in the hot-filament CVD deposition of nanocrystalline diamond (2006) Diamond Relat Mater, 15, pp. 1822-1827; 
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P., The cytoskeleton (2002) Molecular biology of the cell. 4th ed., pp. 907-972. , Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., and Walter P. (Eds), Garland Publishing, New York; 
Stamenovic, D., Effects of cytoskeletal prestress on cell rheological behaviour (2005) Acta Biomater, 1, pp. 255-262; 
Freshney, T.I., Biology of cultured cells (2000) Culture of animal cells. A manual of basic technique, pp. 9-18. , Wiley-Liss, New York; 
Garguilo, J.M., Davis, B.A., Buddie, M., K{\"o}ck, F.A.M., Nemanich, R.J., Fibrinogen adsorption onto microwave plasma chemical vapor deposited diamond films (2004) Diamond Relat Mater, 13, pp. 595-599; 
Ariano, P., Baldellia, P., Carbonea, E., Gilardino, A., Giudicea, A.L., Lovisolo, D., Cellular adhesion and neuronal excitability on functionalised diamond surfaces (2005) Diamond Relat Mater, 14, pp. 669-674; 
Heinrich, G., Grijgler, T., Rosiwal, S.M., Singer, R.F., CVD diamond coated titanium alloys for biomedical and aerospace applications (1997) Surf Coat Technol, 94-95, pp. 514-520; 
M{\"u}ller, R., Adamschik, M., Steidl, D., Kohn, E., Thamasett, S., Stiller, S., Application of CVD-diamond for catheter ablation in the heart (2004) Diamond Relat Mater, 13, pp. 1080-1083; 
Nordsletten, L., Hogasen, A.K.M., Konttinen, Y.T., Santavirta, S., Aspenberg, P., Aasen, A.O., Human monocytes stimulation by particles of hydroxyapatite, silicon carbide and diamond: in vitro studies of new prosthesis coatings (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 1521-1527; 
Aspenberg, P., Antilla, A., Konttinen, Y.T., Lappalainen, R., Goodman, S.B., Nordsletten, L., Benign response to particles of diamond and SiC: bone chamber studies of new joint replacement coating materials in rabbits (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 807-812; 
Specht, C.G., Williams, O.A., Jackman, R.B., Schoepfer, R., Ordered growth of neurons on diamond (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 4073-4078; 
Schrand, A.M., Huang, H., Carlson, C., Schlager, J.J., Omacr Sawa, E., Hussain, S.M., Are diamond nanoparticles cytotoxic? (2007) J Phys Chem B, 111, pp. 2-7; 
International Organization for Standardization, ISO 10993-5: biological evaluation of medical devices. Part 5. Tests for cytotoxicity: in vitro methods. Geneva; 1992International Organization for Standardization, ISO 7405: dentistry-preclinical evaluation of biocompatibility of medical devices used in dentistry-test methods for dental materials. Geneva; 1997Kaplan, F.S., Hayes, W.C., Keaveny, T.M., Boskey, A., Einhorn, T.A., Iannotti, J.P., Form and function of bone (1994) Orthopedic basic science, pp. 127-185. , Simon S.P. (Ed), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Columbus, OH; 
Webster, T.J., Proteins: structure and interactions patterns to solid surfaces (2004) Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology, pp. 3079-3095. , Schwarz J.A., Contescu C., and Putyera K. (Eds), Marcel Dekker, New York; 
Webster, T.J., Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1803-1810; 
Webster, T.J., Ergun, C., Doremus, R.H., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Specific proteins mediate enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 51, pp. 475-483; 
Shane, A.C., Marc, D.F., Yogesh, K.V., William, R.L., Jack, E.L., Shanna, W., Nanostructured ceramics for biomedical implants (2002) J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2, pp. 1-20; 
Price, R.L., Haberstroh, K.M., Webster, T.J., Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanostructured surfaces of carbon and alumina (2003) Med Biol Eng Comput, 41, pp. 372-375; 
Webster, T.J., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1221-1227; 
Perla, V., Webster, T.J., Better osteoblast adhesion on nanoparticulate selenium-A promising orthopedic implant material (2005) J Biomed Mater Res, 75 A, pp. 356-364
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {755 - 763},
	abstract = {The cytotoxicity profile of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coatings on a Si                        3N
                        4 ceramic was investigated. This material is envisaged to have biomedical dental applications such as burrs and surgical instruments. Two fibroblast cell culture systems were used to address the cytotoxicity of NCD-coated samples: L929 cells (a mouse permanent cell line) and human gingival fibroblasts. Cell behavior was evaluated in terms of cell adhesion, cell viability/proliferation (mitochondrial function, MTT assay) and the pattern of cell growth. Fibroblast cell behavior on standard polystyrene culture plates was used as control, as Si
                        3N
                        4 substrates have previously been shown to be biocompatible. NCD coatings provided a suitable surface for cell attachment, spreading and proliferation. Human gingival cells showed a homogeneous cytoplasm spreading, a flattened elongated morphology and a typical parallel alignment on confluent cultures. In comparison, L929 cells denoted a lower cytoplasm expansion, a heterogeneous spreading but a higher proliferation rate. For both cells, after few days, the NCD coating was completely covered with continuous cell layers. As compared to standard polystyrene culture plates, no deleterious or cytotoxic responses were observed with L929 and human fibroblast cell cultures, and in both a slight enhancement in cell proliferation was observed. In addition, the seeded NCD film allowed reproduction of the typical features of the two cell culture systems tested, further suggesting the lack of cytotoxicity of this coating. {\textcopyright} 2008 Acta Materialia Inc.
},
	keywords = {3 (4,5 dimethyl 2 thiazolyl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide, animal cell, Animals, article, Biocompatibility, Biomedical dental applications, biomedicine, cell adhesion, Cell Division, cell function, cell growth, Cell Line, cell proliferation, cell spreading, cell structure, cell surface, cell survival, cell viability, ceramics, controlled study, Culture Media, cytoplasm, Cytotoxicity, dentistry, diamond, Fibroblast cell cultures, fibroblast culture, Fibroblasts, gingiva, human, human cell, Humans, material coating, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mitochondrial respiration, mouse, nanocrystal, Nanocrystalline diamond coating, Nanostructures, nonhuman, polystyrene, priority journal, Silicon nitride, Surgical instrument},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58049191417\&partnerID=40\&md5=f75616146e61ce84434c5481a2b8eec3},
	author = {Amaral, M. and Gomes, P.S. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Silva, R.F. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@article {2324,
	title = {Physical, chemical and in vitro biological profile of chitosan hybrid membrane as a function of organosiloxane concentration},
	journal = {Acta BiomaterialiaActa Biomater.},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 10Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.022PubMed ID: 18722166Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Hayakawa, S.; Biomaterial Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama-shi, 700-8530, Japan; email: satoshi@cc.okayama-u.ac.jpChemicals/CAS: (3 glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, 2530-83-8; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; chitosan, 9012-76-4; silicate, 12627-13-3; Chitosan, 9012-76-4; Cross-Linking Reagents; gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2530-83-8; Silanes; SiloxanesTradenames: AldrichReferences: Lai, J.Y., Lin, F.C., Wang, C.C., Wang, D.M., Effect of nonsolvent additives on the porosity and morphology of asymmetric TPX membranes [J] (1996) J Membrane Sci, 118, pp. 49-61;Wang, D.M., Lin, F.C., Chiang, J.C., Lai, J.Y., Control of porosity of asymmetric TPX membranes [J] (1998) J Membrane Sci, 141, pp. 1-12; 
Piattelli, A., Scarano, A., Russo, P., Matarasso, S., Evaluation of guided bone regeneration in rabbit tibia using bioresorbable and non-resorbable membranes (1996) Biomaterials, 17 (8), pp. 791-796; 
Gotfredsen, K., Nimb, L., Hjorting-Hansen, E., Immediate implant placement using a biodegradable barrier, polyhydroxybutyratehydroxyvalerate reinforced with polyglactin 910: an experimental study in dogs (1994) Clin Oral Implants Res, 5 (2), pp. 83-91; 
Kostopoulos, L., Karring, T., Augmentation of the rat mandible using guided tissue regeneration (1994) Clin Oral Implants Res, 5 (2), pp. 75-82; 
Kostopoulos, L., Karring, T., Guided bone regeneration in mandibular defects in rats using a bioresorbable polymer (1994) Clin Oral Implants Res, 5 (2), pp. 666-674; 
Nyman, S., Gottlow, J., Karring, T., The regeneration potential of the periodontal ligament: an experimental study in the monkey (1982) J Clin Periodontal, 9, pp. 257-265; 
Dupoirieux, L., Pourquier, D., Picot, M.C., Neves, M., Comparative study of three different membranes for guided bone regeneration of rat cranial defects (2001) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 30 (1), pp. 58-62; 
Zhang, R., Ma, P.X., Porous poly(l-lactic acid)/apatite composites created by biomimetic process (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 285-293; 
Murphy, W.L., Kohn, D.H., Mooney, D.J., Growth of continuous bonelike mineral within porous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds in vitro (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 50, pp. 50-58; 
Lin, F.C., Wang, D.M., Lai, J.Y., Asymmetric TPX membranes. J membranes with high gas flux. (1996) J Membrane Sci, 110, pp. 25-36; 
Vert, M., Mauduit, J., Li, S., Biodegradation of PLA/GA polymers: increasing complexity (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 1209-1213; 
Lee, Y.K., Mooney, D.J., Hydrogels for tissue enigineering (2001) Chem Rev, 101, pp. 1869-1879; 
Domard, A., Rinaudo, M., Preparation and characterization fully deacetylated chitosan (1983) Int J Biol Macromol, 5, pp. 49-52; 
Chandy, T., Sharma, P.C., Chitosan - as a biomaterial (1990) Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organo, 18, pp. 1-24; 
Ueno, H., Yamada, H., Tanaka, I., Kaba, N., Matsuura, M., Okumura, M., Accelerating effects of chitosan for healing at early phase of experimental open wound in dogs (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1407-1414; 
Muzzareli, R.A.A., Mattioli-Belmonte, M., Tietz, C., Biagini, R., Ferioli, G., Brunelli, M.A., Stimulatory effect on bone formation exerted by a modified chitosan (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 1075-1081; 
Shirosaki, Y., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., In vitro cytocompatibility of MG63 cells on chitosan-organosiloxane hybrid membranes (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 485-493; 
Prochazkova, S., Varum, K.M., {\AE}stgaard. Quantitative determination of chitosans by ninhydrin (1999) Carbohydr Polym, 38, pp. 115-122; 
Coelho, M.J., Fernandes, M.H., Human bone cell cultures in biocompatibility testing. Part II: effect of ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone on osteoblastic differentiation (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1095-1102; 
Coelho, M.J., Cabral, A.T., Fernandes, M.H., Human bone cell cultures in biocompatibility testing. Part I: osteoblastic differentiation of serially passaged human bone marrow cells cultured in α-MEM and in D-MEM (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1087-1094; 
Berridge, V., Tan, A.S., Characterization of the cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethhylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT): subcellular localization, substrate dependence, and involvement of mitochondrial electron transport in MTT reduction (1993) Arch Biochem Biophys, 303, pp. 474-482; 
Brugnerotto, J., Lizardi, J., Goycoolea, F.M., Arg{\"u}elles-Monal, W., Desbri{\'e}res, J., Rinaudo, M., An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization (2001) Polymer, 42, pp. 3569-3580; 
Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Sol-gel preparation and in vitro deposition of apatite on porous gelatin-siloxane hybrids (2001) J Non Cryst Solid, 285, pp. 116-122; 
Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Novel approach to fabricate porous gelatin-siloxane hybrids for bone tissue engineering (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 4765-4773; 
Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Incorporation of Ca 2+ ions in gelatin-siloxane hybrids through a sol-gel process (2001) J Ceram Soc Jpn, 109, pp. 403-408; 
Rashidova, S.S.h., Shakarova, D.S.h., Ruzimuradov, O.N., Satabaldieva, D.T., Zalyalieva, S.V., Shpigun, O.A., Bionanocompositional chitosan-silica sorbent for liquid chromatography (2004) J Chromatogr B, 800, pp. 49-53; 
Hench, L.L., Ethridge, E.C., (1982) Biomaterials an interfacial approach, , Academic Press, New York 10; 
Xynos, I.D., Hukkanen, M.V.J., Batten, J.J., Buttery, L.D., Hench, L.L., Polak, J.M., Bioglass {\textregistered} 45S5 stimulates osteoblast turnover and enhances bone formation in vitro: implications and applications for bone tissue engineering (2000) Calcif Tissue Int, 67, pp. 321-329; 
Xynos, I.D., Edgar, A.J., Buttery, L.D.K., Hench, L.L., Ionic products of bioactive glass dissolution increase proliferation of human osteoblasts and induce insulin-like growth factor II mRNA expression and protein synthesis (2000) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 276, pp. 461-465; 
Gough, J.E., Jones, J.R., Hench, L.L., Nodule formation and mineralisation of human primary osteoblasts cultured on a porous bioactive glass scaffold (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 2039-2046; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A., Bone formation in vitro by stromal cells obtained from bone marrow of young adult rats (1988) Cell Tissue Res, 254, pp. 317-330; 
Fernandes, M.H., Costa, M.A., Carvalho, G.S., Mineralization in serially passaged human alveolar bone cells (1997) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 8, pp. 61-65; 
Costa, M.A., Gutierres, M., Almeida, L., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Fernandes, M.H., In vitro mineralization of human bone marrow cells cultured on Bonelike {\textregistered} (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254-256, pp. 821-824
},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {346 - 355},
	abstract = {We attempted to prepare chitosan-silicate hybrid for use in a medical application and evaluated the physico-chemical properties and osteocompatibility of the hybrids as a function of γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) concentration. Chitosan-silicate hybrids were synthesized using GPTMS as the reagent for cross-linking of the chitosan chains. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,                        29Si CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy and the ninhydrin assay were used to analyze the structures of the hybrids, and stress-strain curves were recorded to estimate their Young{\textquoteright}s modulus. The swelling ability, contact angle and cytocompatibility of the hybrids were investigated as a function of the GPTMS concentration. A certain fraction of GPTMS in each hybrid was linked at the epoxy group to the amino group of chitosan, which was associated with the change in the methoxysilane group of GPTMS due to hybridization. The cross-linking density was around 80\% regardless of the volume of GPTMS. As the content of GPTMS increased, the water uptake decreased and the hydrophilicity of the hybrids increased except when the content exceeded amolar ratio of 1.5, when it caused a decrease. The values of the mechanical parameters assessed indicated that significant stiffening of the hybrids was obtained by the addition of GPTMS. The adhesion and proliferation of the MG63 osteoblast cells cultured on the chitosan-GPTMS hybrid surface were improved compared to those on the chitosan membrane, regardless of the GPTMS concentration. Moreover, human bone marrow osteoblast cells proliferated on the chitosan-GPTMS hybrid surface and formed a fibrillar extracellular matrix with numerous calcium phosphate globular structures, both in the presence and in the absence of dexamethasone. Therefore, the chitosan-GPTMS hybrids are promising candidates for basic materials that can promote bone regeneration because of their controllable composition (chitosan/GPTMS ratio). {\textcopyright} 2008 Acta Materialia Inc.
},
	keywords = {(3 glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, article, assay, Biocompatibility, Bone Marrow Cells, calcium phosphate, cell adhesion, Cell Line, Tumor, cell proliferation, cell survival, cell viability, Chemical analysis, chitosan, concentration (parameters), controlled study, cross linking, Cross-Linking Reagents, extracellular matrix, human, human cell, Humans, hydrophobicity, in vitro study, infrared spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, molecular hybridization, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Organic-inorganic hybrid, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, Osteocompatibility, physical chemistry, priority journal, Silanes, silicate, siloxane, Siloxanes, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, stress strain relationship, structure analysis, surface property, Tissue engineering, unclassified drug, water transport, γ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS)},
	isbn = {17427061 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-56649083638\&partnerID=40\&md5=550d9a49b04985f38609e86d9adc5735},
	author = {Shirosaki, Y. and Tsuru, K. and Hayakawa, S. and Osaka, A. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Costa, M.A. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@article {2355,
	title = {Biocompatibility evaluation of DLC-coated Si                    3N
                    4 substrates for biomedical applications
},
	journal = {Diamond and Related MaterialsDiamond Relat. Mat.},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 30Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: DRMTEdoi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2007.08.019Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R.F.; CICECO, Glass and Ceramics Eng. Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: rsilva@cv.ua.ptReferences: Sargeant, A., Goswami, T., (2006) Mater. Des., 27, p. 287;Petzow, G., Herrmann, M., (2002) Structure and Bonding, 102, p. 47. , Janson M. (Ed), Springer-Verlag, Berlin; 
Narayan, R.J., (2005) Mater. Sci. Eng., C, Biomin. Mater., Sens. Syst., 25, p. 405; 
Cui, F.Z., Li, D.J., (2000) Surf. Coat. Technol., 131, p. 481; 
Zhao, Q., Liu, Y., Abel, E.W., (2004) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 280, p. 174; 
Vila, M., Abreu, C.S., Salgueiredo, E., Almeida, F.A., Fernandes, A.J.S., Costa, F.M., Gomes, J.R., Silva, R.F., (2006) Thin Solid Films, 515, p. 2192; 
Fairbrother, F., Mastin, H., (1924) J. Chem. Soc., 75, p. 2318; 
Owens, D.K., Wendt, R.D., (1969) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 13, p. 1741; 
Kokubo, T., Takadama, H., (2006) Biomaterials, 27, p. 2907; 
Strom, G., Fredriksson, M., Stenius, P., (1987) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 119, p. 352; 
Schulz, H., Leonhardt, M., Scheibe, H.J., Schultrich, B., (2005) Surf. Coat. Technol., 200, p. 1123; 
Wilson, C.J., (2005) Tissue Eng., 11, p. 1; 
Haynes, C.A., Norde, W., (1994) Colloids Surf., B Biointerfaces, 2, p. 517; 
Shelton, R.M., Rasmussen, A.C., Davies, J.E., (1988) Biomaterials, 9, p. 24; 
Davies, J.E., Causton, B., Bovell, Y., Davy, K., Sturt, C.S., (1986) Biomaterials, 7, p. 231; 
Dearnaley, G., Arps, J.H., (2005) Surf. Coat. Technol., 200, p. 2518
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {878 - 881},
	abstract = {DLC coatings are of enormous interest for biotribological applications due to their biocompatibility, auto-lubricious, and non-stick properties. The most demanding implant is the hip joint. Alternative materials to metal alloys are being increasingly investigated aiming low wear debris volume, in any case innocuous wear particles. Silicon nitride (Si                        3N
                        4) ceramics are light, tough, mechanical resistant, inert materials, turning them suitable for high-load medical applications. In this study, Si
                        3N
                        4 polished substrates were coated with adherent DLC coatings grown by DC magnetron sputtering to reduce of the friction forces against any antagonist material. Surface characterization results showed that the developed material is quite hydrophobic, with a total surface tension of 45.7~mN/m (polar component: 9.1~mN/m; dispersive component: 36.6~mN/m), and a zeta potential of - 35.0 {\textpm} 1.3~mV. In vitro testing using an acellular simulated body fluid (SBF) showed no apatite layer formation ability, as confirmed by SEM observation and analysis of the solution ions concentration with immersion time. MG63 osteoblast-like cells showed poor adhesion on the DLC films but the adherent cells displayed a normal morphology and, as compared to standard polystyrene tissue culture plates, exhibited a higher cell growth rate, suggesting no indication of cytotoxicity. Results suggested that the novel DLC-coated Si
                        3N
                        4 biomaterial should be adequate to be used for articular prostheses medical application. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Biomedical applications, Cell cultures, Coatings, Diamond like carbon films, DLC coatings, Hip joint, hydrophobicity, Magnetron sputtering, Medical applications, Metal alloys, Simulated body fluid (SBF), Tribology, Wear of materials},
	isbn = {09259635 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42949123193\&partnerID=40\&md5=cd3b4088694ff1912985627d87f7e090},
	author = {Salgueiredo, E. and Vila, M. and Silva, M.A. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Costa, F.M. and Silva, R.F. and Gomes, P.S. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@article {2358,
	title = {Biocompatibility of highly macroporous ceramic scaffolds: Cell adhesion and morphology studies},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 23Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/s10856-007-3005-xPubMed ID: 17665126Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; email: smsilva@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Biocompatible Materials; Ceramics; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Jones, A.C., (2004) Biomaterials, 25, p. 4947;Karaggeorgiou, V., (2005) Biomaterials, 27, p. 5474; 
Leon, C.A., Leon, Y., (1998) Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci., 76-77, p. 341; 
Kuboki, Y., Takita, H., Kobayashi, D., Tsuruga, E., Inoue, M., Murata, M., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, p. 190. , 2; 
Heise, U., Osborn, J.F., Duwe, F., (1990) Int. Orthop., 14, p. 329; 
Bucholz, R.W., Carlton, A., Holmes, R.E., (1987) Orthop. Clin. North. Am., 18, p. 323; 
Hill, P.A., (1998) Br. J. Orthod., 25, p. 101; 
Martin, R.B., (1999) Mater. Sci. Forum, 293, p. 5; 
Nunes, C.R., Simske, S.J., Sachdeva, R., Wolford, L.M., (1997) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 36, p. 560; 
Queiroz, A.C., Teixeira, S., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (2004) Key Eng. Mater., 254-256, p. 997; 
Queiroz, A.C., Teixeira, S., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., (2004) Mater. Sci. Forum, 455-456, p. 358; 
Queiroz, A.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Porous, H.A., (2005) Key Eng. Mater., 284-286; 
Teixeira, S.M., Queiroz, A.C., Monteiro, F.J., Ferraz, M.P., In vitro analysis of macroporous ceramic matrices: Preliminary results (2005) 19th European Conference on Biomaterials, , PP-P173; Naples, Italy, Sept 11-15
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {855 - 859},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds can be used for tissue engineering applications since they can serve as templates for cell adhesion, proliferation and ultimately for tissue repair. One way to address this issue is to evaluate the cell adhesion using several characterization techniques namely, cytotoxicity assays and cell visualization. On the other hand, when using highly macroporous scaffolds some techniques may not be adequate for evaluation, such as MTT. In this work, cytotoxicity assay (MTS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to evaluate cell adhesion in highly macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds. It was possible to observe that some techniques were not suitable to evaluate cell adhesion. In addition, it was shown that for this kind of scaffolds, confocal laser scanning microscopy is a powerful tool for cell adhesion and proliferation evaluation. {\textcopyright} 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},
	keywords = {article, Bioassay, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, cell adhesion, Cell Line, Tumor, cell proliferation, cell structure, Ceramic materials, ceramics, confocal laser microscopy, controlled study, Cytotoxicity, Cytotoxicity assay, Durapatite, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Macroporous ceramic scaffolds, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Osteoblasts, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Tissue engineering, Tissue Scaffolds},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39049162092\&partnerID=40\&md5=500dfec2998ea8943e9a38309d2b7e5b},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2337,
	title = {Nanocrystalline diamond: In vitro biocompatibility assessment by MG63 and human bone marrow cells cultures},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 25Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31742PubMed ID: 18085649Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, R. F.; CICECO, Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: rsilva@cv.ua.ptChemicals/CAS: diamond, 7782-40-3; polystyrene, 9003-53-6; silicon nitride, 12033-89-5; Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Ceramics; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Diamond, 7782-40-3; Silicon Compounds; silicon nitride, 12033-89-5References: Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, A.S., Lemons, J.E., (1996) Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, , New York: Academic Press;;Emery, D.F.G., Clarke, H.J., Grover, M.L., Stanmore total hip replacement in younger patients: Review of a group of patients under 50 years of age at operation (1997) J Bone Joint Surg, 79, pp. 240-246; 
Shane, A.C., Monique, C., Yogesh, K.V., Erick, M.S., Michelle, D.M., David Moore, K., Surface crystalline phases and nanoindentation hardness of explanted zirconia femoral heads (2003) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 14, pp. 863-867; 
Shane, A.C., Marc, D.F., Yogesh, K.V., William, R.L., Jack, E.L., Shanna, W., Ramakrishna, V., Nanostructured ceramics for biomedical implants (2002) J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2, pp. 293-312; 
Palin, E., Liu, H., Webster, T.J., Mimicking the nanofeatures of bone increases bone-forming cell adhesion and proliferation (2005) Nanotechnology, 16, pp. 1828-1835; 
Webster, T.J., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1221-1227; 
Price, R.L., Haberstroh, K.M., Webster, T.J., Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanostructured surfaces of carbon and alumina (2003) Med Biol Eng Comput, 41, pp. 372-375; 
Perla, V., Webster, T.J., Better osteoblast adhesion on nanoparticulate selenium - A promising orthopedic implant material (2005) J Biomed Mater Res, 75 A, pp. 356-364; 
Fries, M.D., Vohra, Y.K., Nanostructure diamond film deposition on curved surfaces of metallic temporomandibular joint implant (2002) J Phys D: Appl Phys, 35, pp. L105-L107; 
Papo, M.J., Catledge, S.A., Vohra, Y.K., Mechanical wear behaviour of nanocrystalline and multilayer diamond coatings on temporomandibular joint implants (2004) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 15, pp. 773-777; 
Aspenberg, P., Antilla, A., Konttinen, Y.T., Lappalainen, R., Goodman, S.B., Nordsletten, L., Santavirta, S., Benign response to particles of diamond and SiC: Bone chamber studies of new joint replacement coating materials in rabbits (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 807-812; 
Nordsletten, L., Hogasen, A.K.M., Konttinen, Y.T., Santavirta, S., Aspenberg, P., Aasen, A.O., Human monocytes stimulation by particles of hydroxyapatite, silicon carbide and diamond: In vitro studies of new prosthesis coatings (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 1521-1527; 
Mitura, S., Mitura, A., Niedzielski, P., Couvrat, P., Nanocrystalline diamond coatings (1999) Chaos Solitons Fractals, 10, pp. 2165-2176; 
Mitura, K., Niedzielski, P., Grzegorz, B., Moll, J., Walkowiak, B., Pawlowska, Z., Louda, P., Mitura, S., Interactions between carbon coatings and tissue (2006) Surf Coat Technol, 201, pp. 2117-2123; 
Garguilo, J.M., Davis, B.A., Buddie, M., K{\"o}ck, F.A.M., Nemanich, R.J., Fibrinogen adsorption onto microwave plasma chemical vapour deposited diamond films (2004) Diamond Relat Mater, 13, pp. 595-599; 
Tang, L., Tsai, C., Gerberich, W.W., Kruckeberg, L., Kania, D.R., Biocompatibility of chemical-vapour deposited diamond (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 483-488; 
Narayan, R.J., Wei, W., Jin, C., Andara, M., Agarwal, A., Gerhardt, R.A., Shih, C., Singh, R.N., Microstructural and biological properties of nanocrystalline diamond coatings (2006) Diamond Relat Mater, 15, pp. 1935-1940; 
Popov, C., Kulisch, W., Jelinek, M., Bock, A., Strnad, J., Nanocrystalline diamond/amorphous carbon composite films for applications in tribology, optics and biomedicine (2006) Thin Solid Films, 494, pp. 92-97; 
Nethl, D.S., Kloss, F.R., Haq, M.N.U., Rainer, M., Larsson, K., Linsmeier, C., K{\"o}hler, G., Bonn, G., Strong binding of bioactive BMP-2 to nanocrystalline diamond by physisorption (2006) Biomaterials, 27, pp. 4547-4556; 
Silva, V.A., Costa, F.M., Fernandes, A.J.S., Nazar{\'e}, M.H., Silva, R.F., Influence of SiC particle addition on the nucleation density and adhesion strength of MPCVD diamond coatings on S13N4 substrates (2000) Diamond Relat Mater, 9, pp. 483-488; 
Kue, R., Sahrabi, A., Nagle, D., Frondonza, C., Hungerford, D., Enhanced proliferation and osteocalcin production by human osteoblast-like cells on silicon nitride ceramic discs (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1195-1201; 
Howlett, C., McCartney, E., Ching, W., The effects of silicon nitride ceramic on rabbit skeletal cells and tissues (1989) Clin Orthop, 244, pp. 296-301; 
Amaral, M., Costa, M.A., Lopes, M.A., Silva, R.F., Santos, J.D., Fernandes, M.H., Si 3N 4-bioglass composites stimulate the proliferation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells and support the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow cells (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 4897-4906; 
Belmonte, M., Fernandes, A.J.S., Costa, F.M., Oliveira, F.J., Silva, R.F., Adhesion behaviour assessment on diamond coated silicon nitride by acoustic emission (2003) Diamond Relat Mater, 12, pp. 733-737; 
Coelho, M.J., Trigo Cabrai, A., Fernandes, M.H., Human bone cell cultures in biocompatibility testing, Part 1: Osteoblastic differentiation of serially passaged human bone marrow cells cultured in α-MEM and in DMEM (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1087-1094; 
Clifford, C.J., Downes, S., A comparative study of the use of colorimetric assays in the assessment of biocompatibility (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 637-643; 
Ciapetti, G., Cenni, E., Pratelli, L., Pizzoferrato, A., In vitro evaluation of cell/biomaterial interaction by MTT assay (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 359-364; 
Ferrari AC, Robertson J. Origin of the 1150 cm -1 Raman mode in nanocrystalline diamond. Phys Rev B 2001;63:121405-1-4Pfeiffer, R., Kuzmany, H., Knoll, P., Bokova, S., Salk, N., G{\"u}nther, B., Evidence for trans-polyacetylene in nano-crystalline diamond films (2003) Diamond Relat Mater, 12, pp. 268-271; 
Fernandes, A.J.S., Neto, M.A., Almeida, F.A., Silva, R.F., Costa, F.M., Nano- and micro-crystalline diamond growth by MPCVD in extremely poor hydrogen uniform plasmas (2007) Diamond Relat Mater, 16, pp. 757-761; 
Almeida, F.A., Amaral, M., Oliveira, F.J., Fernandes, A.J.S., Silva, R.F., Nano to micrometric HFCVD diamond adhesion strength to Si 3N 4 (2007) Vacuum, 81, pp. 1443-1447; 
Abreu, C.S., Amaral, M., Oliveira, F.J., Fernandes, A.J.S., Gomes, J.R., Silva, R.F., Enhanced performance of HFCVD nanocrystalline diamond self-mated tribosystems by plasma pretreatments on silicon nitride substrates (2006) Diamond Relat Mater, 15, pp. 2024-2028; 
Abreu, C.S., Amaral, M., Fernandes, A.J.S., Oliveira, F.J., Silva, R.F., Gomes, J.R., Friction and wear performance of HFCVD nano-crystalline diamond coated silicon nitride ceramics (2006) Diamond Relat Mater, 15, pp. 739-744; 
Stein, G.S., Lian, J.B., Molecular mechanisms mediated proliferation- differentiation interrelationships during progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype (1993) Endocr Rev, 14, pp. 424-442; 
Coelho, M.J., Fernandes, M.H., Human bone cell cultures in biocompatibility testing, Part 2: Effect of ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone on osteoblastic differentiation (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1095-1102; 
Kaplan, F.S., Hayes, W.C., Keaveny, T.M., Boskey, A., Einhorn, T.A., Iannotti, J.P., Form and function of bone (1994) Orthopedic Basic Science, pp. 127-185. , Simon SP, editor, Columbus, OH: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons;; 
Webster, T.J., Ejiofor, J.U., Increased osteoblast adhesion on nanophase metals: Ti, Ti6A14V, and CoCrMo (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 4731-4739; 
Kay, S., Thapa, A., Haberstroh, K.M., Webster, T.J., Nanostructured polymer/nanophase ceramic composites enhance osteoblast and chondrocyte adhesion (2002) Tissue Eng, 8, pp. 753-761; 
Webster, T.J., Smith, T.A., Increased osteoblast function on PLGA composites containing nanophase titania (2005) J Biomed Mater Res A, 74, pp. 677-686; 
Balasundaram, G., Sato, M., Webster, T.J., Using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and decreased crystallinity to promote osteoblast adhesion similar to functionaizing with RGD (2006) Biomaterials, 27, pp. 2798-2805; 
Webster, T.J., (2004) Proteins: Structure and interactions patterns to solid surfaces, pp. 1-16. , editors. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 
Siegel RW. Creating nanophase materials. Sci Am (Int Ed) 1996;275:74-79Webster, T.J., Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1803-1810; 
Webster, T.J., Enhanced osteoclast-like cell functions on nano-phase ceramics (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1327-1333; 
Webster, T.J., Ergun, C., Doremus, R.H., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Specific proteins mediate enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nano-phase ceramics (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, pp. 51475-51483; 
Webster, T.J., Schadler, L.S., Siegel, R.W., Bizios, R., Mechanisms of enhanced osteoblast sdhesion on nanophase alumina involve vitronectin (2001) Tissue Eng, 7, pp. 291-301
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {91 - 99},
	abstract = {Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) has a great potential for prosthetic implants coating. Nevertheless, its biocompatibility still has to be better understood. To do so, we employed several materials characterization techniques (SEM, AFM, micro-Raman spectroscopy) and cell culture assays using MG63 osteoblast-like and human bone marrow cells. Biochemical routines (MTT assays, Lowry{\textquoteright}s method, ALP activity) supported by SEM and confocal microscopy characterization were carried out. We used silicon nitride (Si                        3N
                        4) substrates for NCD coatings based on a previous demonstration of the superior adhesion and tribological performance of these NCD coated ceramics. Results demonstrate an improved human osteoblast proliferation and the stimulation of differentiated markers, like ALP activity and matrix mineralization, compared with standard polystyrene tissue culture plates. The nanometric featuring of NCD, associated to its chemical affinity are key points for bone regeneration purposes. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
},
	keywords = {adult, alkaline phosphatase, ALP activity, Animal cell culture, Architectural acoustics, article, Atomic force microscopy, Biocompatibility, Bone, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, Bone Regeneration, Cell culture, cell proliferation, cell survival, Cells, Cells, Cultured, ceramics, Cladding (coating), Coated Materials, Biocompatible, confocal microscopy, controlled study, diamond, Diamonds, enzyme activity, extracellular matrix, human, Human bone marrow cells, human cell, Humans, Imaging techniques, Implants (surgical), In vitro biocompatibility, in vitro selection, Joint replacement, male, Materials characterization, materials testing, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Microscopic examination, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mineralization, MTT assaying, Nano-crystalline diamond, nanocrystal, Nanocrystalline alloys, Nanocrystalline materials, nanoparticles, Nanostructured materials, Nitrides, Nonmetals, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, polystyrene, Prostheses and Implants, Raman spectrometry, Scanning electron microscopy, Secondary emission, Silicon, Silicon compounds, Silicon nitride, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Surface Properties, Tissue engineering},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51849084188\&partnerID=40\&md5=a41a73f23c0c63950b4613f44d51bd23},
	author = {Amaral, M. and Dias, A.G. and Gomes, P.S. and Lopes, M.A. and Silva, R.F. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@book {2363,
	title = {Three dimensional macroporous calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {361-363 II},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; email: smsilva@ineb.up.ptReferences: Rose, F.R., Cyster, L.A., Grant, D.M., Scotchford, C.A., Howdle, S.M., Shakesheff, K.M.K.M., In vitro assessment of cell penetration into porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a central aligned channel (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (24), pp. 5507-5514;Anthony, C., Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging (2004) Biomaterials, 25 (20), pp. 4947-4954; 
Teixeira, S., Fernandes, H.M., de Boer, J., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and morphological analysis on interconnected macroporous structures (2007) Key Engineering Materials, 330-332, pp. 1129-1132. , Vols
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {947 - 950},
	abstract = {Calcium phosphate ceramics are widely used as bone substitutes since they are biocompatible and bioactive. Having a chemical composition close to natural bone, calcium phosphate ceramics are promising bone substitute materials in orthopaedics, maxillofacial surgery and dentistry. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are the most commonly used calcium phosphates, because their calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios are close to that of natural bone and they are relatively stable in physiological environment. HA is a major constituent of bone materials and is resorbed after a long time of residence in the body. In this work, highly porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds were produced by polymer replication method and their properties evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and micro computerized tomography (μ-CT).},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Bone, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Computerized tomography, Maxillofacial prostheses, Maxillofacial surgery, Micro computerized tomography, Porous, Scaffolds, Scanning electron microscopy, Tissue engineering},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38149045804\&partnerID=40\&md5=d137e6232587d31ba95a0c04c781c90a},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Oliveira, S. and Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2378,
	title = {Laser surface treatment of hydroxyapatite for enhanced tissue integration: Surface characterization and osteoblastic interaction studies},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 5Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCdoi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31073PubMed ID: 17252543Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Teixeira, S.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; email: smsilva@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8; Ceramics; Durapatite, 1306-06-5Manufacturers: Plasma BiotalReferences: Teixeira S, Queiroz AC, Monteiro FJ, Ferraz MP, Vilar R, Eugenio S. Osteoblast proliferation and morphology analysis on laser modified hydroxyapatite surfaces: Preliminary results. Bioceramics 2006;18 (Parts 1, 2):309-311, 105-108Fernandez-Pradas, J.M., Cleries, L., Martinez, E., Sardin, G., Esteve, J., Morenza, J.L., Influence of thickness on the properties of hydroxyapatite coatings deposited by KrF laser ablation (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 2171-2175;Fernandez-Pradas, J.M., Cleries, L., Serra, P., Sardin, G., Morenza, J.L., Evolution of the deposition rate during pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings and its relation with target morphology (2001) Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process, 72, pp. 613-618; 
Foltyn, S.R., Dye, R., Ott, K.C., Peterson, E., Hubbard, K.M., Hutchinson, W., Muenchausen, R.E., Wu, X.D., Target modification in the excimer laser deposition of YBa 2Cu 3O 7-x thin films (1991) Appl Phys Lett, 59, pp. 594-596; 
Khor, K.A., Vreeling, A., Dong, Z.L., Cheang, P., Laser treatment of plasma sprayed HA coatings (1999) Mater Sci Eng A: Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process, 266 (1-2), pp. 1-7; 
Ricci, J.L., Alexander, H., Laser microtexturing of implant surfaces for enhanced tissue integration (2001) Key Engineering Mater, pp. 198-199,179-202; 
Galli, C., Guizzardi, S., Passeri, G., Martini, D., Tinti, A., Mauro, G., Macaluso, G.M., Comparison of human mandibular osteoblasts grown on two commercially available titanium implant surfaces (2005) J Periodontol, 76, pp. 364-372; 
Oliveira, V., Conde, O., Vilar, R., UV laser micromachining of ceramic materials: Formation of columnar topographies (2001) Adv Eng Mater, 3 (1-2), pp. 75-81; 
Serra, P., FernandezPradas, J., Sardin, G., Morenza, J.L., Interaction effects of an excimer laser beam with hydroxyapatite targets (1997) Appl Surf Sci, 110, pp. 384-388; 
Serra, P., Morenza, J.L., Fluence dependence of hydroxyapatite laser ablation plumes (1998) Thin Solid Films, 335 (1-2), pp. 43-48; 
Duncan, A.C., Weisbuch, F., Rouais, F., Lazare, S., Baquey, C., Laser microfabricated model surfaces for controlled cell growth (2002) Biosens Bioelectron, 17, pp. 413-426; 
Walboomers, X.F., Croes, H.J.E., Ginsel, L.A., Jansen, J.A., Contact guidance of rat fibroblasts on various implant materials (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 47, pp. 204-212; 
Carvalho, P., Manzanares, M.C., Franch, J., Belmonte, A.M., Lafuente, M.P., Serra, I., Fernandez-Pradas, J.M., Morenza, J.L., Osteointegration of calcium phosphate coatings obtained by pulsed laser deposition (2003) J Dent Res, 82, p. 573; 
Ahmad, M., McCarthy, M., Gronowicz, G., An in vitro model for mineralization of human osteoblast-like cells on implant materials (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 211-220; 
Matsuura, T., Hosokawa, R., Okamoto, K., Kimoto, T., Akagawa, Y., Diverse mechanisms of osteoblast spreading on hydroxyapatite and titanium (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1121-1127; 
Torricelli, P., Fini, M., Giavaresi, G., Borsari, V., Carpi, A., Nicolini, A., Giardino, R., Comparative interspecies investigation on osteoblast cultures: Data on cell viability and synthetic activity (2003) Biomed Pharmacother, 57, pp. 57-62; 
Boyan, B.D., Lossdoerfer, S., Wang, L., Zhao, G., Lohmann, C.H., Cochran, D.L., Schwartz, Z., Osteoblasts generate an osteogenic microenvironment when grown on surfaces with rough microtopographies (2003) Eur Cell Mater, 6, pp. 22-27; 
Anselme, K., Bigerelle, M., Topography effects of pure titanium substrates on human osteoblast long-term adhesion (2005) Acta Biomater, 1, pp. 211-222; 
Anselme, K., Linez, P., Bigerelle, M., Le Maguer, D., Le Maguer, A., Hardouin, P., Hildebrand, H.F., Leroy, J.M., The relative influence of the topography and chemistry of TiAl 6V 4 surfaces on osteoblastic cell behaviour (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1567-1577; 
Anselme, K., Noel, B., Hardouin, P., Human osteoblast adhesion on titanium alloy, stainless steel, glass and plastic substrates with same surface topography (1999) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 10, pp. 815-819; 
Cleries L, Fernandez-Pradas JM, Morenza JL. Bone growth on and resorption of calcium phosphate coatings obtained by pulsed laser deposition. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;49:43. Erratum 2001;57:473Deligianni, D.D., Katsala, N., Ladas, S., Sotiropoulou, D., Amedee, J., Missirlis, Y.F., Effect of surface roughness of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V on human bone marrow cell response and on protein adsorption (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1241-1251; 
dos Santos, E.A., Farina, M., Soares, G.A., Specific proliferation rates of human osteoblasts on calcium phosphate surfaces with variable concentrations of α-TCP (2007) Mater Sci Eng, 27, pp. 61-66; 
Hao, L., Lawrence, J., Laser surface treatment of magnesia partially stabilized zirconia for enhanced human skin fibroblast cell response (2004) J Laser Appl, 16, pp. 55-64; 
Kieswetter, K., Schwartz, Z., Dean, D.D., Boyan, B.D., The role of implant surface characteristics in the healing of bone (1996) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 7, pp. 329-345; 
Salda{\~n}a, L., Gonz{\'n}lez-Carrasco, J.L., Rodriguez, M., Munuera, L., Vilaboa, N., Osteoblast response to plasma-spray porous Ti 6AL 4V coating on substrates of identical alloy (2006) J Biomed Mater Res A, 77, pp. 608-617; 
Lincks, J., Boyan, B.D., Blanchard, C.R., Lohmann, C.H., Liu, Y., Cochran, D.L., Dean, D.D., Schwartz, Z., Response of MG63 osteoblast-like cells to titanium and titanium alloy is dependent on surface roughness and composition (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 2219-2232; 
Martin, J.Y., Dean, D.D., Cochran, D.L., Simpson, J., Boyan, B.D., Schwartz, Z., Proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) cultured on previously used titanium surfaces (1996) Clin Oral Implants Res, 7, pp. 27-37; 
Noth, U., Hendrich, C., Merklein, F., Altvater, T., Rader, C.P., Schutze, N., Eulert, J., Thull, R., Standardised testing of bone-implant surfaces using an osteoblast cell culture system. II. Titanium surfaces of varying degrees of roughness (1999) Biomedizinische Technik, 44 (1-2), pp. 6-11; 
Ponsonnet, L., Reybier, K., Jaffrezic, N., Comte, V., Lagneau, C., Lissac, M., Martelet, C., Relationship between surface properties (roughness, wettability) of titanium and titanium alloys and cell behaviour (2003) Mater Sci Eng C: Biomimetic Supramolecular Syst, 23, pp. 551-560; 
Ramires, P.A., Romito, A., Cosentino, F., Milella, E., The influence of titania/hydroxyapatite composite coatings on in vitro osteoblasts behaviour (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1467-1474; 
Redey, S.A., Nardin, M., Bernache-Assolant, D., Rey, C., Delannoy, P., Sedel, L., Marie, P.J., Behavior of human osteoblastic cells on stoichiometric hydroxyapatite and type A carbonate apatite: Role of surface energy (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 50, pp. 353-364; 
Rosa, A.L., Beloti, M.M., van Noort, R., Osteoblastic differentiation of cultured rat bone marrow cells on hydroxyapatite with different surface topography (2003) Dent Mater, 19, pp. 768-772; 
Schmidt, C., Ignatius, A.A., Claes, L.E., Proliferation and differentiation parameters of human osteoblasts on titanium and steel surfaces (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 209-215; 
Schwartz, Z., Kieswetter, K., Dean, D.D., Boyan, B.D., Underlying mechanisms at the bone-surface interface during regeneration (1997) J Periodontal Res, 32, pp. 166-171; 
Schwartz, Z., Martin, J.Y., Dean, D.D., Simpson, J., Cochran, D.L., Boyan, B.D., Effect of titanium surface roughness on chondrocyte proliferation, matrix production, and differentiation depends on the state of cell maturation (1996) J Biomed Mater Res, 30, pp. 145-155; 
Wang, J., de Boer, J., de Groot, K., Preparation and characterization of electrodeposited calcium phosphate/chitosan coating on Ti 6Al 4V plates (2004) J Dent Res, 83, pp. 296-301; 
Xavier, S.P., Carvalho, P.S.P., Beloti, M.M., Rosa, A.L., Response of rat bone marrow cells to commercially pure titanium submitted to different surface treatments (2003) J Dent, 31, pp. 173-180
},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {920 - 929},
	abstract = {Biocompatibility has long been associated with surface microtopography, microtexture, and microchemistry. The surface topography eventually affects the nature and the intensity of the interactions that occur at biomaterial- biological interface (cell adhesion, mobility, spreading, and proliferation). Therefore, it is necessary to produce and work with controlled microtopographical surfaces that present reproducible microdomains of a dimension similar to that of the biological elements of interest (in this case, osteoblasts). There are a number of substrates that already have been studied in terms of surface topography; however, few studies are related to hydroxyapatite (HA) substrates. As it is well established, HA is a well-known ceramic that is extremely used in medical applications, namely implants and coatings. In this work, the surface topography of dense HA substrates was altered by using KFr excimer laser. The surface was characterized by atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements, while the cell distribution and morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results revealed that the surface is characterized by a homogeneous columnar structure with high specific area. Moreover, cells were able to attach and spread on the surface of the samples, and gradually grow into nearly confluent monolayers. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {article, Atomic force microscopy, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, cell adhesion, Cell Communication, Cell Line, Tumor, cell motility, cell proliferation, cell spreading, cellular distribution, ceramic prosthesis, ceramics, chemistry, confocal laser microscopy, controlled study, Durapatite, Excimer laser, Excimer lasers, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, laser, Lasers, material coating, Microchemistry, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microtexture, monolayer culture, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, reproducibility, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface microtopography, Surface modification, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface topography, Surface treatment, Tissue engineering},
	isbn = {15493296 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249742544\&partnerID=40\&md5=b6cb0aaa7b8e4a267b97d91d7171862f},
	author = {Teixeira, S. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P. and Vilar, R. and Eug{\'e}nio, S.}
}
@book {2414,
	title = {Calcium phosphate microspheres for localised delivery of a therapeutic enzyme},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {309-311 II},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Barrias, C.C.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, R. Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: ccbarrias@ineb.up.ptReferences: Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., (2004) Key Eng. Mater., 254-256, p. 877;Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Lamghari, M., Miranda, C.S., Barbosa, M.A., (2005) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 72 A, p. 57; 
Scriver, S.R., (2001) The Metabolic Bases of Inherited Disease, , McGraw-Hill, New York; 
Sa Miranda, M.C., Aerts, J.M., Pinto, R., Fontes, A., (1990) Clin. Genet., 38, p. 218; 
Barrias, C.C., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., (2005) Key Eng. Mater, 284-285, p. 689; 
Qi, X.Y., Grabowski, G.A., (1998) Biochem., 38, p. 11544; 
Barrias, C.C., Martins, M.A., Miranda, M.A., Barbosa, M.A., (2005) Biomaterials, 26, p. 2695
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {903 - 906},
	abstract = {The ability of calcium titanium phosphate (CTP) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) microspheres to reversibly adsorb the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCR) while preserving its biological activity, and efficiently deliver it to Gaucher disease (GD) fibroblasts was investigated. CTP microspheres adsorbed ca. 3.6-fold more GCR than HAp microspheres. The activity of adsorbed GCR was higher than the free enzyme in the case of CTP microspheres and lower when HAp was used. GCR release from both types of microspheres was characterized by the initial elution of a large percentage of enzyme followed by a delayed release that extended for at least 30 days. Released GCR was internalized by GD fibroblasts increasing their intracellular enzymatic activity. In cells treated with the same amount of GCR-loaded CTP microspheres or free-GCR a higher intracellular activity was detected in the former case, suggesting an improved efficacy.},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Biocompatibility, biological activity, Biomaterials, Calcium Compounds, Calcium titanium phosphate, Calcium titanium phosphate (CTP), Cells, Enzyme adsorption, Enzymes, hydroxyapatite, Microspheres},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645396489\&partnerID=40\&md5=de3cf8530e8c690b254fed782b964340},
	author = {Barrias, C.C. and Ribeiro, C.C. and Martins, M.C.L. and Barbosa, M.A. and Rodrigues, D. and Miranda, M.C.S.}
}
@article {2409,
	title = {Cellulose phosphates as biomaterials. In vitro biocompatibility studies},
	journal = {Reactive and Functional PolymersReact Funct Polym},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: RFPOFdoi: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.10.027Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Granja, P.L.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: pgranja@ineb.up.ptReferences: Albrektsson, T., (1998) Handbook of Biomaterial Properties, p. 500. , Black J., and Hastings G. (Eds), Chapman \& Hall, London;Friedman, R.J., Black, J., Galante, J.O., Jacobs, J.J., Skinner, H.B., (1993) J. Bone Joint. Surg., 75 A, p. 1086; 
Puleo, D.A., Nanci, A., (1999) Biomaterials, 20, p. 2311; 
Lamba, N.M.K., Baumgartner, J.A., Cooper, S.L., (1998) Frontiers in Tissue Engineering, p. 121. , Patrick C.W., Mikos A.G., and McIntire L.V. (Eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam; 
Horbett, T.A., (2004) Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. second ed., p. 237. , Ratner B.D., Hoffman A.S., Schoen F.J., and Lemons J.E. (Eds), Elsevier-Academic Press, San Diego; 
McFarland, C.D., Mayer, S., Scotchford, C., Dalton, B.A., Steele, J.G., Downes, S., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 44, p. 1; 
Lee, J.H., Lee, H.B., (1993) J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 4, p. 467; 
Healy, K.E., Thomas, C.H., Rezania, A., Kim, J.E., McKeown, P.J., Lom, B., Hockberger, P.E., (1996) Biomaterials, 17, p. 195; 
Vogler, E.A., (1993) Surfactant Science Series, 49, p. 183. , Berg J.C. (Ed), Marcel Dekker, New York (Wettability); 
Choee, J.H., Lee, S.J., Lee, Y.M., Rhee, J.M., Lee, H.B., Khang, G., (2004) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92, p. 599; 
Faucheux, N., Schweiss, R., Lutzow, K., Werner, C., Groth, T., (2004) Biomaterials, 25, p. 2721; 
Webb, K., Hlady, V., Tresco, P.A., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 422; 
De Rosa, M., Carteni, M., Petillo, O., Calarco, A., Margarucci, S., Rosso, F., De Rosa, A., Peluso, G., (2004) J. Cell. Physiol., 198, p. 133; 
Habbaba, M.M., Ulgen, K.O., (1997) J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 69, p. 405; 
Lee, J.H., Lee, J.W., Khang, G., Lee, H.B., (1997) Biomaterials, 18, p. 351; 
Keselowsky, B.G., Collard, D.M., Garcia, A.J., (2004) Biomaterials, 25, p. 5947; 
Webb, K., Hlady, V., Tresco, P.A., (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 49, p. 362; 
Smetana Jr., K., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 1046; 
Jayaraman, M., Meyer, U., Buhner, M., Joos, U., Wiesmann, H.P., (2004) Biomaterials, 25, p. 625; 
Anselme, K., Bigerelle, M., Noel, B., Dufresne, E., Judas, D., Iost, A., Hardouin, P., (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 49, p. 155; 
von Recum, A.F., Brown, C.E., Shannon, C.E., LaBerge, M., (1999) Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation: Scientific, Technical and Clinical Testing of Implant Materials. second ed., p. 227. , von Recum A.F. (Ed), Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor; 
Hon, D.N.-S., (1996) Polysaccharides in Medicinal Applications, p. 87. , Dumitriu D. (Ed), Marcel Dekker, New York; 
Franz, G., (1986) Adv. Polym. Sci., 76, p. 1; 
Ikada, Y., (1989) Cellulose: Structural and Functional Aspects, p. 447. , Kennedy J.F., Phillips G.O., and Williams P.A. (Eds), Ellis Horwood, Chichester; 
Miyamoto, T., Takahashi, S., Ito, H., Inagaki, H., Noishiki, Y., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 125; 
Dias, G.J., Peplow, P.V., Teixeira, F., (2003) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 14, p. 739; 
Uysal, A., Ozbek, S., Ozcan, M., (2003) Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 112, p. 540; 
Galgut, P.N., (1990) Biomaterials, 11, p. 561; 
Skoog, T., (1967) Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1, p. 113; 
Chauveaux, D., Barbie, C., Barthe, X., Baquey, C., Poustis, J., (1990) Clin. Mater., 5, p. 251; 
Poustis, J., Baquey, C., Chauveaux, D., (1994) Clin. Mater., 16, p. 119; 
Li, S., Liu, Q., de Wijn, J., Wolke, J., Zhou, B., de Groot, K., (1997) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 8, p. 543; 
Mucalo, M.R., Yokogawa, Y., Toryiama, M., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Nagata, F., Nishizawa, K., (1995) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, p. 597; 
Mucalo, M.R., Yokogawa, Y., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Nagata, F., Nishizawa, K., (1995) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, p. 658; 
Granja, P.L., Pouys{\'e}gu, L., P{\'e}traud, M., De J{\'e}so, B., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 82, p. 3341; 
Granja, P.L., Pouys{\'e}gu, L., Deffieux, D., Daud{\'e}, G., De J{\'e}so, B., Labrug{\`e}re, C., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 82, p. 3354; 
Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., Pouys{\'e}gu, L., De J{\'e}so, B., Baquey, C., (1999) Frontiers in Biomedical Polymers Applications, 2, p. 195. , Ottenbrite R. (Ed), Technomic Press, Lancaster; 
Granja, P.L., Pouys{\'e}gu, L., De J{\'e}so, B., Rouais, F., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J. Mater. Sci., 36, p. 2163; 
Kim, S.S., Jeong, W.Y., Shin, B.C., Oh, S.Y., Kim, H.W., Rhee, J.M., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 40, p. 401; 
Saito, T., Arsenault, A.L., Yamauchi, M., Kuboki, Y., Crenshaw, M.A., (1997) Bone, 21, p. 305; 
van den Bos, T., Beertsen, W., (1994) J. Bone Min. Res., 9, p. 1205; 
Linde, A., (1992) Calcification in Biological Systems, p. 269. , Bonucci E. (Ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton; 
Veis, A., Sharkey, M., Dickson, I., (1977) Calcium Binding Proteins and Calcium Function, p. 408. , Wasserman R.H. (Ed), Elsevier, New York; 
Vilamitjana-Am{\'e}d{\'e}e, J., Bareille, R., Rouais, F., Caplan, A.I., Harmand, M.F., (1993) In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 29 A, p. 699; 
Mosmann, T., (1983) J. Immunol. Meth., 65, p. 55; 
Dumitriu, S., Dumitriu, M., (1996) Polysaccharides in Medicinal Applications, p. 705. , Dumitriu S. (Ed), Marcel Dekker, New York; 
Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Bakker, D., Hesseling, S.C., Koerten, H.K., (1991) Biomaterials, 12, p. 187; 
Curtis, A.S.G., Forrester, J.V., Clark, P., (1986) J. Cell. Sci., 86, p. 9; 
Katayama, Y., House, C.M., Udagawa, N., Kazama, J.J., McFarland, R.J., Martin, T.J., Findlay, D.M., (1998) J. Cell. Physiol., 176, p. 179; 
Boskey, A.J., (1995) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 760, p. 249; 
Yamamoto, M., Kato, K., Ikada, Y., (1997) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 37, p. 29; 
Alliot-Licht, B., Gregoire, M., Orly, I., Menanteau, J., (1991) Biomaterials, 12, p. 752; 
Oreffo, R.O.C., Driessens, F.C.M., Planell, J.A., Triffitt, J.T., (1998) Biomaterials, 19, p. 1845; 
Sun, J.-S., Tsuang, Y.-H., Liao, C.-J., Liu, H.-C., Hang, Y.-S., Lin, F.-H., (1997) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 37, p. 324; 
Padilha, P.M., Tocha, J.C., Moreira, J.C., Campos, J.T.S., Federici, C.C., (1997) Talanta, 41, p. 317; 
Mizusawa, Y., Burke, J.R., (1996) J. Pediatr. Child. Health, 32, p. 350; 
Anwar, M., Krishnamoorthy, S., (1987) Indian J. Text. Res., 12, p. 24; 
Hoffman, A.S., (2004) Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. second ed., p. 107. , Ratner B.D., Hoffman A.S., Schoen F.J., and Lemons J.F. (Eds), Elsevier-Academic Press, San Diego
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {728 - 739},
	abstract = {Grafting of phosphate groups has been investigated as a means to render biomedical polymers able to induce the formation of an apatite layer. In the present investigation, regenerated cellulose hydrogels were surface modified by phosphorylation using a previously reported method. The in vitro biocompatibility of materials with varying phosphate contents was evaluated in cultured human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSC), in terms of cytotoxicity, cell attachment, proliferation and immunohistochemistry. Negatively charged cellulose phosphates were neutralized in the form of the calcium salt before contact with cells. Cellulose phosphates were not cytotoxic, independently of the phosphate content. Unmodified regenerated cellulose hydrogels showed good rates of HBMSC attachment and proliferation. On the contrary, negatively charged, highly hydrophilic, phosphorylated surfaces showed poor HBMSC attachment and proliferation, as well as poor alkaline phosphatase-specific activity and expression of osteocalcin and type I collagen. Differences found are discussed in terms of surface chemical functionality, hydrophilicity and charge. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Biomaterials, Cell attachment, Cell culture, Cellulose, Cellulose derivatives, Cellulose phosphates, Cytotoxicity, Grafting (chemical), Human bone marrow stromal cells, Hydrogels, hydrophilicity, immunohistochemistry, In vitro, Phosphorylation, Proliferation, Regenerated cellulose hydrogels, toxicity},
	isbn = {13815148 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745266092\&partnerID=40\&md5=52325c348b6bd4139bbfb3dbc0419bd8},
	author = {Granja, P.L. and J{\'e}so, B.D. and Bareille, R. and Rouais, F. and Baquey, C. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2399,
	title = {Functionalization of chitosan membranes through phosphorylation: Atomic force microscopy, wettability, and cytotoxicity studies},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceJ. Appl. Polym. Sci.},
	volume = {102},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JAPNAdoi: 10.1002/app.23737Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Amaral, I.F.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: iamaral@ineb.up.ptReferences: Tomihata, K., Ikada, Y., (1997) Biomaterials, 18, p. 567;VandeVord, P.J., Matthew, H.W.T., DeSilva, S.P., Mayton, L., Wu, B., Wooley, P.H., (2002) J Biomed Mater Res, 59, p. 585; 
Khor, E.C., (2001) Fulfilling a Biomaterials Promise, , Elsevier: Oxford; 
Peluso, G., Petillo, O., Ranieri, M., Santin, M., Ambrosio, L., Calabro, D., Avallone, B., Balsamo, G., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 1215; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., (1997) CeUul Mol Life Sci, 53, p. 131; 
Ishihara, M., Nakanishi, K., Ono, K., Sato, M., Kikuchi, M., Saito, Y., Yura, H., Kurita, A., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 833; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Zucchini, C., Ilari, P., Pugnaloni, A., Belmonte, M.M., Biagini, G., Castaldini, C., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 925; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Mattiolibelmonte, M., Tietz, C., Biagini, R., Ferioli, G., Brunelli, M.A., Fini, M., Biagini, G., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 1075; 
Madihally, S.V., Matthew, H.W.T., (1999) Biomaterials, 20, p. 1133; 
Zhao, F., Yin, Y.J., Lu, W.W., Leong, J.C., Zhang, W.J., Zhang, J.Y., Zhang, M.F., Yao, K.D., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 3227; 
Lahiji, A., Sohrabi, A., Hungerford, D.S., Frondoza, C.G., (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 51, p. 586; 
Amaral, I.F., Lamghari, M., Sousa, S.R., Sampaio, P., Barbosa, M.A., (2005) J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 75, p. 387; 
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Muzzarelli, C., (2002) Chitosan in Pharmacy and Chemistry, p. 233. , Muzzarelli, R. A. A.; Muzzarelli, C., Eds.; Atec Edizioni: Grottammare, Italy; 
Lee, J.Y., Nam, S.H., Im, S.Y., Park, Y.J., Lee, Y.M., Seol, Y.J., Chung, C.P., Lee, S.J., (2002) J Controlled Release, 78, p. 187; 
Ho, M.H., Wang, D.M., Hsieh, H.J., Liu, H.C., Hsien, T.Y., Lai, J.Y., Hou, L.T., (2005) Biomaterials, 26, p. 3197; 
Amaral, I.F., Cordeiro, A., Sampaio, P., Barbosa, M.A., J Biomat Sci: Polym, , accepted; 
Chatelet, C., Damour, O., Domard, A., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, p. 261; 
Hidaka, Y., Ito, M., Mori, K., Yagasaki, H., Kafrawy, A.H., (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 46, p. 418; 
Mucalo, M.R., Yokogawa, Y., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Nagata, F., Nishizawa, K., (1995) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 6, p. 658; 
Tanahashi, M., Matsuda, T., (1997) J Biomed Mater Res, 34, p. 305; 
Yokogawa, Y., Rayes, J.P., Mucalo, M.R., Toriyama, M., Kawamoto, Y., Suzuki, T., Nishizawa, K., Kamayama, T., (1997) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 8, p. 407; 
Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., Pouysegu, L., De Jeso, B., Rouais, F., Baquey, C., (2001) J Mater Sci, 36, p. 2163; 
Amaral, I.F., Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., (2005) J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 16, p. 1575; 
Amaral, I.F., Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., (2004) Key Eng Mater, 254, p. 577; 
Granja, P.L., Pouysegu, L., Petraud, M., De Jeso, B., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 82, p. 3341; 
Touey, G.P., Kingsport, T., (1956), U.S. Pat. 2,759,924Fricain, J.C., Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., De Jeso, B., Barthe, N., Baquey, C., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 971; 
Sakaguchi, T., Horikoshi, T., Nakajima, A., (1981) Agric Biol Chem, 45, p. 2191; 
Sakairi, N., Shirai, A., Miyazaki, S., Tashiro, H., Tsuji, Y., Kawahara, H., Yoshida, T., Tokura, S., (1998) Kobunshi Ronbunshu, 55, p. 212; 
Lee, Y.M., Shin, E.M., (1991) J Membr Sci, 64, p. 145; 
Varma, H.K., Yokogawa, Y., Espinosa, F.F., Kawamoto, Y., Nishizawa, K., Nagata, F., Kameyama, T., (1999) Biomaterials, 20, p. 879; 
Yokogawa, Y., Nishizawa, K., Nagata, F., Kamayama, T., (1999) Bioceramics, p. 129. , Ohgushi, H.; Hastings, G. W.; Yoshikawa, T., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore; 
Anselme, K., (2000) Biomaterials, 21, p. 667; 
Northup, S.J., Cammack, J., (1999) Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation: Scientific, Technical, and Clinical Testing of Implant Materials, p. 325. , Recum, A. F., Ed.; Taylor \& Francis: Philadelphia, PA; 
Brugnerotto, J., Lizardi, J., Goycoolea, F.M., Arguelles-Monal, W., Desbrieres, J., Rinaudo, M., (2001) Polymer, 42, p. 3569; 
Terbojevich, M., Cosani, A., Muzzarelli, R.A.A., (1996) Carbohydr Polym, 29, p. 63; 
Grundke, K., Bogumil, T., Werner, C., Janke, A., Poschel, K., Jacobasch, H.J., (1996) Colloids Surf A, 116, p. 79; 
Kerkeb, M.L., Gonzalezcaballero, F., Chibowski, E., (1993) J Colloid Interface Sci, 159, p. 439; 
Andrade, J.D., Smith, L.M., Gregonis, D.E., (1985) Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers, p. 249. , Andrade, J. D., Ed.; Plenum: New York; 
Owens, D.K., Wendt, R.C., (1969) J Appl Polym Sci, 13, p. 1741; 
Berridge, M.V., Tan, A.S., McCoy, K.D., Wang, R., (1996) Biochemica, 4, p. 14; 
Mosmann, T., (1983) J Immunol Methods, 65, p. 55; 
Huang, R.Y.M., Moon, G.Y., Pal, R., (2001) J Membr Sci, 184, p. 1; 
Domke, J., Dannohl, S., Parak, W.J., Muller, O., Aicher, W.K., Radmacher, M., (2000) Colloids Surf B, 19, p. 367; 
MacDonald, D.E., Markovic, B., Allen, M., Somasundaran, P., Boskey, A.L., (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, p. 120; 
Roberts, G.A.F., (1992) Chitin Chemistry, p. 350. , Macmillan: London; 
Andrade, J.D., (1992) Clin Mater, 11, p. 19; 
Wu, S., (1982) Polymer Interface and Adhesion, , Marcel Dekker: New York; 
Granja, P.L., Pouysegu, L., Deffieux, D., Daude, G., De Jeso, B., Labrugere, C., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 82, p. 3354; 
Ratner, B.D., Caster, D.G., (1997) Surface Analysis - The Principal Techniques, p. 43. , Vickerman, J. C., Ed.; Wiley: Chichester, England; 
Barnes, A., Corkhill, P.H., Tighe, B.J., (1988) Polymer, 29, p. 2191; 
Domard, A., (1997) Advances in Chitin Science, p. 410. , Domard, A.; Roberts, G.; V{\r a}rum, K., Eds.; Jacques Andr{\'e}: Lyon, France; 
Denuziere, A., Ferrier, D., Damour, O., Domard, A., (1998) Biomaterials, 19, p. 1275; 
Wang, X.H., Ma, J.B., Feng, Q.L., Cui, F.Z., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 4591; 
Wang, X.H., Ma, J.B., Wang, Y.N., He, B.L., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 4167; 
Hamano, T., Chiba, D., Nakatsuka, K., Nagahata, M., Teramoto, A., Kondo, Y., Hachimori, A., Abe, K., (2002) Polym Adv Technol, 13, p. 46
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {276 - 284},
	abstract = {Grafting negatively charged groups such as phosphates is a well-known strategy for inducing the deposition of apatite-like layers under simulated physiological conditions. In this investigation, chitosan was phosphorylated in an attempt to enhance its osteoconduction. Chitosan membranes were phosphorylated at 30{\textdegree}C with the H                        3PO
                        4/ Et 
                        3PO
                        4/P
                        2O
                        5/butanol reaction system for periods up to 48 h. This method is an alternative to the phosphoric acid/ urea/dimethylformamide phosphorylation method, which involves the use of much higher temperatures. In this study, the effects of the phosphorylation reaction time on the surface morphology and surface free energy of phosphorylated membranes were investigated with atomic force microscopy and static-contact-angle measurements, respectively. In addition, the modified membranes were evaluated with respect to their cytotoxiciry toward bone cells through the incubation of human osteoblastic cells with extracts of the materials for two different periods: 24 and 120 h. The results revealed a reduction of the average surface roughness at the nanometer scale with increasing phosphorylation reaction time. Wettability studies showed an increase in the polar component of the surface free energy with increasing reaction time as a result of the increase in the phosphate surface concentration. Cytotoxicity studies revealed no cytotoxic effect of phosphorylated membranes on osteoblastic cells, regardless of the incubation period. {\textcopyright} 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
},
	keywords = {Atomic force microscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Biocompatibility, Biological applications, Biological applications of polymers, Biomaterials, Chitin, chitosan, Chitosan membranes, grafting, Grafting (chemical), Osteoblastic cells, Phosphorylation, Polymeric membranes, polysaccharide, Polysaccharides, surface property, toxicity, Urea},
	isbn = {00218995 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749478403\&partnerID=40\&md5=c365a50e3e767b1da90ad4ccd331440b},
	author = {Amaral, I.F. and Granja, P.L. and Melo, L.V. and Saramago, B. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2449,
	title = {Biocatalytic synthesis of highly ordered degradable dextran-based hydrogels},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 29Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.051PubMed ID: 15763250Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Dordick, J.S.; Dept. of Chem. and Biol. Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 102 Ricketts Bldg., Troy, NY 12180, United States; email: dordick@rpi.eduChemicals/CAS: dextran, 87915-38-6, 9014-78-2; dimethyl sulfoxide, 67-68-5; Biocompatible Materials; Dextrans, 9004-54-0; Hydrogels; Peptide Hydrolases, EC 3.4.-Manufacturers: Fluka, SwitzerlandReferences: Lee, K.Y., Peters, M.C., Anderson, K.W., Mooney, D.J., Controlled growth factor release from synthetic extracellular matrices (2000) Nature, 408, pp. 998-1000;Zhu, G., Mallery, S.R., Schwendeman, S.P., Stabilization of proteins encapsulated in injectable poly(lactide-co- glycolide) (2000) Nature Biotechnol, 18, pp. 52-57; 
Shea, L.D., Smiley, E., Bonadio, J., Mooney, D.J., DNA delivery from polymer matrices for tissue engineering (1999) Nature Biotechnol, 17, pp. 551-554; 
Griffith, L.G., Naughton, G., Tissue engineering-current challenges and expanding opportunities (2002) Science, 295, pp. 1009-1014; 
Lee, K.Y., Mooney, D.J., Hydrogels for tissue engineering (2001) Chem Rev, 101, pp. 1869-1879; 
Wong, W.H., Mooney, D.J., Synthesis and properties of biodegradable polymers used as synthetic matrices for tissue engineering (1997) Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds, pp. 49-82. , A. Atala D.J. Mooney Birkh{\"a}user Boston; 
Holmes, T.C., Novel peptide-based biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering (2002) TIBTECH, 20, pp. 16-21; 
Mehvar, R., Dextrans for targeted and sustained delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents (2000) J Control Rel, 69, pp. 1-25; 
Kim, S.-H., Chu, C.-C., Synthesis and characterization of dextran-methacrylate hydrogels and structural study by SEM (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 49, pp. 517-527; 
Kim, S.-H., Chu, C.-C., Pore structure analysis of swollen dextran-methacrylate hydrogels by SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry (2000) J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater), 53, pp. 258-266; 
Meyvis, T., De Smedt, S., Stubbe, B., Hennink, W., Demeester, J., On the release of proteins from degrading dextran methacrylate hydrogels and the correlation with the rheologic properties of the hydrogels (2001) Pharm Res, 18, pp. 1593-1599; 
Patil, N.S., Dordick, J.S., Rethwisch, D.G., Macroporous poly(sucrose acrylate) hydrogel for controlled release of macromolecules (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 2343-2350; 
Park, H., Park, K., Biocompatibility issues of implantable drug delivery systems (1996) Pharm Res, 13, pp. 1770-1776; 
Loebsack, A., Greene, K., Wyatt, S., Culberson, C., Austin, C., Beiter, R., Roland, W., Halberstadt, C., In vivo characterization of a porous hydrogel material for use as a tissue bulking agent (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 57, pp. 575-581; 
Cad{\'e}e, J.A., Luyn, M.J.A., Brouwer, L.A., Plantinga, J.A., Van Wachem, P.B., Groot, C.J., Otter, W., Hennink, W.E., In vivo biocompatibility of dextran-based hydrogels (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 50, pp. 397-404; 
Ferreira, L., Gil, M.H., Dordick, J.S., Enzymatic synthesis of dextran-containing hydrogels (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 3957-3967; 
Washburn, E.W., Note on a method of determining the distribution of pore sizes in a porous material (1921) Proc Natl Acad Sci, 7, pp. 115-116; 
Brancroft, J.D., Stevens, A., (1996) Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, , Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh; 
Martin, B.D., Linhardt, R.J., Dordick, J.S., Highly swelling hydrogels from ordered galactose-based polyacrylates (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 69-76; 
Ferreira, L., Ramos, M.A., Gil, M.H., Dordick, J.S., Exquisite regioselectivity and transesterification activity enhancement of an immobilized Bacillus subtilis protease (2002) Biotechnol Prog, 18, pp. 986-993; 
Ferreira, L., Gil, M.H., Carvalho, R., Geraldes, C.F.G.C., Kim -., D.Y., Dordick, J.S., Biocatalytic polytransesterification of inulin with divinyladipate (2002) Chem Mater, 14, pp. 4009-4011; 
Zaks, A., Klibanov, A.M., Enzymatic catalysis in nonaqueous solvents (1988) J Biol Chem, 263, pp. 3194-3201; 
Almarsson, {\"O}., Klibanov, A.M., Remarkable activation of enzymes in nonaqueous media by denaturing organic cosolvents (1996) Biotechnol Bioeng, 49, pp. 87-92; 
Br{\o}ndsted, H., Hovgaard, L., Simonsen, L., Dextran hydrogels for colon-specific drug delivery II. Synthesis and characterization (1996) Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 42, pp. 85-89; 
De Smedt, S.C., Lauwers, A., Demeester, J., Van Steenbergen, M.J., Hennink, W.E., Roefs, S.P.F.M., Characterization of the network structure of dextran glycidyl methacrylate hydrogels by studying the rheological and swelling behavior (1995) Macromolecules, 28, pp. 5082-5088; 
Dziubla, I.D., Torjman, M.C., Joseph, J.I., Murphy-Tatum, M., Lowman, A.M., Evaluation of porous networks of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) as interfacial drug delivery devices (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 2893-2899; 
Kuijpers, A.J., Wachem, P.B., Luyn, M.J.A., Plantinga, J.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Krijgsveld, J., Zaat, S.A.J., Feijen, J., In vivo compatibility and degradation of crosslinked gelatin gels incorporated in knitted Dacron (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 51, pp. 136-145; 
Suggs, L.J., Krishnan, R.S., Garcia, C.A., Peter, S.J., Anderson, J.M., Mikos, A.G., In vitro and in vivo degradation of poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogels (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 42, pp. 312-320; 
Ferreira, L., Rafael, A., Lamghari, M., Barbosa, M.A., Gil, M.H., Cabrita, A.M.S., Dordick, J.S., Biocompatibility of chemoenzymatically derived dextran-acrylate hydrogels (2004) J Biomed Mater Res, 68, pp. 584-596; 
Van Dijk-Wolthuis, W.N.E., Hoogeboom, J.A.M., Van Steenbergen, M.J., Tsang, S.K.Y., Hennink, W.E., Degradation and release behavior of dextran-based hydrogels (1997) Macromolecules, 30, pp. 4639-4645
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {4707 - 4716},
	abstract = {We have prepared unique macroporous and ordered dextran-based hydrogels using a single-step biocatalytic transesterification reaction between dextran and divinyladipate in neat dimethylsulfoxide. These hydrogels show a unimodal distribution of interconnected pores with average diameters from 0.4 to 2.0 μm depending on the degree of substitution. In addition, the hydrogels show a higher elastic modulus for a given swelling ratio than chemically synthesized dextran-based hydrogels. In vivo studies in rats show that the hydrogel networks are degradable over a range of time scales from 5 to over 40 days, and possess good biocompatibility, as reflected in only a mild inflammatory reaction and minor fibrous capsule formation during the time-frame of subcutaneous implantation. These combined properties may offer competitive advantages in biomedical applications ranging from tissue engineering to controlled drug delivery. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Absorbable Implants, adipic acid derivative, animal experiment, animal tissue, Animals, article, Bacillus subtilis, Biocatalysts, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biodegradation, Biomedical engineering, biosynthesis, catalysis, Controlled drug delivery, controlled study, Cross-linking, dextran, Dextran-based hydrogels, Dextrans, dimethyl sulfoxide, Dimethylsulfoxide, Elastic moduli, Elasticity, Enzyme, Foreign-Body Reaction, hydrogel, Hydrogels, implantation, in vivo study, Inflammation, male, materials testing, nonhuman, Peptide Hydrolases, porosity, priority journal, rat, Rats, Rats, Wistar, substitution reaction, Sulfur compounds, Surface Properties, Swelling, Swelling ratio, synthesis, Tissue, transesterification, Transesterification reactions},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-14844303889\&partnerID=40\&md5=42f2e7a237f4e86182f106020f979d1a},
	author = {Ferreira, L. and Gil, M.H. and Cabrita, A.M.S. and Dordick, J.S.}
}
@article {2456,
	title = {In situ thermal and structural characterization of bioactive calcium phosphate glass ceramics containing TiO                    2 and MgO oxides: High temperature - XRD studies
},
	journal = {Journal of Non-Crystalline SolidsJ Non Cryst Solids},
	volume = {351},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 24Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JNCSBdoi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.01.060Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Depto. De Engenharia Metalurgica E., Faculdade De Engenharia Da Univ. D., Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; email: jdsantos@fe.up.ptReferences: Franks, K., Abrahams, I., Georgiou, G., Knowles, J.C., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, p. 497;Rizkalla, A.S., Jones, D.W., Clarke, D.B., Hall, G.C., (1996) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 32, p. 119; 
Navarro, M., Cl{\'e}ment, J., Ginebra, M.P., Avila, G., Mart{\'\i}nez, S., Planell, J.A., (2002) 17th European Society for Biomaterials Conference Proceedings, , Barcelona; 
Zhang, Y., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., (2000) Bioceramics, 13, p. 643; 
Navarro, M., Cl{\'e}ment, J., Ginebra, M.P., Mart{\'\i}nez, S., Avila, G., Planell, J.A., (2002) Key Eng. Mater., 218-220, p. 275; 
Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kokubo, T., (1994) Bioceramics, 7, p. 73; 
Suzuki, T., Toriyama, M., Hosono, H., Abe, Y., (1991) J. Ferment. Bioeng., 72, p. 384; 
Abe, Y., Hosono, H., Hosoe, M., (1987) Phosphorus Sulfur, 30, p. 337; 
Schneider, K., Heimann, R.B., Berger, G., (2001) Werkstofftech., 32, p. 166; 
Lin, F.H., Lin, C.C., Lu, C.M., (1995) Biomaterials, 16, p. 793; 
Lin, C.C., Liao, C.J., Sun, J.S., (1996) Biomaterials, 17, p. 1133; 
Dias, A.G., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Osaka, A., (2004) Glass Technol., 45, p. 78; 
Bish, D.L., Howard, S.A., (1988) J. Appl. Cryst., 21, p. 86; 
De F{\'a}tima Gimenez, I., Mazali, I.O., Alves, O.L., (2001) J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 62, p. 1251; 
Krimi, S., Eljazouli, A., Rabardel, L., Couzi, M., Mansouri, I., Leflem, G., (1993) J. Solid State Chem., 102, p. 400; 
Barj, M., Lucazeau, G., Delmas, C., (1992) J. Solid State Chem., 100, p. 141; 
NIST Standard Reference Database; 
Shih, P.Y., Yung, S.W., Chin, T.S., (1998) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 224, p. 143; 
Reaney, I.M., James, P.F., Lee, W.E., (1996) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79, p. 1934; 
Ryu, H.-S., Youn, H.-J., Chang, B.-S., Lee, C.-K., Chung, S.-S., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 909; 
Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Oka, M., (1995) Biomaterials, 16, p. 1101; 
Dias, A.G., Costa, M.A., Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Fernandes, M.H., (2004) Key Eng. Mater., 254-256, p. 825; 
Bian, J.J., Kim, D.W., Hong, K.S., (2003) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 23 (14), p. 2589; 
Clarck, T.J., Reed, J.S., (1986) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 69, p. 837; 
Siligardi, C., D{\textquoteright}Arrigo, M.C., Leonelli, C., (2000) Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., p. 88; 
Chowdari, V.R., Subba Rao, G.V., Lee, G.Y.H., (2000) Solid State Ionics, 136-137, p. 1067
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {810 - 817},
	abstract = {This study aims to develop glass ceramics in the calcium phosphate system that exhibit suitable properties to be used for biomedical applications. Calcium phosphate glasses with the incorporation of small additions of MgO and TiO                        2 oxides were prepared in the pyro-and orthophosphate regions. The glass ceramics were prepared by a controlled powder sintering process through heat-treatment at different temperatures, as defined by results from differential thermal analysis (DTA). The composition of the crystalline phases precipitated in the glassy matrix as a result of heat treatments at different temperatures, ranging from 681 to 725 {\textdegree}C, was determined from X-ray diffraction data. The sequence of phase crystallization in the mother glass was also studied in situ using high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) analysis. Results showed that the first phases that precipitated in the glass matrix were α- and β-Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 at 620 {\textdegree}C. A small amount of CaTi
                        4(PO
                        4)
                        6 appeared at 630 {\textdegree}C. At 650 {\textdegree}C the three phases α-Ca
                        2P
                        2O 
                        7, β-Ca
                        2P
                        2O
                        7 and CaTi 
                        4(PO
                        4)
                        6 were clearly presented with a small amount of TiP
                        2O
                        7 and finally at 660 {\textdegree}C all four phases were observed. Glass ceramics were also characterized using Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study demonstrates that, by altering the heat treatment cycle, it is possible to prepare glass ceramics in the calcium phosphate system that contains different bioactive and biocompatible phases. {\textcopyright} 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Calcium Compounds, Calcium phosphate systems, Cavity fillers, Computer software, Crystallinity, Differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Glass ceramics, Magnesia, Phase analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Titanium dioxide, X ray diffraction analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {00223093 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17144386654\&partnerID=40\&md5=62eb1a16abd917d2ab97537b33d7197c},
	author = {Dias, A.G. and Skakle, J.M.S. and Gibson, I.R. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2459,
	title = {In vitro cytocompatibility of MG63 cells on chitosan-organosiloxane hybrid membranes},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 55Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.056PubMed ID: 15276356Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Hayakawa, S.; Biomaterial Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama Univ., 3-1-1 T., Okayama-shi, Japan; email: satoshi@cc.okayama-u.ac.jpChemicals/CAS: calcium chloride, 10043-52-4; Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Biocompatible Materials; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Chitosan, 9012-76-4; Cross-Linking Reagents; gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2530-83-8; Membranes, Artificial; Neoplasm Proteins; SilanesManufacturers: Chisso, Japan; Kasei, JapanReferences: Park, J.B., Lakes, R.S., (1992) Biomaterials An Introduction, pp. 223-234. , New York: Plenum Press;Wise, D.L., (2000) Biomaterials and Bioengineering Handbook, pp. 556-559. , New York: Marcel Dekker; 
Lee, Y.K., Mooney, J.D., Hydrogels for tissue engineering (2001) Chem Rev, 101, pp. 1869-1879; 
Park, S.N., Park, J.C., Kim, H.O., Song, M.J., Suh, H., Characterization of porous collagen/hyaluronic acid scaffold modified by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide cross-linking (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 1205-1212; 
Kuo, C.K., Ma, P.X., Ionically crosslinked alginate hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering: Part 1 Structure, gelation rate and mechanical properties (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 511-521; 
Widmer, M.S., Gupta, P.K., Lu, L., Meszlenyi, R.K., Evans, G.R.D., Brandt, K., Savel, T., Mikos, A.G., Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 1945-1955; 
Wang, Y.C., Lin, M.C., Wang, D.M., Hsieh, H.J., Fabrication of a novel porous PGA-chitosan hybrid matrix for tissue engineering (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 1047-1057; 
Domard, A., Rinaudo, M., Preparation and characterization of fully deacetylated chitosan (1983) Int J Biol Macromol, 5, pp. 49-52; 
Chandy, T., Sharma, P.C., Chitosan - As a biomaterial (1990) Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organo, 18, pp. 1-24; 
Ueno, H., Yamada, H., Tanaka, I., Kaba, N., Matsuura, M., Okumura, M., Kadosawa, T., Fujinaga, T., Accelerating effects of chitosan for healing at early phase of experimental open wound in dogs (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1407-1414; 
Varma, H.K., Yokogawa, Y., Espinosa, F.F., Kawamoto, Y., Nishizawa, K., Nagata, F., Kameyama, T., Porous calcium phosphate coating over phosphorylated chitosan film by a biomimetic method (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 879-884; 
Xiao, C., Gao, S., Wang, H., Zhang, L., Blend films from chitosan and konjac glucomannan solutions (2000) J Appl Polym Sci, 76, pp. 509-515; 
Chung, T.W., Lu, Y.F., Wang, S.S., Lin, Y.S., Chu, S.H., Growth of human endothelial cells on photochemically grafted Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp (GRGD) chitosans (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 4803-4809; 
Muzzareli, R.A.A., Mattioli-Belmonte, M., Tietz, C., Biagini, R., Ferioli, G., Brunelli, M.A., Fini, M., Biagini, G., Stimulatory effect on bone formation exerted by a modified chitosan (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 1075-1081; 
Park, Y.J., Lee, M.Y., Lee, J.Y., Seol, Y.J., Chung, C.P., Lee, S.J., Controlled release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB from chondroitin sulfate-chitosan sponge for guided bone regeneration (2000) J Controlled Rel, 67, pp. 385-394; 
Suzuki, T., Mizushima, Y., Umeda, T., Ohashi, R., Further biocompatibility testing of silica-chitosan complex membrane in the production of tissue plasminogen activator by epithelial and fibroblast cells (1999) J Biosci Bioeng, 88, pp. 194-199; 
Yamaguchi, I., Itoh, S., Suzuki, M., Sakane, M., Osaka, A., Tanaka, J., The chitosan prepared from crab tendon I: The characterization and the mechanical properties (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 2031-2036; 
Lee, J.Y., Nam, S.H., Im, S.Y., Park, Y.J., Lee, Y.M., Seol, Y.J., Chung, C.P., Lee, S.J., Enhanced bone formation by controlled growth factor delivery from chitosan-based biomaterials (2002) J Controlled Rel, 78, pp. 187-197; 
Kawamura, Y., Mitsuhashi, M., Tanibe, H., Yoshida, H., Adsorption of metal ions on polyaminated highly porous chelating resin (1993) Ing Eng Chem Res, 32, pp. 386-391; 
Jameela, S.R., Jayakrishnan, A., Glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan as a long acting biodegradable drug delivery vehicle: Studies on the in vitro release of mitoxantrone and in vivo degradation of microspheres in rat muscle (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 769-775; 
Speer, D.P., Chvapil, M., Eskelson, C.D., Ulreich, J., Biological effects of residual glutaraldehyde in glutaraldehyde-tanned collagen biomaterials (1980) J Biomed Mater Res, 14, pp. 753-764; 
Nishi, C., Nakajima, N., Ikada, Y., In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of diepoxy compounds used for biomaterial modification (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 829-834; 
Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Sol-gel preparation and in vitro deposition of apatite on porous gelatin-siloxane hybrids (2001) J Non-Cryst Solid, 285, pp. 116-122; 
Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Novel approach to fabricate porous gelatin-siloxane hybrids for bone tissue engineering (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 4765-4773; 
Berridge, V., Tan, A.S., Characterization of the cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) subcellular localization, substrate dependence, and involvement of mitochondrial electron transport in MTT reduction (1993) Arch Biochem Biophys, 303, pp. 474-482; 
Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A., Incorporation of Ca 2+ ions in gelatin-siloxane hybrids through a sol-gel process (2001) J Ceramic Soc Japan, 109, pp. 403-408; 
Yamaguchi, I., Tokuchi, K., Fukuzaki, H., Koyama, Y., Takakuda, K., Monma, H., Tanaka, J., Preparation and microstructure analysis of chitosan/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 55, pp. 20-27; 
Hench, L.L., Ethridge, E.C., (1982) Biomaterias An Interfacial Approach, p. 10. , New York: Academic Press; 
Clover, J., Gowen, M., Are MG63 and HOS TE 85 human osteosarcoma cell lines representative models of the osteoblastic phenotype? (1994) Bone, 15, pp. 585-591; 
Martin, T.J., Findlay, D.M., Heath, J.K., Ng, K.W., Osteoblasts: Differentiation and function (1993) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, pp. 149-183. , J.R. Mundy, \& T.J. Martin. Berlin: Springer; 
Aubin, J.E., Turksen, K., Heersch, J.N.M., Osteoblastic cell lineage (1993) Cellular and Molecular Biology of Bone, pp. 1-45. , M. Noda. Tokyo: Academic Press Inc; 
Anderson, S.I., Downes, S., Perry, C.C., Caballero, A.M., Evaluation of the osteoblast response to a silica gel in vitro (1998) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 9, pp. 731-735; 
Rhee, S.H., Hwang, M., Si, H.J., Choi, J.Y., Biological activities of osteoblasts on poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica hybrid containing calcium salt (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 901-906; 
Kalonji, E.E., Denis, I., Lieberherr, M., Pointillart, A., Effects of extracellular calcium on the proliferation and differentiation of porcine osteoblasts in vitro (1998) Cell Tissue Res, 292, pp. 163-171; 
Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry analysis of the effects of pre-immersion on the biocompatibility of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed coatings (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 813-820; 
Bilezikian, J.P., Raisz, L.G., Rodan, G.A., (2002) Principles of Bone Biology, p. 1325. , New York: Academic Press
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {485 - 493},
	abstract = {Chitosan-silicate hybrids were synthesized using γ- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPSM) as the agent for cross-linking the chitosan chains. CaCl                        2 was introduced in the hybrids in expectation that it would improve cell adhesion and differentiation of the hybrid surfaces. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 
                        29Si CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy were used to analyze the structures of the hybrids. Cytocompatibility of the hybrids was investigated in terms of proliferation of an osteoblastic cell line, MG63. The adhesion and proliferation of the osteoblastic cells cultured on the surface of a chitosan-GPSM hybrid without calcium were similar to those on a control culture plate, and were better than those on a chitosan membrane. The ALP activity of the cells cultured on this hybrid was higher than that on the chitosan membrane. Contrary to expectations, the incorporation of calcium ions into the hybrids did not improve cell attachment and proliferation on their surfaces. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {alkaline phosphatase, article, artificial membrane, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Bone Neoplasms, Calcium, calcium chloride, cell adhesion, Cell attachments, Cell culture, cell differentiation, Cell Division, Cell Line, Tumor, chitosan, chitosan derivative, controlled study, cross linking, Cross-Linking Reagents, Crosslinking, Cytocompatibility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, human, human cell, Humans, hybrid, infrared spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, materials testing, Membranes, Artificial, MG63 osteoblastic cells, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Neoplasm Proteins, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Organic-inorganic hybrid, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, Osteosarcoma, priority journal, Silanes, Silicates, siloxane, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, structure analysis, surface property, Synthesis (chemical), wettability, γ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPSM)},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3242791810\&partnerID=40\&md5=a22c21444fa3d2843a8783bb42f6ebc1},
	author = {Shirosaki, Y. and Tsuru, K. and Hayakawa, S. and Osaka, A. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@article {2484,
	title = {Biocompatibility of chemoenzymatically derived dextran-acrylate hydrogels},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part AJ. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 21Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRCPubMed ID: 14762939Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Dordick, J.S.; Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States; email: dordick@rpi.eduChemicals/CAS: acrylic acid, 10344-93-1, 79-10-7; dextran, 87915-38-6, 9014-78-2; Acrylates; Biocompatible Materials; Dextrans, 9004-54-0; Enzymes; HydrogelsReferences: Ferreira, L., Gil, M.H., Dordick, J.S., Enzymatic synthesis of dextran-containing hydrogels (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 3957-3967;Peppas, N.A., Bures, P., Leobandung, W., Ichikawa, H., Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations (2000) Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 50, pp. 27-46; 
Park, K., Park, H., Biocompatibility issues of implantable drug delivery systems (1996) Pharm Res, 13 (12), pp. 1770-1776; 
Novick, S.J., Dordick, J.S., Preparation of active and stable biocatalytic hydrogels for use in selective transformation (1998) Chem Mater, 10 (4), pp. 955-958; 
Letourneur, D., Machy, D., Pell{\'e}, A., Marcon-Bachari, E., D{\'a}ngelo, G., Vogel, M., Chaubert, F., Michel, J.-B., Heparin and non-heparin-like dextrans differentially modulate endothelial cell proliferation: In vitro evaluation with soluble and crosslinked polysaccharide matrices (2002) J Biomed Mater Res, 60, pp. 94-100; 
{\"O}sterberg, E., Bergstr{\"o}m, K., Holmberg, K., Schuman, T.P., Riggs, J.A., Burns, N.L., Van Alstine, J.M., Harris, J.M., Protein-rejecting ability of surface-bound dextran in end-on and side-on configurations: Comparison to PEG (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 741-747; 
Frazier, R.A., Matthijs, G., Davies, M.C., Roberts, C.J., Schacht, E., Tendler, S.J.B., Characterization of protein-resistant dextran monolayers (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 957-966; 
Massia, S.P., Stark, J., Immobilized RGD peptides on surface-grafted dextran promote biospecific cell attachment (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 56, pp. 390-399; 
Wong, W.H., Mooney, D.J., Synthesis and properties of biodegradable polymers used as synthetic matrices for tissue engineering (1997) Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds, p. 50. , Atala A, Mooney DJ, editors. Boston, MA: Birkh{\"a}user; 
Lee, K.Y., Mooney, D.J., Hydrogels for tissue engineering (2001) Chem Rev, 101 (7), pp. 1869-1879; 
Hern, D.L., Hubbell, J.A., Incorporation of adhesion peptides into nonadhesive hydrogels useful for tissue resurfacing (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39, pp. 266-276; 
Mann, B.K., Gobin, A.S., Tsai, A.T., Schmedlen, R.H., West, J.L., Smooth muscle cell growth in photopolymerized hydrogels with cell adhesive and proteolytically degradable domains: Synthetic ECM analogs for tissue engineering (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 3045-3051; 
De Groot, C.J., Van Luyn, M.J.A., Van Dijk-Wolthuis, W.N.E., Cad{\'e}e, J.A., Plantinga, J.A., Den Otter, W., Hennink, W.E., In vitro biocompatibility of biodegradable dextran-based hydrogels tested with human fibroblasts (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 1197-1203; 
Cad{\'e}e, J.A., Luyn, M.J.A., Brouwer, L.A., Plantinga, J.A., Van Wachem, P.B., Groot, C.J., Otter, W., Hennink, W.E., In vivo biocompatibility of dextran-based hydrogels (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 50, pp. 397-404; 
Anderson, J.M., In vivo biocompatibility of implantable delivery systems and biomaterials (1994) Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 40 (1), pp. 1-8; 
Anderson, J.M., Inflammation, wound healing, and the foreign body reaction response (1996) Biomaterials Science, pp. 165-173. , Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE, editors. New York: Academic Press; 
(1992) ISO 10993-5: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices. Test for Cytotoxicity: In Vitro Methods, , Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization; 
Pizzoferato, A., Ciapetti, G., Stea, S., Cenni, E., Arciola, C.R., Granchi, D., Savarino, L., Cell culture methods for testing biocompatibility (1994) Clin Mater, 15, pp. 173-190; 
Bancroft, J.D., Stevens, A., (1996) Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, pp. 99-211. , Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone; 
Mosmann, T., Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays (1983) J Immunol Methods, 65, pp. 55-63; 
Moreau, M.F., Chappard, D., Lesourd, M., Month{\'e}ard, J.P., Basl{\'e}, M.F., Free radicals and side products released during methylmethacrylate are cytotoxic for osteoblastic cells (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 40, pp. 124-131; 
Black, J., The inflammatory response (1999) Biological Performance of Materials, p. 131. , Black J, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker; 
Murch, A.R., Grounds, M.D., Marshall, C.A., Papadimitriou, J.M., Direct evidence that inflammatory multinucleate giant cells form by fusion (1982) J Pathol, 137, pp. 177-180; 
Kuijpers, A.J., Wachem, P.B., Luyn, M.J.A., Plantinga, J.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Krijgsveld, J., Zaat, S.A.J., Feijen, J., In vivo compatibility and degradation of crosslinked gelatin gels incorporated in knitted Dacron (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 51, pp. 136-145; 
Kuijpers, A.J., Van Wachem, P.B., Luyn, M.J.A., Brouwer, L.A., Engbers, G.H.M., Krijgsveld, J., Zaat, S.A.J., Feijen, J., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gelatin-chondroitin sulphate hydrogels for controlled release of antibacterial proteins (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1763-1772; 
Hooper, K.A., Macon, N.D., Kohn, J., Comparative histological evaluation of new tyrosine-derived polymers and poly(L-lactic acid) as a function of polymer degradation (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 443-454; 
Bos, R.R.M., Rozema, F.R., Boering, G., Nijenhuis, A.J., Pennings, A.J., Verwey, A.B., Nieuwenhuis, P., Jansen, H.W.B., Degradation of and tissue reaction to biodegradable poly(L-lactide) for use as internal fixation of fractures: A study in rats (1991) Biomaterials, 12, pp. 32-36; 
Nakamura, T., Veda, H., Tsuda, T., Li, Y.-H., Kiyotani, T., Inoue, M., Matsumoto, K., Shimizu, Y., Long-term implantation test and tumorigenicity of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel plates (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 56, pp. 289-296; 
Dziubla, T.D., Torjman, M.C., Joseph, J.I., Murphy-Tatum, M., Lowman, A.M., Evaluation of porous networks of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) as interfacial drug delivery devices (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 2893-2899; 
Spector, M., Lalor, P.A., In vivo assessment of tissue compatibility (1996) Biomaterials Science, pp. 220-228. , Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE, editors. New York: Academic Press
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {584 - 596},
	abstract = {The biocompatibility of chemoenzymatically generated dextran-acrylate hydrogels has been evaluated in vitro, using human foreskin fibroblasts, and in vivo, by subcutaneous and intramuscular implantation in Wistar rats for up to 40 days. In vitro tests show that hydrogel extracts only minimally reduced (<10\%) the mitochondrial metabolic activity of fibroblasts. Direct contact of the hydrogels with cells induced a cellular proliferation inhibition index (CPII) of 50-80\%, compared with a control, whereas through indirect contact, the CPII values were <16\%, suggesting that the high CPII values achieved in the direct assay test were likely due to mechanical stress or limitations in oxygen diffusion. Hence, the hydrogels were noncytotoxic. Moreover, cell-material interaction studies show that these hydrogels were nonadhesive. Finally, histologic evaluation of tissue response to subcutaneous and intramuscular implants showed acceptable levels of biocompatibility, as characterized by a normal cellular response and the absence of necrosis of the surrounding tissues of the implant. In the first 10 days, the foreign-body reaction in the intramuscular implantation was more severe than in subcutaneous implantation, becoming identical after 30 days. In both cases, dextran hydrogels did not show signs of degradation 6 weeks postimplantation and were surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule and some macrophages and giant cells. This response is typical with a number of nondegradable biocompatible materials. These results indicate that dextran hydrogels are biocompatible, and may have suitable applications as implantable long-term peptide/protein delivery systems or scaffolds for tissue engineering. {\textcopyright} 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {Acrylates, acrylic acid, animal experiment, animal model, animal tissue, Animals, article, Biocatalytic polyester, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biodiversity, Biomaterials, cell adhesion, Cell Division, cell interaction, cell proliferation, Cells, Cultured, Coenzymes, controlled study, Cytotoxicity, dextran, dextran acrylate, dextran acrylate hydrogel, dextran hydrogel, Dextrans, drug delivery system, Enzymes, fibroblast, Fibroblasts, Fibrous capsules, foreign body reaction, Foreign-Body Reaction, giant cell, human, human cell, Humans, hydrogel, Hydrogels, implantation, Implants (surgical), Implants, Experimental, in vitro study, in vivo study, macrophage, male, materials testing, mechanical stress, Mechanical stresses, metabolism, Mitochondria, mitochondrial respiration, nonhuman, oxygen diffusion, prepuce, rat, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Tissue, Tissue engineering, unclassified drug},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1342280525\&partnerID=40\&md5=fe5529e53db4261e72bde7a75e2cf2cc},
	author = {Ferreira, L. and Rafael, A. and Lamghari, M. and Barbosa, M.A. and Gil, M.H. and Cabrita, A.M.S. and Dordick, J.S.}
}
@book {2494,
	title = {Combining Foaming and Starch Consolidation Methods to Develop Macroporous Hydroxyapatite Implants},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 10Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Depto. de Engenharia Cer{\^a}mica, CICEO, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: De Groot, K., (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, London, UK; 
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Yoshikawa, T., Inoue, K., Senpuku, N., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 885; 
Minnear, W.P., (1992) Processing of Foamed Ceramics, Ceramic Transactions, Forming Science and Technology for Ceramics Vol. 26, 26. , ed. M.J. Cima, The American Ceramic Society, USA; 
Omatete, O., Janney, M.A., Strehlow, R.A., (1991) Am. Ceram Soc.Bull., 70, p. 1641; 
Kosmac, T., Novak, S., Sajko, M., (1995) Fourth Euro Ceramics, Vol. 1, Basic Science Developments, 1. , ed. C. Galassi. Gruppo Editoriale Faenza Editrice S.p.a., Italy; 
Graule, T.J., Baader, F.H., Gauckler, L.J., (1994) Cfi/Ber. DKH., 71, p. 317; 
Novich, B.E., Sundback, C.A., Adams, R.W., (1992) Ceramic Transactions, 26. , ed. M. J. Cima. American Ceramic Society, USA; 
Rives, R.D., U. S. Patent 4113480 (1976)Lycfeldt, O., Brandt, J., Lesca, S., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (14-15), p. 2551; 
Olhero, S.M., Tar{\`\i}, G., Coimbra, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (4), p. 423; 
Lycfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum, , in press
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1041 - 1044},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the calcium-phosphate material with composition closest to that of bone, what makes it suitable for osseous implant purposes. This material was used to produce macroporous structures with pores larger than 100 μm, which are believed to be suitable for allowing bone ingrowth. The macroporous structures were generated and consolidated by combining foaming and starch consolidation methods. The porous structures could be tailored according to the final application by varying the proportion of different foaming agents, foam-bath concentrate (FBC) and sodium lauril sulphate (SLS). Playing with these proportions it was also possible to improve foam stability and model the size of pores and pore interconnections in order to reproduce the pore structure of natural bone.},
	keywords = {Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, Bone, Composition, Foaming method, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatlte, Implants (surgical), Macroporous structures, Microstructure, Pore size, Porous ceramics, Porous materials, Starch, Starch consolidation},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346885485\&partnerID=40\&md5=63e5b33a0a2185af44b629c565e5240f},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2495,
	title = {Designing of Bioceramics with Bonelike Structures Tailored for Different Orthopaedic Applications},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 4Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Depto. de Engenharia Cer{\^a}mica, CICECO, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: Hing, K.A., Best, S.M., Tanner, K.E., Bondfield, W., Revell, P.A., (1997) J. Mater. Sci: Mater Med., 8, p. 731;Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Kon, E., Muraglia, A., Corsi, A., Bianco, P., Marcacci, M., Martin, I., Boyde, A., Quarto, R., (2000) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 49 (3), p. 328; 
Prado da Silva, M.H., Lemos, A.F., Lopes, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., Santos, J.D., (2002) Journal of Non-crystalline Solids, 304, p. 286; 
Schwartzwalder, K., Somers, A.V., U.S. Patent n{\textdegree} 3 090 094, (1963)Saggio-Woyanski, J., Scott, C.E., Minnear, W.P., (1992) Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71 (11), p. 1674; 
Olhero, S.M., Tar{\`\i}, G., Coimbra, M.A., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (4), p. 423; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Ferreira, J.M.F., (1998) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, p. 131; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum, , in press; 
Lyckfeldt, O., Brandt, J., Lesca, S., (2000) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 (14-15), p. 2551
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1037 - 1040},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Innovative methods for the production of porous bioceramics for implants with tailored pore volume fractions, pore sizes, pore size distributions and pore interconnectivity have been developed. The average pore sizes can vary from a few micrometers to more than one millimeter, therefore fulfilling all the needs required for components used in implantology. The methods combine in a suitable way the knowledge coming from different areas in the field of colloid and interface science, namely, on the processing of ceramic materials by traditional colloidal shaping techniques such as slip casting with a number of new direct consolidation techniques, which transform the fluid hydroxyapatite (HA) based suspensions into rigid bodies, and particularly the expertise in the production of porous ceramics by different techniques. Slip casting was preferably used for designing the cortical part of the bone, while direct consolidation techniques were used to "freeze" tailored foamy structures or suspensions containing different kinds of organic inclusions of suitable sizes and amounts that generate pores after burning out.},
	keywords = {Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, Bone, Cells, Ceramic materials, Consolidation techniques, hydroxyapatite, morphology, orthopedics, Pore size, Porous ceramics, Porous materials, Sintering, Slip casting},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347516107\&partnerID=40\&md5=1bc01982f338c175b41fd08698d3da1c},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@article {2500,
	title = {Fabrication of alternating polycation and albumin multilayer coating by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption},
	journal = {Journal of Materials ScienceJ Mater Sci},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JMTSAdoi: 10.1023/B:JMSC.0000008087.71937.71Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ji, J.; Department of Polymer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; email: jianji@mail.hz.zj.cnReferences: Bertrand, P., Jonas, A., Laschewsky, A., (2000) Macr. Rap. Comm., 21, p. 319;Ulman, A., (1996) Chem. Rev., 96, p. 1533; 
Sano, M., Lvov, Y., Kunitake, T., (1996) Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 26, p. 153; 
Houska, M., Brynda, E., (1997) J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 188, p. 243; 
Brynda, E., Houska, M., (1996) J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 183, p. 18; 
Keogh, R.J., Eaton, J.W., (1994) J. Lab. Clin. Med., 124, p. 537; 
Keogh, J.R., Velander, F.F., Eaton, W., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 441; 
Ji, J., Feng, L.X., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, p. 3015; 
Cheng, Z., Cheng, L., Dong, S., Yang, X., (2001) J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, pp. E227
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {349 - 351},
	abstract = {The construction of albumin multilayers via the electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) method was explored. Based on the results, it was possible to develop a fast, easy processing and shape-independent method for nonthrombogenic coating.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Adsorption, Albumin, Biocompatibility, Biological materials, Biopolymers, Blood, Charge transfer, Chemical bonds, Covalent binding, Desorption, Electron transfer, Electron transfer resistance, Electrostatic layer by layer adsorption, Electrostatics, Multilayers, polycation, Positive ions, Spectroscopic analysis, Static platelet adhesion},
	isbn = {00222461 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0842312335\&partnerID=40\&md5=90716a579ba430045f75ca682551d418},
	author = {Ji, J. and Tan, Q. and Fan, D.-Z. and Sun, Y.-F. and Barbosa, M.A. and Shen, J.}
}
@book {2489,
	title = {In Vitro Cytocompatibility of Osteoblastic Cells Cultured on Chitosan-Organosiloxane Hybrid Membrane},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Shirosaki, Y.; Biomaterial Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama-shi 700-8530, JapanReferences: Chandy, T., Sharma, P.C., (1990) Biomat Art Cells Art Org, 18, pp. 1-24;Jameela, S.R., Jayakrishnan, A., (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 769-775; 
Nishi, C., Nakajima, N., Ikada, Y., (1995) J Biomed Mater Res., 29, pp. 829-834; 
Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayajkawa, S., Osaka, A., (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 4765-4773
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {857 - 860},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Chitosan-silicate hybrids were synthesized using γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPSM) as the agent to cross-link the chitosan chains. Fourier-transform infrared (PT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the structures of the hybrids. The swelling ability and the cytocompatibility of the hybrids were investigated as a function of the GPSM concentration. The swelling of the hybrids was suppressed by addition of GPSM. MG63 human osteoblastic cells were cultured on the hybrids. The adhesion and proliferation of the MG63 cells cultured on the chitosan-GPSM hybrid surface were improved comparing to that on chitosan membrane, regardless the GPSM concentration.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Biological membranes, biosynthesis, Cell culture, Cells, chitosan, Chitosan-inorganic hybrid, Crosslinking, Cytocompatibility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Organic polymers, Osteoblastic cell (MG63), Structural analysis, Synthetic polymers, Tissue, Tissue engineering, γ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPSM)},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346885502\&partnerID=40\&md5=80d45c86bb14c57c3b1a6b94b435e45d},
	author = {Shirosaki, Y. and Tsuru, K. and Hayakawa, S. and Osaka, A. and Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2492,
	title = {New Method for the Incorporation of Soluble Bioactive Glasses to Reinforce Porous HA Structures},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Lemos, A.F.; Dept. of Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; email: ilemos@cv.ua.ptReferences: De Groot, K., (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;Wilson, L.L., Hench, J., (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, , World Scientific, UK; 
Hench, L.L., (1998) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, p. 1075; 
Kohri, M., Miki, K., Waite, D.E., Nakajima, H., Okabe, T., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 299; 
Krivak, N., Tas, A.C., (1998) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, p. 2245; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, p. 649; 
Lemos, A.F., Santos, J.D., Ferreira, J.M.F., (2003) Advanced Materials Forum
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1033 - 1036},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {The most widely used calcium-phosphate ceramic in clinical applications is hydroxyapatite, Ca                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2, however its dissolution rate in the human body after implantation is too low to achieve good results and it has poor mechanical properties. Recently, glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (GR-HA) have been developed, in order to improve the mechanical properties and to increase the similarity between implants and bone. The addition of a P
                        2O
                        5 based glass to a hydroxyapatite matrix, promotes the liquid phase sintering, improving the mechanical properties of the final bodies, and enabling the formation of two other calcium-phosphate phases, which have a higher dissolution rate, more compatible with bone regeneration. However, some of these glass compositions are soluble in water, making their incorporation in aqueous slurry impossible. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to study a new alternative method for the incorporation of soluble P
                        2O
                        5 based glass into macroporous structures obtained by different methods.
},
	keywords = {Bioactivation, Bioactive glass, Biocompatibility, Bone, Dissolution, glass, hydroxyapatite, Liquid phase sintering, Macroporous structures, Microstructure, Porous materials, Reinforced hydroxyapatite, Sintering, Slurries},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0348145989\&partnerID=40\&md5=18598c198e7e03dbf785151b7033c392},
	author = {Lemos, A.F. and Santos, J.D. and Ferreira, J.M.F.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2490,
	title = {Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Manuel, C.M.; Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Lab. de Biomaterials, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150 -180 Porto, Portugal; email: cmmanuel@fe.up.ptReferences: Manuel, C.M., Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., (2003) Key Engineering Materials, pp. 240-242;Jarcho, M., Bolen, C.H., Thomas, M.B., Bobick, J., Doremus, R.H., (1976) J Mat Sci, pp. 2027-2035; 
Jarcho, M., Salsbury, R.L., Thomas, M.B., Doremus, R.H., (1979) J Mat Sci, pp. 142-150; 
Puleo, D.A., Holleran, L.A., Doremus, R.H., Bizios, R., (1991) J Biomed Mat Res, 25, pp. 711-723; 
Fowler, B.O., Moreno, E.C., Brown, W.E., (1966) Arch. Oral Biol., 11, pp. 477-492
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {903 - 906},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {In this work, CaP nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical precipitation using three different approaches and were characterised and quantified in terms of their composition. Different precipitating, ageing and drying temperatures were applied and affected HA to TCP ratio. Sintering induced formation of large agglomerates and affected the relative composition, specifically, increased concentrations of TCP as proved by SEM, FTIR and XRD. Different reactants also affected chemical final product composition. Contacts with fibroblasts and osteoblasts revealed better adhesion to sintered substrates.},
	keywords = {Agglomeration, Bioceramics, Biocompatibility, Bone, Calcium Compounds, Cell culture, Cytocompatibility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydroxyapatite, nanoparticles, Nanostructured materials, orthopedics, Precipitation (chemical), Scanning electron microscopy, Synthesis (chemical), Tricalcium phosphate, Wet chemical precipitation, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346885495\&partnerID=40\&md5=a9f5b3807570c06984809bcb048ffc33},
	author = {Manuel, C.M. and Foster, M. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ferraz, M.P. and Doremus, R.H. and Bizios, R.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@book {2496,
	title = {Study of a Silicate Cement for Dental Applications},
	series = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {254-256},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Conference code: 62053Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Pereira, S.; Fac. de Medicina Dent{\'a}ria, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, PortugalReferences: Craig, R.G., Rovers, J.M., (2002) Restorative Dental Materials. 9th Ed., pp. 593-627. , St Louis: Mosby;Gladwin, M., Bagby, M., (2000) Clinical Aspects of Dental Materials. First Edition, pp. 81-92. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins; 
Leinfelder, K.F., Changing Restorative Traditions: The Use of Bases and Liners (1994) JADA, 125, pp. 65-67; 
Macchi, R.L., (2000) Mat. Dentales. 3 a Ed., pp. 129-135. , Buenos Aires: Edit. M{\'e}dica P.americana S.A; 
Wise, D.L., (1995) Encyclopedic Handbook of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, pp. 1398-1411. , New York: Marcel Dekver; 
Gordan, V.V., Mj{\"o}r, I.A., Hucke, R.D., Smith, G.E., Effect of Different Liner Treatments on Postoperative Sensivity of Amalgam Restorations (1999) Quintessence Int, 30, pp. 55-59; 
Me, M., Nakai, H., Effect of Immersion in Water on Linear Expansion and Strength of Three Base/Liner Materials (1995) Dent Mater, 14, pp. 70-77; 
Leevailoj, C., Cochran, M.A., Matis, B.A., Moore, B.K., Platt, J.A., Microleakage of Posterior Packable Resin Composites with and without Flowable Liners (2001) Oper Dent, 26, pp. 302-307; 
Weiner, R.S., Weiner, L.K., Kugel, G., Teaching the Use of Bases and Liners: A Survey of the North American Dental Schools (1996) JADA, 127, pp. 1640-1645; 
Pereira, S., Branco, R., Cavalheiro, J., Afonso, A., Vasconcelos, M., (2003) Sealing Ability of a New Dental Base Material, , Bioeng; 
(1991) Specification for Dental Water-based Cements, , ISO 9917 (F)
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {659 - 662},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {Dental cements have a wide field of applications in clinical practice. The use as a base material is a very important one in dentistry. The aim of this study is to assess some relevant properties of a silicate cement (SC) developed for dental applications, comparing it with two other cements already commercialised, a zinc phosphate cement De Trey Zinc Cement Improved{\textregistered} (DT) and ProRootMTA{\textregistered}(MTA). Their compressive strength, dimensional changes and weight variation in water after setting, according to ISO standards were compared. The mean compressive strength of DT, MTA and SC were, respectively, 134MPa, 31MPa and 46MPa. There were no statistically significant differences for the three tested cements at the various time intervals, in respect to their weight variation or dimensional changes. However, there was a little loss of weight for DT (0.15\%) and for MTA (3\%) and a gain of 3\% for the SC. Regarding the dimensional changes, all materials undergo little expansion, more significant in the MTA and in the SC samples of 2,07\% and 0,4\%, respectively. The new Silicate Cement, presented enough compressive strength, low weight variation, very small dimensional changes and good adaptation to the surface of dental cavity. For these reasons this new cement could be a valuable proposal as a base material for dental applications.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Body fluids, Ceramic materials, ceramics, Compressive Strength, Dental cement, Dental cements, Dental prostheses, Dimensional stability, Precipitation (chemical), Scanning electron microscopy, Silicate cements, Silicates, Stainless steel, Weight variation},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346255102\&partnerID=40\&md5=b43c6052d3f4c9fcaff59b75a9cad543},
	author = {Pereira, S. and Cavalheiro, J. and Branco, R. and Afonso, A. and Vasconcelos, M.},
	editor = {Barbosa M.A. and Monteiro F.J. and Correia R. and Leon B.}
}
@article {2508,
	title = {Constructing thromboresistant surface on biomedical stainless steel via layer-by-layer deposition anticoagulant},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 67Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00363-6PubMed ID: 12951013Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ji, J.; Department of Polymer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; email: jianji@mail.hz.zj.cnChemicals/CAS: heparin, 37187-54-5, 8057-48-5, 8065-01-8, 9005-48-5; polyethyleneimine, 74913-72-7; stainless steel, 12597-68-1; trometamol, 1185-53-1, 77-86-1; Anticoagulants; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Heparin, 9005-49-6; Polyethyleneimine, 9002-98-6; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1Manufacturers: AldrichReferences: Bertrand, P., Jonas, A., Laschewsky, A., Legras, R., Ultrathin polymer coating by complexation of polyelectrolytes at interfaces: Suitable materials, structure and properties (2000) Macromol Rapid Commun, 21, pp. 319-348;Ulman, A., Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers (1996) Chem Rev, 96, pp. 1533-1554; 
Sano, M., Lvov, Y., Kunitake, T., (1996) Annu Rev Mater Sci, 26, pp. 153-187; 
Laschewsky, A., (1997) Eur Chem Chron ECC, 2, pp. 13-24; 
Picart, C., Lavalle, Ph., Hubert, P., Cuisnier, Fj., Decher, G., Schaaf, P., Voegel, J.C., Buildup mechanism for poly (L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid films onto a solid surface (2001) Langmuir, 17, pp. 7414-7424; 
Houska, M., Brynda, E., Interactions of proteins with polyelectrolytes at solid/liquid interfaces: Sequential adsorption of albumin and heparin (1997) J Colloid Interface Sci, 188, pp. 243-250; 
Brynda, E., Houska, M., Multiple alternating molecular layers of albumin and heparin on solid surfaces (1996) J Colloid Interface Sci, 183, pp. 18-25; 
Thomann, U.I., Uggowitzer, P.J., Wear-corrosion behavior of biocompatible austenitic stainless steels (2000) Wear, 239, pp. 48-58; 
Cheatham, J., Improved stents for pediatric applications (2001) Prog Pediatr Cardiol, 14, pp. 95-115; 
Donachie, M., Biomedical alloys (1998) Adv Mater Process, 154, pp. 63-65; 
Decher, G., Fuzzy nanoassemblies: Toward layered polymeric multicomposites (1997) Science, 277, pp. 1232-1237; 
Raposo, M., Pontes, R.S., Mattoso, L.H.C., Oliveira, O.N., Kinetics of adsorption of poly (o-methoxyaniline) self-assembled films (1997) Macromolecules, 30, pp. 6095-6101; 
Vov, Y.L., Rusling, J., Thomsen, D.L., Papadimitrakopoulos, F., Kawakami, T., Kunitake, T., High-speed multilayer film assembly by alternate adsorption of silica nanoparticles and linear polycation (1998) Chem Commun, 11, pp. 1229-1230; 
Lowack, K., Helm, C.A., Controlling the self-assembly process of polyelectrolyte multilayers (1998) Macromolecules, 31, pp. 823-833; 
Cheng, Z., Cheng, L., Dong, S., Yang, X., Formation and characterization of heteropolyacid/polycation multilayer films on gold electrode (2001) J Electrochem Soc, 148, p. 227
},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {4699 - 4705},
	abstract = {Multilayer films consisting of polyethylenimine (PEI) and heparin were successfully prepared on biomedical 316L stainless steel surface via electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) of the PEI and heparin. The process of ESA of PEI/heparin was monitored by static contact angle, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), reflection adsorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. The contact angle and EIS data revealed that the multilayer coating was stable in Tris-HCl (pH 7.35) buffer solution for 21 days. The static platelet adhesion and static clotting time experiments indicated that the PEI/heparin-deposited stainless steel could resist the platelet adhesion and prolong the static clotting time effectively. Such an easy processing and shape-independent method may have good potential for surface modification of cardiovascular devices. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {316L stainless steel, Adhesion, Adsorption, anticoagulant agent, Anticoagulants, aqueous solution, article, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, blood clotting time, Blood Platelets, Blood-compatibility, buffer, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, coating, Coatings, Contact angle, controlled study, Deposition, device, electricity, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, Electrostatics, heparin, human, human cell, Humans, implant, Layer-by-layer, material coating, materials testing, Multilayers, Organic polymers, pH, Platelet Adhesiveness, Polyethyleneimine, priority journal, reflection adsorption spectroscopy, Self assembly, Spectroscopy, Stainless steel, Surface Properties, surface property, Surfaces, thrombocyte adhesion, Thromboresistant surfaces, trometamol, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0041386468\&partnerID=40\&md5=a68c77a7525bca1760cc298a394c713f},
	author = {Tan, Q. and Ji, J. and Barbosa, M.A. and Fonseca, C. and Shen, J.}
}
@article {2533,
	title = {Cellulose phosphates as biomaterials. In vivo biocompatibility studies},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 45Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00152-1PubMed ID: 11791931Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Granja, P.L.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, INEB-Inst. de Engenliaria Biomedica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823-4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: pgranja@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Calcium Radioisotopes; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Cellulose, 9004-34-6; phosphocellulose, 9015-14-9References: Jochanan, H., Boss, M.D., Osseointegration (1999) J Long-Term Eff Med Impl, 9, pp. 1-10;Albrektsson, T., Hard tissue response (1998) Handbook of biomaterial properties, pp. 500-512. , Black J, Hastings G, editors. London, UK: Chapman \& Hall; 
Hench, L.L., Bioactive materials: The potential for tissue regeneration (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 511-517; 
Yaszemski, M.J., Payne, R.G., Hayes, W.C., Langer, R., Mikos, A.G., Evolution of bone transplantation: Molecular, cellular and tissue strategies to engineer human bone (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 175-185; 
Hollinger, J., McAllister, B., Bone and its repair (1995) Bioceramics, 8, pp. 3-9. , Wilson J, Hench LL, Greenspon D, editors. FL, USA: Pergamon Press; 
Friedman, R.J., Black, J., Galante, J.O., Jacobs, J.J., Skinner, H.B., Current concepts in orthopaedic biomaterials and implant fixation (1993) J Bone Jt Surg, 75 A, pp. 1086-1109; 
Bakker, D., Grote, J.J., Vrouenraets, C.M.F., Hesseling, S.C., De Wijn, J.R., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Bone-bonding polymer (polyactive{\texttrademark}) (1990) Clinical implant materials, Advances in Biomaterials Series, 9, pp. 99-104. , Heimke G, Solt{\'e}sz U, Lee AJC, editors. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 
LeGeros, R.Z., Calcium phosphate materials in restorative dentistry: A review (1988) Adv Dent Res, 2, pp. 164-183; 
Hastings, G.W., Mahmud, F.A., Intelligent orthopaedic materials (1993) J Intell Mat Syst Str, 4, pp. 452-456; 
Black, J., (1988) Orthopaedic biomaterials in research and practice, , New York, USA: Churchill Livingstone; 
Li, P., Ye, X., Kangasniemi, I., De Blieck-Hogervorst, J.M.A., Klein, C.P.A.T., De Groot, K., In vivo calcium phosphate formation induced by sol-gel-prepared silica (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 325-328; 
Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Kokubo, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: Improvement in its adhesion to substrate by glow-discharge treatment (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 349-357; 
Li, P., Ohtsuki, T., Kokubo, T., Nakanishi, K., Soga, N., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Process of formation of bone-like apatite layer on silica gel (1993) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 4, pp. 127-131; 
Radin, S.R., Ducheyne, P., The effect of calcium phosphate ceramic composition and structure on in vitro behavior. II. Precipitation (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 35-45; 
Puleo, D.A., Nanci, A., Understanding and controlling the bone-implant interface (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 2311-2321; 
McFarland, C.D., Mayer, S., Scotchford, C., Dalton, B.A., Steele, J.G., Downes, S., Attachment of cultured human bone cells to novel polymers (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 44, pp. 1-11; 
Dalton, B.A., McFarland, C.D., Gengenbach, T.R., Griesser, H.J., Steele, J.G., Polymer surface chemistry and bone cell migration (1998) J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 9, pp. 781-799; 
Scotchford, C.A., Cooper, E., Leggett, G.J., Downes, S., Growth of human osteoblast-like cells on alkenethiol on gold self-assembled monolayers: The effect of surface chemistry (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 431-442; 
Adams, A.M., Soames, J.V., Searle, R.F., Ultrastructural changes in cultured human periodontal ligaments cells exposed to dental materials (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 999-1004; 
Lamba, N.M.K., Baumgartner, J.A., Cooper, S.L., Cell-synthetic surface interactions (1998) Frontiers in tissue engineering, pp. 121-137. , Patrick CW, Mikos AG, McIntire LV, editors. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 
Dalton, B.A., McFarland, C.D., Gengenbach, T.R., Griesser, H.J., Steele, J.G., Polymer surface chemistry and bone cell migration (1998) J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 9, pp. 781-799; 
Healy, K.E., Thomas, C.H., Rezania, A., Kim, J.E., McKeown, P.J., Lom, B., Hockberger, P.E., Kinetics of bone cell organization and mineralization on materials with patterned surface chemistry (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 195-208; 
Kasemo, B., Lausmaa, J., Material-tissue interfaces: The role of surface properties and processes (1995) Environ Health Perspect, 102, pp. 41-45; 
Von Recum, A.F., Van Kooten, T.G., The influence of micro-topography on cellular response and the implications for silicone implants (1995) J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 7, pp. 181-198; 
Vogler, E.A., (1993) Interfacial chemistry in biomaterials science, Surfactant Science Series, vol. 49 (Wettability), 49, pp. 183-250. , Berg JC, editor. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker; 
Horbett, T.A., Weathersby, P.K., Adsorption of proteins from plasma to a series of hydrophilic-hydrophobic copolymers. I. Analysis with the in situ radionation technique (1981) J Biomed Mater Res, 15, pp. 403-423; 
Martson, M., Viljanto, J., Hurme, T., Saukko, P., Biocompatibility of cellulose sponge with bone (1998) Eur Surg Res, 30, pp. 426-432; 
Gross, U., Muller-Mai, C., Voigt, C., The tissue response on cellulose cylinders after implantation in the distal femur of rabbits (1992) Fourth World Biomaterials Congress, p. 192. , Berlin, Germany, April; 
Chauveaux, D., Barbie, C., Barthe, X., Baquey, C., Poustis, J., Biological behaviour of cellulosic materials after bone implantation: Preliminary results (1990) Clin Mater, 5, pp. 251-258; 
Ikada, Y., Biomedical applications of cellulose membranes (1989) Cellulose: structural and functional aspects, pp. 447-455. , Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Williams PA, editors. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood; 
Miyamoto, T., Takahashi, S., Ito, H., Inagaki, H., Noishiki, Y., Tissue biocompatibility of cellulose and its derivatives (1989) J Biomed Mater Res, 23, pp. 125-133; 
Franz, G., Polysaccharides in pharmacy (1986) Adv Polym Sci, 76, pp. 1-30; 
Philipp, B., Bock, W., Schierbaum, F., Application of polysaccharides and their derivatives as supporting materials and auxiliary substances in medicine and nutrition (1979) J Polym Sci Polym Symp, 66, pp. 83-100; 
Galgut, P.N., Oxidized cellulose mesh. I. Biodegradable membrane in periodontal surgery (1990) Biomaterials, 11, pp. 561-564; 
Skoog, T., The use of periosteum and surgicel{\textregistered} for bone restoration in congenital clefts of the maxilla (1967) Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, 1, pp. 113-130; 
Degenshein, G.A., Hurwitz, A., Ribacoff, S., Experience with regenerated oxidized cellulose (1963) NY State J Med, 63, pp. 2639-2643; 
Poustis, J., Baquey, C., Chauveaux, D., Mechanical properties of cellulose in orthopaedic devices and related environments (1994) Clin Mater, 16, pp. 119-124; 
Baquey, C., Barbi{\'e}, C., More, N., Rouais, F., Poustis, J., Chauveaux, D., In vivo study of the biostability of a cellulose material (1992) Fourth World Biomaterials Congress, p. 365. , Berlin, Germany, April; 
Brie, J., Lafage, M.H., Chauveaux, D., Gueroult, J.M., Poustis, J., Baquey, C., La cellulose macroporeuse: Un mat{\'e}riau potentiellement utilisable pour le comblement osseux. Biomat{\'e}riaux et organes artificiels (1992) Proceedings of the BIOMAT 92 Congress, , Bordeaux, France, November; 
Pommier, J.C., Poustis, J., Baquey, C., Chauveaux, D., Biocompatible, hydrophilic material. Method of manufacture and uses of same, , Fr Pat No. 8610331, 1986; Eur Pat No. 0256906 A1, 1987; US Pat No. 4904258, 1990; 
Barbi{\'e}, C., Chauveaux, D., Baquey, C., Poustis, J., Pommier, J.C., Morlier, R., Ducassou, D., {\'E}valuation des propriet{\'e}s mecaniques de mat{\'e}riaux cellulosiques et perspectives d{\textquoteright}application originales de ces mat{\'e}riaux en chirurgie orthop{\'e}dique (1987) Calcif Tiss Biomaterials, Proceedings of the BIOMAT 87 Congress, pp. 319-325. , Bordeaux, France, December; 
Li, S., Liu, Q., De Wijn, J., Wolke, J., Zhou, B., De Groot, K., In-vitro apatite formation on phosphorylated bamboo (1997) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 8, pp. 543-549; 
Mucalo, M.R., Yokogawa, Y., Toryiama, M., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Nagata, F., Nishizawa, K., Growth of calcium phosphate on surface-modified cotton (1995) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 6, pp. 597-605; 
Mucalo, M.R., Yokogawa, Y., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Nagata, F., Nishizawa, K., Further studies of calcium phosphate growth on phosphorylated cotton fibres (1995) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 6, pp. 658-669; 
Granja, P.L., Baquey, C., Pouys{\'e}gu, L., Bareille, R., De J{\'e}so, B., Barbosa, M.A., (1996) Cellulose-based biomaterials for bone regeneration: Hemi-synthesis and characterisation. Polymers in Medicine and Surgery - PIMS{\textquoteright}96, pp. 73-80. , Glasgow, UK; 
Granja, P.L., Barbosa, M.A., Pouys{\'e}gu, L., De J{\'e}so, B., Baquey, C., Cellulose phosphates as biomaterials (1999) Frontiers in biomedical polymers applications 2, pp. 195-225. , Lancaster, PA, USA: Technomic Press; 
Granja, P.L., Pouys{\'e}gu, L., De J{\'e}so, B., Rouais, F., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., Cellulose phosphates as biomaterials. Mineralization of chemically modified regenerated cellulose hydrogels (2001) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, , submitted for publication; 
Granja, P.L., De J{\'e}so, B., Bareille, R., Rouais, F., Baquey, C., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) Cellulose phosphates as biomaterials. In vitro biocompatibility studies, , submitted for publication; 
(1994) {\'E}valuation biologique des dispositifs m{\'e}dicaux. Partie 6: Essais concernant les effets locaux apr{\`e}s implantation; 
Wolf, E., Roser, K., Hahn, M., Wezkerling, H., Delling, G.G., Enzyme and immunohistochemistry on undecalcified bone and bone marrow biopsy after embedding in plastic: A new embedding method for routine application (1992) Virchow Archiv Pathol Anat Histopathol, 420, pp. 17-24; 
Van der Lubbe, H.B.M., Patchin, C., De Groot, K., A simple method for preparing thin (10 μm) histological sections of undecalcified plastic embedded bone with implant (1988) Saint Technol, 63, pp. 171-176; 
Daculsi, G., LeGeros, R.Z., Nery, E., Lynch, K., Transformation of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics in vivo (1989) J Biomed Mater Res, 23, pp. 883-894; 
Charpak, G., Dominik, W., Zaganidis, N., Optical imaging of the spatial distribution of b-particles emerging from surfaces (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86, pp. 1741-1745; 
Charpak, G., Dominik, W., Fabre, J.P., Gaudaen, J., Sauli, F., Suzuki, M., Studies of light emission by continuously sensitive avalanche chambers (1988) Nucl Instrum Methods A, 269, pp. 142-148; 
Charpak, G., Dominik, W., Fabre, J.P., Santiard, J.C., Sauli, F., Solomey, N., Gaseous detectors with parallel electrodes and anode mesh planes (1979) Nucl Instrum Meth, 161, pp. 19-34; 
Daculsi, G., Passutti, N., Effect of the macroporosity for the osseous substitution of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Biomaterials, 11, pp. 86-87; 
Le Huec, J.C., Cl{\'e}ment, D., Brouillaud, B., Barthe, N., Dupuy, B., Foliguet, B., Basse-Cathalinat, B., Evolution of the local calcium content around irradiated β-tricalcium phosphate ceramic implants: In vivo study in the rabbit (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 733-738; 
Bloebaum, D., Bachus, K., Momberger, N., Hofmann, A., Mineral apposition rates of human cancellous bone at the interface of porous coated implants (1994) J Biomed Mater Res, 28, pp. 537-544; 
Gross, U.M., Hard tissue histology (1999) Handbook of biomaterials evaluation: scientific, technical and clinical testing of implant materials. 2nd Ed., pp. 689-719. , von Recum AF, editor. MI, USA: Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor Science; 
Sakkers, R.J.B., Dalmeyer, R.A.J., De Wijn, J.R., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Use of bone-bonding hydrogel copolymers in bone: An in vitro and in vivo study of expanding PEO-PBT copolymers in goat femora (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 49, pp. 312-318; 
Elliot, J.C., (1994) Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates, Studies in Inorganic Chemistry Series, 18. , Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 
Aoki, H., (1994) Medical applications of hydroxyapatite, , Tokyo, Japan: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica; 
Goodman, S., Aspenberg, P., Effects of mechanical stimulation on the differentiation of hard tissues (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 563-569; 
Klemm, D., Philipp, B., Heinze, T., Heinze, U., Wagenknecht, W., (1998) Comprehensive cellulose chemistry, vol. 2, functionalization of cellulose, 2, pp. 133-140. , Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag. Chapter 4; 
Touey, G.P., Kingsport, T., Preparation of cellulose phosphates, , US Pat No. 2759924, 1956; 
Hayashi, T., Biodegradable polymers for biomedical uses (1994) Prog Polym Sci, 19, pp. 663-702; 
Fricain, J.C., Baquey, C., Dupuy, B., Resorption of corals implanted in diffusion chambers (1995) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 6, pp. 680-684
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {971 - 980},
	abstract = {Femoral implantation of regenerated cellulose hydrogels revealed their biocompatibility, but a complete osseointegration could not be observed. Phosphorylation was therefore envisaged as the means to enhance cellulose bioactivity. In vitro studies showed that regenerated cellulose hydrogels promote bone cells attachment and proliferation but do not mineralize in acellular simulated physiological conditions. On the contrary, phosphorylated cellulose has shown an opposite behavior, by inducing the formation of a calcium phosphate layer in simulated physiological conditions, but behaving as a poor substrate for bone cells attachment and proliferation. In order to investigate the in vivo behavior of these materials, and assess the influence of mineralization induction ability vs. bone cells compatibility, unmodified and phosphorylated cellulose hydrogels were implanted in rabbits for a maximum period of 6 months and bone regeneration was investigated. Despite the difficulties arising from the retraction of cellulose hydrogels upon dehydration during the preparation of retrieved implants, histological observations showed no inflammatory response after implantation, with bone intra-spongious regeneration of cells and the integration of the unmodified as well as the phosphorylated cellulose implants. After a maximum implantation period of 6 months, histological observations, histomorphometry and the measurement of the amount of                        45Ca incorporated in the surrounding tissue indicated a slightly better osseointegration of phosphorylated cellulose, although no significant differences between the two materials were found. {\textcopyright} 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {animal experiment, Animal implantation, animal tissue, Animalia, Animals, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Bone, bone cell, bone mineralization, Bone Regeneration, Calcium, calcium 45, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium Radioisotopes, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, Cells, Cellulose, Cellulose phosphate, Chemical modification, controlled study, Dehydration, histology, hydrogel, Hydrogels, implant, in vivo study, Inflammation, materials testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, morphometrics, nonhuman, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Osseointegration, Phosphates, Phosphorylation, priority journal, Prostheses and Implants, rabbit, Rabbits, Regenerated cellulose hydrogels},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037082737\&partnerID=40\&md5=faae93af84ab2762579f90bd2d64eefa},
	author = {Fricain, J.C. and Granja, P.L. and Barbosa, M.A. and De J{\'e}so, B. and Barthe, N. and Baquey, C.}
}
@article {2524,
	title = {Si                    3N
                    4-bioglass composites stimulate the proliferation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells and support the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow cells
},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 31Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00249-1PubMed ID: 12361631Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; Faculdade de Medicina Dentaria, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; email: mhrf@portugalmail.ptChemicals/CAS: Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Phosphorus, 7723-14-0; Silicon Compounds; silicon nitride, 12033-89-5References: Amaral, M., Lopes, M.A., Silva, R.F., Santos, J.D., Densification route and mechanical properties of Si 3N 4-bioglass biocomposites (2002) Biomaterials, 23, pp. 857-862;Kue, R., Sahrabi, A., Nagle, D., Frondonza, C., Hungerford, D., Enhanced proliferation and osteocalcin production by human osteoblast-like cells on silicon nitride ceramic discs (1999) Biomaterials, 20, pp. 1195-1201; 
Howlett, C., McCartney, E., Ching, W., The effects of silicon nitride ceramic on rabbit skeletal cells and tissues (1989) Clin Orthop, 244, pp. 296-301; 
Hench, L.L., Biomaterials: A forecast for the future (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 1419-1423; 
Radin, S., Ducheyne, P., Falaize, S., Hammond, A., In vitro transformation of bioactive glass granules into Ca-P shells (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 49, pp. 264-272; 
Santos, J.D., Amaral, M., Oliveira, S.M., Lopes, M.A., Silva, R.F., Silicon Nitride - Bioglass {\textregistered} 45S5 composite for biomedical applications (2001) Key Eng Mater, 192-195, pp. 589-592; 
Clover, J., Gowen, M., Are MG63 and HOS TE 85 human osteosarcoma cell lines representative models of the osteoblastic phenotype? (1994) Bone, 15, pp. 585-591; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A., Bone formation in vitro by stromal cells obtained from bone marrow of young adult rats (1988) Cell Tissue Res, 254, pp. 317-330; 
Aronow, M.A., Gerstenfeld, L.C., Owen, T.A., Factors that promote progressive development of the osteoblastic phenotype in cultured fetal rat calvaria cells (1990) J Cell Phys, 43, pp. 213-221; 
Gundle, R., Joyner, C.J., Triffit, J.T., Human bone tissue formation in diffusion chamber culture in vivo by bone derived cells and marrow stromal fibroblastic cells (1995) Bone, 16, pp. 597-601; 
Stein, G.S., Lian, J.B., Stein, J.L., Van Wijnem, A.J., Frenkel, B., Montecino, M., Mechanisms regulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation (1996) Principles of bone biology, pp. 69-86. , J.P. Bilizikian, L.G. Raisz, \& G.A. Rodan. New York: Academic Press; 
Fernandes, M.H., Costa, M.A., Carvalho, G.S., Mineralization in serially passaged human alveolar bone cells (1997) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 8, pp. 61-65; 
Coelho, M.J., Fernandes, M.H., Human bone cell cultures in biocompatibility testing. Part II: Effect of ascorbic acid β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone on osteoblastic differentiation (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1095-1102; 
Costa, M.A., Fernandes, M.H., Long-term effects of parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dexamethasone on the cell growth and functional activity of human osteogenic alveolar bone cell cultures (2000) Pharmacol Res, 42, pp. 345-353; 
Coelho, M.J., Trigo Cabral, A., Fernandes, M.H., Human bone cell cultures in biocompatibility testing. Part I: Osteoblastic differentiation of serially passaged human bone marrow cells cultured in α-MEM and in DMEM (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1087-1094; 
Aubin, J.E., Liu, F., The osteoblastic lineage (1996) Principles of bone biology, pp. 51-67. , J.P. Bilizikian, L.G. Raisz, \& G.A. Rodan. New York: Academic Press; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., CaO-P 2O 5 glass hydroxyapatite double layer plasma sprayed coatings: In vitro bioactivity evatuation (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 376-383; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Huang, Z.T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., Ca, P-rich layer formed on high-strenght bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 331-343; 
Daculsi, G., Legeros, R.Z., Heughebaert, M., Barbieux, I., Formation of carbonato-apatite crystals after implantation of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Calcif Tissue Int, 46 (1), pp. 20-27; 
Neo, M., Nakamura, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatite formation on three kinds of bioactive material at an early stage in vivo: A comparative study by transmission electron microscopy (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 999-1006; 
Bagambisa, F.B., Joos, U., Schilli, W., Mechanisms and structure of the bond between bone and hydroxyapatite ceramics (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 1047-1055; 
Bagambisa, F.B., Kappert, H.F., Schilli, W., Interfacial reactions of osteoblast to dental and implant materials (1994) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 52, pp. 52-56; 
De Bruijn, J.D., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Davies, J.E., Initial bone matrix formation at the hydroxyapatite interface (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29 (1), pp. 89-99; 
Hulshott, J.E.G., Van Kijk, K., De Ruijter, J.E., Rietveld, F.J.R., Ginsel, L.A., Jansen, J.A., Interfacial phenomena: An in vitro study of the effect of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) ceramic on bone formation (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 40, pp. 464-474; 
De Santis, D., Guerriero, C., Nocini, P.F., Vangersbock, A., Richard, G., Gotte, P., Armato, U., Adult human bone cells from jaw bones cultured on plasma-sprayed or polished surfaces of titanium or hydroxyapatite discs (1996) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 21-28; 
Anselme, K., Sharrock, P., Hardouin, P., Dard, M., In vitro growth of human adult bone-derived cells on hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed coatings (1997) J Biomed Mater Res, 34, pp. 247-259; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M.H., Trigo Cabral, A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., In vitro growth and differentiation of osteoblastic-like human bone marrow cells on a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite plasma-speayed coating (1999) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 10, pp. 567-576; 
Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry analysis of the effects of pre-immersion on the biocompatibility of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite plasma sprayed coatings (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 813-820; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M.H., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., HA and double-layer HA/CaO-P 2O 5 glass coatings: Influence of chemical composition on human bone marrow cells osteoblastic behaviour (2001) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 628-638; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Direct and indirect effects of P 2O 5-glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites on the growth and function of osteoblast-like cells (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 1165-1172; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Ohtsuki, C., Osaka, A., Kaneko, S., Inoue, H., Push-out testing and histological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites implanted in the tibia of rabbits (2001) J Biomed Mater Res, 54, pp. 463-469; 
Gwynn, I.A.P., Cell biology at interfaces (1994) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 5, pp. 357-360; 
Anselme, K., Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials (2000) Biomaterials, 21, pp. 667-681; 
KirkPatrick, C.J., Wagner, M., Kohler, H., Bittinger, F., Otto, M., Klein, C.L., The cell and molecular biological approach to biomaterial research: A perspective (1997) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 8, pp. 131-141; 
Verrier, S., Bareille, R., Rovira, A., Dard, M., Amedee, J., Human osteoprogenitor responses to orthopaedic implant: Mechanism of cell attachment and cell adhesion (1996) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 46-51; 
Dee, K.C., Rueger, D.C., Andersen, T.T., Bizios, R., Conditions which promote mineralization at the bone-implant interface: A model for in vitro study (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 209-215; 
Anseme, K., Bigerelle, M., Noel, B., Dufresne, E., Judas, D., Iost, A., Hardouin, P., Qualitative and quantitative study of human osteoblast adhesion on materials with various surface roughnesses (2000) J Biomed Mater Res, 49, pp. 155-166; 
Diniz, M.G., Soares, G.A., Coelho, M.J., Fernandes, M.H., Surface topography modulates the osteogenesis in human bone marrow cell cultures grown on titanium samples prepared by a combination of mechanical and acid treatments (2002) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 13, pp. 421-432; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., Initiation and progression of mineralization of bone nodules formed in vitro: The role of alkaline phosphatase and organic phosphate (1991) Bone Min, 14, pp. 27-40; 
Bellows, C.G., Heersche, J.N.M., Aubin, J.E., Inorganic phosphate added exogenously or released from β-glycerophosphate initiates mineralization of osteoid nodules in vitro (1992) Bone Min, 17, pp. 15-29
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {4897 - 4906},
	abstract = {The in vitro osteocompatibility of a novel Si                        3N
                        4-bioglass composite (70-30\% weight proportion) with improved mechanical properties (fracture toughness=4.4MPam
                        1/2; bending strength=383{\textpm}47MPa) is reported. Immersion of the composite samples in culture medium (30min to 7 days) resulted in rapid protein adsorption to the surface and, also, dissolution of the intergranular phase of bioglass (time-dependent process) with the formation of different size cavities. "As-received" and pre-treated material samples presented a similar behaviour concerning the proliferation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells, evaluated during a 5-day culture period. Seeded materials showed a higher cell growth rate as compared to cultures performed on the standard plastic culture plates. To assess the osteogenic potential of the composite, "as-received" material samples were seeded with human bone marrow cells and cultured for 35 days in experimental conditions that favour the development of the osteoblastic phenotype. The cell adhesion process was similar to that observed in control cultures. Cells successfully adapted to the irregularities of the surface and were able to grow towards inside the cavities; in addition, osteogenic differentiation occurred with the formation of abundant cell-mediated mineralised deposits. Results suggest that this Si
                        3N
                        4-bioglass composite seems to be a promising candidate for high-stress medical applications. {\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {3N, 4-bioglass composite, Adhesion, Adsorption, alkaline phosphatase, article, Biocompatibility, Bioglass, Biomaterials, bone marrow cell, Bone Marrow Cells, Calcium, cell adhesion, Cell Culture Techniques, cell differentiation, Cell Division, cell growth, cell proliferation, composite material, controlled study, culture medium, Dissolution, glass, Growth kinetics, human, Human bone marrow cells, human cell, Humans, immersion, in vitro study, Mechanical properties, MG63 osteoblast-like cells, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, Osteocompatibility, Osteogenic differentiation, phenotype, phosphorus, priority journal, Proteins, rigidity, Si, Silicon compounds, silicon derivative, surface property, tensile strength, Time Factors},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036888731\&partnerID=40\&md5=2235d0ad5a92fb1ae088f736b6e7ca4d},
	author = {Amaral, M. and Costa, M.A. and Lopes, M.A. and Silva, R.F. and Santos, J.D. and Fernandes, M.H.}
}
@article {2545,
	title = {Push-out testing and histological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites implanted in the tibia of rabbits},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 40Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/1097-4636(20010315)54:4<463::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-YPubMed ID: 11426590Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Laborat{\'o}rio de Biomateriais, INEB, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Bone Substitutes; Composite Resins; Durapatite, 1306-06-5References: Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Oka, M., Nakamura, T., Kitsugi, T., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Surface reactions of calcium phosphate ceramics to various solutions (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 471-488;Klein, C.P.A.T., Driessen, A.A., De Groot, K., Van der Hooff, A., Biodegradation behavior of various calcium phosphate materials in bone tissue (1983) J Biomed Mater Res, 17, pp. 769-784; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural Characterization of Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite: A Comprehensive Study of the Effect of Glass Composition on the Crystallography of the Composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39, pp. 244-251; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites: Secondary Phases Proportions and Densification Effects on Biaxial Bending Strength (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 48, pp. 734-740; 
Lopes, M.A., Saramago, B., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Hydrophobicity, Surface Tension and Zeta Potential of Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 370-375; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow Cytometry for Assessing Biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Huang, Z.T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., CaP-rich layer formed on high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 331-343; 
Cho, S.B., Nakanishi, K., Kokubo, T., Soga, N., Ohtsuki, C., Nakamura, T., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Dependence of Apatite Formation on Silica Gel on Its Structure: Effect of Heat Treatment (1975) J Am Ceram Soc, 78, pp. 1769-1774; 
Neo, M., Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Bando, Y., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Differences in ceramic-bone interface between surface-active ceramics and resorbable ceramics: A study by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 255-267; 
Hamson, K.R., Toth, J.M., Stiehl, J.B., Lynch, K.L., Preliminary experience with a novel model assessing in vivo mechanical strength of bone grafts and substitute materials (1995) Calcif Tissue Int, 57, pp. 64-68; 
Hing, K.A., (1996) Assessment of porous hydroxyapatite for bone replacement, , London: University of London; 
Albrektsson, T., Johansson, C., Quantitative bone tissue reactions to various metallic materials with reference to the so-called osseointegration concept (1991), pp. 357-363. , Davies JE, editor. The bonebiomaterial interface. Toronto: University of Toronto PressProbster, L., Voigh, C.H., Fuhrman, G., Gross, U.M., Tensile and torsional shear strength of the bone implant interface of titanium implants in the rabbit (1994) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 5, pp. 314-319; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ebisawa, Y., Kitsugi, T., Kotani, S., Oura, K., Yamamuro, T., Apatite formation on bioactive ceramics in body environment (1989), 1, pp. 157-162. , Oonishi H, Aoki H, Sawai K, editors. Bioceramics. Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, IncLeGeros, R.Z., (1991), pp. 4-45. , Meyers HM, editor. Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine. New York: KargerOhtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Neo, M., Kotani, S., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Bando, Y., Bone-Bonding Mechanism of Sintered β-3CaO-P 2O 5 (1991) Phosphorus Research Bulletin, 1, pp. 191-196; 
Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Kitsugi, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Bone bonding mechanism of β-tricalcium phosphate (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 1303-1315; 
Lu, J.X., Gallur, A., Flautre, B., Anselme, K., Descamps, M., Thierry, B., Hardouin, P., Comparative study of tissue reactions to calcium phosphate ceramics among cancellous, cortical, and medullar bone site in rabbits (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 42, pp. 357-367; 
Kitsugi, T., Nakamura, T., Oka, M., Senaha, Y., Goto, T., Bonebonding behavior of plasma-sprayed coatings of bioglass, AW-glass ceramic, and tricalcium phosphate on titanium alloy (1996) J Biomed Mater Res, 30, pp. 261-269; 
Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Kotani, S., Kokubo, T., Takeuchi, H., Four calcium phosphate ceramics as bone substitutes for non-weight-bearing (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 216-224; 
De Lauge, G.L., De Putter, C., De Wijs, F.L.J.A., Histological and ultrastructural appearance of the hydroxy apatite-bone interface (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 829-845; 
Yamada, S., Nakamura, T., Kokubo, T., Oka, M., Yamamuro, T., Degradation of the apatite layer formed on bioactive ceramics and the underlying ceramic surface by osteoclasts in a culture system (1994) Cells and Materials, 4, pp. 347-356; 
Brunski, J.B., Influence of biomechanical factors at the bone-biomaterial interface (1990), pp. 391-405. , Davies JE, editor. The bone-biomaterial interface. Toronto: University of Toronto PressDhert, J.A., Thomsen, P., Blomgren, A.K., Esposito, M., Ericson, L.E., Verbout, A.J., Integration of press-fit implants in cortical bone: A study on interface kInetics (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 574-583; 
Gao, T.J., Lindholm, T.S., Kommonen, B., Ragni, P., Paronzini, A., Lindholm, T.C., Microscopic evaluation of bone-implant contact beween HA, bioactive glass and tricalcium phosphate implanted in sheep diaphyseal defects (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 1175-1179; 
Oonishi, H., Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., Sugihara, F., Tsuji, E., Kushitani, S., Iwaki, H., Comparative bone growth behavior in granules of bioceramic materials of various sizes (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 44, pp. 31-43; 
Marie, P.J., De Vernejoul, M.C., Lomri, A., Stimulation of bone formation in osteoporosis patients treated with fluoride associated with increased DNA synthesis by osteoblast cells in vitro (1992) J Bone Miner Res, 7, pp. 103-113; 
Rodan, G.A., Introduction to bone biology (1992) Bone, 13, pp. S3-S6
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {463 - 469},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {In vitro and in vivo bioactivity studies were performed to assess the biocompatibility of CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (GR-HA) composites. The ability to form an apatite layer by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) was examined and surfaces were characterized using FTIR reflection and thin-film X-ray diffraction analyses. Qualitative histology, histomorphometric measurements, and push-out testing were performed in a rabbit model for characterizing bone/implant bonding. Under the in vitro conditions using SBF, an apatite layer could not be formed on GR-HA composites within 8 weeks. Results of push-out testing showed bonding between the composites and bone, ranging from 130-145 N after 2 weeks of implantation. After the longest implantation period, 16 weeks, the GR-HA composite prepared with the higher content of CaO-P
                        2O
                        5 glass showed the highest bonding force, 606 {\textpm} 45 N, compared to 459 {\textpm} 30 N for sintered HA. Development of immature bone and modifications in the turnover of a more mature bone on the surface of GR-HA composites were similar to those on sintered HA. {\textcopyright} 2000 John Wiley \&amp; Sons, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo bioactivity studies were performed to assess the biocompatibility of CaO-P
                        2O
                        5 glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite (GR-HA) composites. The ability to form an apatite layer by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) was examined and surfaces were characterized using FTIR reflection and thin-film X-ray diffraction analyses. Qualitative histology, histomorphometric measurements, and push-out testing were performed in a rabbit model for characterizing bone/implant bonding. Under the in vitro conditions using SBF, an apatite layer could not be formed on GR-HA composites within 8 weeks. Results of push-out testing showed bonding between the composites and bone, ranging from 130-145 N after 2 weeks of implantation. After the longest implantation period, 16 weeks, the GR-HA composite prepared with the higher content of CaO-P
                        2O
                        5 glass showed the highest bonding force, 606 {\textpm} 45 N, compared to 459 {\textpm} 30 N for sintered HA. Development of immature bone and modifications in the turnover of a more mature bone on the surface of GR-HA composites were similar to those on sintered HA. {\textcopyright} 2000 John Wiley \&amp; Sons, Inc.
},
	keywords = {animal experiment, animal tissue, Animals, article, Biocompatibility, Body fluids, Bonding, Bone, Bone Substitutes, bone turnover, Ceramic materials, Composite Resins, Durapatite, Fiber reinforced materials, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites, Histological studies, histology, Histomorphometric measurements, hydroxyapatite, implant, implantation, Implants (surgical), In vitro bioactivity, In vivo evaluation, Interfaces (materials), male, nonhuman, orthopedic equipment, ossification, Prosthesis Implantation, Push out testing, Push-out testing, rabbit, Rabbits, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Stress, Mechanical, Surgical equipment, tibia, Time Factors, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035869784\&partnerID=40\&md5=9464ca5ca74972a99d8092171252e0b3},
	author = {Lopes, M.A. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J. and Ohtsuki, C. and Osaka, A. and Kaneko, S. and Inoue, H.}
}
@article {2552,
	title = {Starch based copolymers as biomaterials in vivo biocompatibility study},
	journal = {Key Engineering MaterialsKey Eng Mat},
	volume = {192-195},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference code: 57760Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: KEMAELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Souillac, V.; Universite Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, FranceReferences: Hollinger, J.O., Brekke, J., Gruskin, E., Lee, D., (1996) Clin. Orthop., 324, p. 55;Nizard, R., Bizot, P., Sedel, L., (1996) Encycl. Med. Chir., Orthop{\'e}die-traumatologie, 44 (3). , 20p; 
Del{\'e}crin, J., Dupraz, A., Passuti, N., (1996) Cahiers D{\textquoteright}enseignement de la SOFCOT, 57, p. 97; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Allan, P.S., Bevis, M.J., (1996) J. Polym. Adv. Technol., 7, p. 784; 
Kokubo, T., Hata, K., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., (1991) Bioceramics, 4, p. 113. , UK; 
Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Fernandes, M.H., (1997) J. Mater. Sci. : Mater, in Medecine, 8, p. 897; 
Vilamitjana-Amedee, J., Bareille, R., Rouais, F., Harmand, M.F., (1993) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol., 29, p. 699; 
Parish, C.R., Mullbacher, A., (1983) J. Immunol. Meth., 58, p. 225; 
Mosmann, T., (1983) J. Immunol. Meth., 65, p. 55; 
Koshino, T., Kubota, W., Morii, T., (1995) Biomaterials, 16, p. 125; 
Pasquier, G., Flautre, B., Blary, M.C., Anselme, K., Hardouin, P., (1996) Journal of Materials Science, 7, p. 683; 
Nagano, M., Kitsugi, T., Nakamura, T., Kokubo, T., Tanahashi, M., (1996) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 31, p. 487; 
Miyamoto, T., Takahashi, S., Ito, H., Inagaki, H., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 125
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {433 - 436},
	publisher = {Trans Tech Publ},
	address = {Bologna, Italy},
	abstract = {This report is a preliminary study of a starch-based copolymer that was used as a bone substitute. The interest of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using a hydrophilic material as a bone substitute. We studied this copolymer alone, after phosphorylation, and after hydroxyapatite coating.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Bone, Bone substitute, Copolymers, Ethanol, Ethylene, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite coating, Implants (surgical), orthopedics, Phosphates, phosphoric acid, Phosphorylation, Starch, Substitution reactions, Vinyl resins},
	isbn = {10139826 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035154394\&partnerID=40\&md5=5d1aeeb7f6cb4dcb467e586e58ba425a},
	author = {Souillac, V. and Fricain, J.C. and Bareille, R. and Reis, R.L. and Chauveaux, D. and Baquey, C.}
}
@article {2558,
	title = {Direct and indirect effects of P                    2O
                    5 glass reinforced-hydroxyapatite composites on the growth and function of osteoblast-like cells
},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 18Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00007-7PubMed ID: 10817269Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Olsen, I.; Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray{\textquoteright}s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom; email: iolsen@eastman.ucl.ac.ukChemicals/CAS: Antigens; Biocompatible Materials; DNA, 9007-49-2; Hydroxyapatites; PhosphatesReferences: Kirkpatrick, C.J., A critical view of current and proposed methodologies for biocompatibility testing: Cytoxicity in vitro (1992) Regulatory Affairs, 4, pp. 13-32;Hanson, S., Lalor, P.A., Niemi, S.M., Ratner, B.D., (1996) Biomaterials Science. An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, pp. 215-242. , B.D. Ratner, \& A.S. Hoffman. Basel: Karger; 
Bou-Gharios, G., Osman, J., Atherton, A., Monoghan, P., Vancheeswaran, R., Black, C., Olsen, I., Expression of ectopeptidaes in scleroderma (1995) Ann Rheum Dis, 54, pp. 111-116; 
Goseki, T., Shimizu, N., Iwasawa, T., Takiguchi, H., Abiko, Y., Effects of in vitro cellular aging on alkaline phosphatase, cathepsin activities and collagen secretion of human periodontal ligament-derived cells (1996) Mech Age Dev, 91, pp. 1761-1783; 
Parkar, M.H., Kuru, L., O{\textquoteright}Hare, M., Newman, H.N., Hughes, F., Olsen, I., Retroviral transduction of periodontal cells with a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen (1999) Archs Oral Biol, 44, pp. 823-834; 
Simon, L.V., Beauchamp, J.R., O{\textquoteright}Hare, M., Olsen, I., Establishment of long-term myogenic cultures from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy by retroviral transduction of a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T-antigen construct (1996) Exp Cell Res, 224, pp. 264-271; 
Clover, J., Gowen, M., Are MG-63 and HOS TE 85 human osteosarcoma cell lines representative models of the osteoblastic phenotype (1994) Bone, 15, pp. 585-591; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterisation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Di Silvio, L., A novel application of two biomaterial for the delivery of growth hormone and its effect on osteoblasts (1995) PhD Thesis, , Univ Lon: Univ Coll Lon Med Sch; 
Kapuscinski, J., Skoczylas, B., Simple and rapid fluorimetric method for DNA microassay (1977) Anal Biochem, 83, pp. 252-257; 
Nishizawa, K., Toriyama, M., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Yokogawa, Y., Nagae, H., Effects of the surface wettability and zeta potential of bioceramics on the adhesiveness of anchorage-dependent animal cells (1993) J Ferm Bioengng, 75, pp. 435-437; 
Chesmel, K.D., Clark, C.C., Brighton, C.T., Black, J., Cellular response to chemical and morphologic aspects of biomaterial surfaces. II. The biosynthetic and migratory response of bone cell populations (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 1101-1110; 
Harmand, M.F., Human cell culture and characterization of cell-biomaterial interface (1992) Clinical Materials, 11, pp. 145-150; 
Lincks, J., Boyan, B.D., Blanchard, C.R., Lohmann, C.H., Liu, Y., Cochran, D.L., Dean, D.D., Schawrtz, Z., Response of MG63 osteoblast-like cells to titanium and titanium alloy is dependent on surface roughness and composition (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 2219-2232; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: Secondary phases proportions and densification effects on biaxial bending strength (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 48, pp. 734-740; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39, pp. 244-251; 
Lopes, M.A., Saramago, B., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Hydrophobicity and zeta potencial of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1999) J Biomed Mater Res: Appl Biomater, 45, pp. 370-375; 
Hall, B.K., (1992) Fracture Repair and Regeneration, pp. 33-66. , Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 
Legeros, R.Z., (1991) Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine, , Basel: Karger; 
Altankov, G., Groth, T., Fibronectin matrix formation and the biocompatibility of materials (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 425-429; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Hing, K., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Sedel, L., Rey, C., Biological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite by flow cytometry (1997) Bioceramics, 10, pp. 575-578. , Paris, Oxford, UK: Elsevier; 
Kirkpatrick, C.J., Mittermayer, C., Theoretical and practical aspects of testing potential biomaterials in vitro (1990) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 1, pp. 9-13; 
Marie, P.J., De Vernejoul, M.C., Lomri, A., Stimulation of bone formation in osteoporosis patients treated with fluoride associated with increased DNA synthesis by osteoblastic cells in vitro (1992) J Bone Miner Res, 7, pp. 103-113; 
Davies, J.E., In vitro modelling of the bone-implant interface (1996) Anat Rec, 245, pp. 426-445; 
Verrier, S., Bareille, R., Rovira, A., Dard, M., Amdee, J., Human osteoprogenitor responses to orthopaedic implant: Mechanism of cell attachment and cell adhesion (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 17, pp. 46-51; 
Sumner, H., Abraham, D., Bou-Gharios, G., Plater-Zyberk, C., Olsen, I., Simultaneous measurement of cell surface and intracellular antigens by multiple flow cytometry (1991) J Immun Meth, 136, pp. 259-267; 
Bou-Gharios, G., Osman, J., Black, C., Olsen, I., Excess matrix accumulation in Scleroderma is caused partly by differential regulation of stromelysin and TIMP-1 synthesis (1994) Clin Chim Acta, 231, pp. 69-78; 
Kuru, L., Parkar, M.H., Griffiths, G.S., Newman, H.N., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry analysis of functionally distinct gingival and periodontal ligament cells (1998) J Dent Res, 77, pp. 555-564; 
Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry analysis of the effects of glass on the biocompatibility of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite/CaO-P 2O 5 coatings (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 47, pp. 603-611
},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1165 - 1172},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {Human osteoblast-like cells were plated on hydroxyapatite and P                        2O
                        5-glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite discs. They were also cultured in the presence of media obtained by incubating the discs in the absence of cells. The effects of these direct and indirect interactions were examined by measuring cell proliferation and the expression of certain key extracellular matrix antigens. One composite was found to initially delay cell growth, while the extract of a different composite appeared to down-regulate DNA synthesis. Flow cytometry analysis showed that growth directly on the discs had little effect on collagen type I, but reduced fibronectin and osteocalcin levels. The extracts of the materials generally had less effect, although one extract obtained from the glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite significantly down-regulated fibronectin. These in vitro studies thus suggest that there were only few differences overall in the growth of the cells directly on the glass-reinforced compared with the hydroxyapatite discs and also only relatively small effects of the extracts on the cells. However, the flow cytometry results suggest that both the materials and the extracts may have a potentially important influence on connective tissue production, and that these effects are both material- and antigen-specific. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Human osteoblast-like cells were plated on hydroxyapatite and P
                        2O
                        5-glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite discs. They were also cultured in the presence of media obtained by incubating the discs in the absence of cells. The effects of these direct and indirect interactions were examined by measuring cell proliferation and the expression of certain key extracellular matrix antigens. One composite was found to initially delay cell growth, while the extract of a different composite appeared to down-regulate DNA synthesis. Flow cytometry analysis showed that growth directly on the discs had little effect on collagen type I, but reduced fibronectin and osteocalcin levels. The extracts of the materials generally had less effect, although one extract obtained from the glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite significantly down-regulated fibronectin. These in vitro studies thus suggest that there were only few differences overall in the growth of the cells directly on the glass-reinforced compared with the hydroxyapatite discs and also only relatively small effects of the extracts on the cells. However, the flow cytometry results suggest that both the materials and the extracts may have a potentially important influence on connective tissue production, and that these effects are both material- and antigen-specific.
},
	keywords = {Animal cell culture, antigen expression, Antigens, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, Bone, Bone cells, cell antigen, Cell culture, Cell Division, cell function, cell growth, Cell Line, cell proliferation, cell structure, collagen type 1, controlled study, DNA, DNA Replication, DNA synthesis, extracellular matrix, Fibronectin, flow cytometry, glass, Glass fibers, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite, Growth kinetics, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatites, immunofluorescence, In vitro, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, osteoblast, Osteoblasts, osteocalcin, Phosphate minerals, Phosphates, phosphorus pentoxide, priority journal, Proteins, Reinforcement, Scanning electron microscopy},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034059787\&partnerID=40\&md5=898e049d86a10d2797dbd2aa59029fd6},
	author = {Lopes, M.A. and Knowles, J.C. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J. and Olsen, I.}
}
@article {2561,
	title = {Flow cytometry analysis of the effects of pre-immersion on the biocompatibility of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed coatings},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 22Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00249-5PubMed ID: 10721750Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Olsen, I.; Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray{\textquoteright}s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom; email: iolsen@eastman.ucl.ac.ukChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; bone sialoprotein; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Fibronectins; SialoglycoproteinsManufacturers: Plasma Biotal, United KingdomReferences: Passuti, N., Daculsi, G., Martin, S., Macroporous calcium phosphate ceramics for long bone surgery in human and dogs - Clinical and histological studies (1990) Clinical Implant Materials, pp. 255-258. , V. Soltesz, \& A. Lee. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers;Legeros, R., Calcium phosphate materials in restorative dentistry (1988) A Review. Adv Dent Res, 2, pp. 164-180; 
Hench, L.L., Bioactive ceramics: From concept to clinic (1992) J Am Ceram Soc, 74, pp. 1487-1510; 
Conish, H., Aoki, H., Sawai, K., (1981) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyaptite, , editors Tokyo: Takyama Press System Centre Co; 
Raemdonck, W., Ducheyne, P., Meester, P., Calcium phosphate ceramics (1984) Metal and Ceramic Materials, pp. 143-166. , P. Ducheyne, \& G.W. Hastings. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 
Rey, C., Freche, M., Heughebaert, M., Vignoles, M., Apatite chemistry in biomaterial preparation, shaping and biological behaviour (1991) Fourth Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine - Bioceramics 4, pp. 57-64. , G.W. Hastings, \& K.E. Tanner. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 
Nagase, M., Abe, Y., Udagwa, E., Toxicity of silica-containing calcium phosphate glasses demonstrated in mice (1992) Biomaterials, 13, pp. 172-175; 
Burnie, J., Gilchrist, T., Controlled released glass - A new biomaterial (1983) Ceramics in Surgery, pp. 169-176. , P. Vicenzini. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 
Burnie, F., Gilchrist, T., (1983) Ceramics in Surgery, pp. 177-180. , P. Vicenzini. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 
Rawlings, R.D., Rogers, P.S., Stokes, P.M., Glass-ceramics containing apatite (1987) High Tech Ceramics, pp. 73-82. , P. Vicenzini. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterization of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Santos, J.D., Lakhan, J.J., Monteiro, F.J., Surface modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 521-526; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., In vitro bioactivity and osteocompatibility evaluation of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite/glass composite coatings onto Ti-6Al-4V substrates (1997) Ninth International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, pp. 557-559. , In: Goh JCH, editor Singapore; 
Klein, C.P.A.T., Patka, P., Van Der Lubbe, H.B.M., Plasma-sprayed coatings of tetracalciumphosphate, hydroxyl-apatite, and α-TCP on titanium alloy: An interface study (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 53-65; 
Jansen, J.A., Van Der Waerden, J.P., Wolke, J.G., Histologic investigation of the biologic behavior of different hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed coatings in rabbits (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 4, pp. 603-610; 
De Bruijn, J.D., Klein, C.P.A.T., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., The ultrastructure of the bone-hydroxyapatite interface in vitro (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 1365-1382; 
Frayssinet, P., Tourenne, F., Rouquet, P., Conte, P., Delga, C., Bonel, G., Comparative biological properties of HA plasma-sprayed coatings having different crystallinities (1994) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 5, pp. 11-17; 
Lugscheider, E., Knepper, M., Heimberg, B., Dekker, A., Kirkpatrick, C.J., Cytotoxicity investigations of plasma-sprayed calcium-phosphate coatings (1994) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 5, pp. 371-375; 
Courteney-Harris, R.G., Kayser, M.V., Downes, S., Comparison of the early production of extracellular matrix on dense hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-coated titanium in cell and organ culture (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 489-495; 
Labat, B., Chanson, A., Frey, J., Effects of γ-alumina and hydroxyapatite coatings on the growth and metabolism of human osteoblasts (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 1397-1401; 
De Santis, D., Guerriero, C., Nocini, P.F., Ungersbock, A., Richards, G., Gotte, P., Armato, U., Adult human bone cells derived from jaw bones cultured on plasma-sprayed or polished surfaces to titanium or hydroxyapatite discs (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 21-28; 
Pizzoferrato, A., Ciapetti, G., Stea, S., Cenni, E., Ariola, C.R., Granchi, D., Savarino, L., Cell culture methods for testing biocompatibility (1994) Clin Mater, 15, pp. 173-190; 
Puleo, D.A., Preston, K.E., Shaffer, J.B., Bizios, R., Examination of osteoblast-orthopaedic biomaterial interactions using molecular techniques (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 111-114; 
Clifford, C.J., Downes, S., A comparative study of the use of colorimetric assays in the assessment of biocompatibility (1996) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 7, pp. 637-643; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., CaO-P 2O 5 glass hydroxyapatite double layer plasma sprayed coatings: In vitro evaluation (1999) J Biomed Mater Res, 45, pp. 376-383; 
Ferraz, M.P., Fernandes, M.H., Trigo Cabral, A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., In vitro growth and differentiation of osteoblast-like human bone marrow cells on glass reinforced HA plasma sprayed coatings (1999) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 10, pp. 567-576; 
Macey, M.G., (1994) Flow Cytometry - Clinical Applications, , editor Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 
Shapiro, H.M., (1995) Practical Flow Cytometry, , New York: Wiley-Liss; 
Melamed, M.R., Lindmo, T., Mandelsohn, M.L., (1990) Flow Cytometry and Sorting, , editors New York: Wiley-Liss; 
Muirhead, K.A., Horan, P.K., Applications of flow cytometry to tissue culture systems (1983) Adv Cell Culture, 3, pp. 57-91; 
Corver, W.E., Cornelisse, C.J., Fleuren, G.J., Simultaneous measurement of two cellular antigens and DNA using fluorescein-isothiocyanate, R-phycoerythrin and propidium iodide on a standard FACScan (1994) Cytometry, 15, pp. 117-128; 
Pande, G., Kumar, N.A., Manogaran, P.S., Flow cytometric study of changes in intracellular free calcium during the cell cycle (1996) Cytometry, 24, pp. 55-63; 
Kamiya, I., Okuda, K., Hara, K., Flow cytometric identification and detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis by a LPS specific monoclonal antibody (1994) J Periodont, 65, pp. 309-315; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Kuru, L., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Ferraz, M.P., Knowles, J.C., Olsen, I., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Flow cytometry analysis of the effects of glass on the biocompatibility of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite/CaO-P 2O 5 coatings J Biomed Mater Res, , in press; 
Cowles, E.A., DeRome, M.E., Pastizzo, G., Brailey, L.L., Gronowicz, G.A., Mineralization and the expression of matrix proteins during in vivo bone development (1998) Calcif Tissue Int, 62, pp. 74-82; 
Globus, R.K., Dotty, S.B., Lull, J.C., Holmuhamedov, E., Humphries, M.J., Damsky, C.H., Fibronectin is a survival factor for differentiated osteoblasts (1998) J Cell Sci, 111, pp. 1385-1393; 
Clover, J., Gowen, M., Are MG63 and HOS TE 85 human osteosarcoma cell lines representative models of the osteoblastic phenotype? (1994) Bone, 15, pp. 585-591; 
Wojciech, G., Melamed, M.R., Darzynkiewicz, Z., Analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry (1998) Flow Cytometry Protocols, pp. 217-238. , M.J. Jaroszeski, \& R. Heller. Totowa, NJ, USA: Humana Press
},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {813 - 820},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
	abstract = {Multilayered coatings composed of mixtures of HA and P                        2O
                        5-based bioactive glasses are of potential clinical benefit in orthopaedic and dental surgery. Pre-immersion of these materials has been reported to further enhance their efficacy in vivo, although the precise biological effects of this treatment are not yet known. In this study we have therefore prepared double-layer plasma-sprayed coatings and evaluated the effects of pre-immersion on the growth and function of human osteosarcoma cells in vitro, using the MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The results showed that the increase in numbers of viable cells was the same or elevated following incubation on the pre-immersed HA and glass-reinforced HA coatings compared with the non-immersed materials. In addition, the expression of bone sialoprotein and fibronectin, two key connective tissue antigens, was up-regulated in cultures grown on the pre-immersed surfaces compared with the non-treated materials. Moreover, cell numbers and antigen expression both improved as the proportion of glass increased, particularly in the pre-immersed samples. Our findings thus suggest that the immersion treatment of these materials appeared to improve the response of these bone-like cells. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Multilayered coatings composed of mixtures of HA and P
                        2O
                        5-based bioactive glasses are of potential clinical benefit in orthopaedic and dental surgery. Pre-immersion of these materials has been reported to further enhance their efficacy in vivo, although the precise biological effects of this treatment are not yet known. In this study we have therefore prepared double-layer plasma-sprayed coatings and evaluated the effects of pre-immersion on the growth and function of human osteosarcoma cells in vitro, using the MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The results showed that the increase in numbers of viable cells was the same or elevated following incubation on the pre-immersed HA and glass-reinforced HA coatings compared with the non-immersed materials. In addition, the expression of bone sialoprotein and fibronectin, two key connective tissue antigens, was up-regulated in cultures grown on the pre-immersed surfaces compared with the non-treated materials. Moreover, cell numbers and antigen expression both improved as the proportion of glass increased, particularly in the pre-immersed samples. Our findings thus suggest that the immersion treatment of these materials appeared to improve the response of these bone-like cells.
},
	keywords = {antigen expression, article, Bioactive glasses, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, Cell culture, Cell Division, cell growth, cell proliferation, Cell size, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, controlled study, cytology, Cytoplasmic Granules, Dental Materials, drug manufacture, Durapatite, Fibronectin, Fibronectins, flow cytometry, Flow cytometry analysis, glass, Glass fibers, Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite, Growth kinetics, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, in vitro study, materials testing, orthopedics, Osteosarcoma, osteosarcoma cell, Phosphates, Plasma spraying, Pre-immersion, priority journal, protein expression, Proteins, Sialoglycoproteins, sialoprotein, Sprayed coatings, Surface Properties, technique, Tumor Cells, Cultured},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034004660\&partnerID=40\&md5=4f46f4bb4619ff65dccbfcc0fdcd03b1},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Knowles, J.C. and Olsen, I. and Monteiro, F.J. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2574,
	title = {CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass hydroxyapatite double-layer plasma-sprayed coating: In vitro bioactivity evaluation
},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 31Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990615)45:4<376::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-SLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Departamento Engenharia Metalurgica, FEUP, Universidade do Porto, R. dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; Calcium, 7440-70-2; CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Phosphates; Powders; Resin Cements; Solutions; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Denissen, H., Mangano, C., Venini, G., (1985) Hydroxylapatite Implants., , Padua: Piccin Nuova Libraria, S.P.A;Van Raemdonck, W., Ducheyne, P., De Meester, P., Calcium phosphate ceramics (1984) Metal and Ceramic Biomaterials, pp. 143-166. , Ducheyne P, Hastings GW, editors, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 
Legeros, R.Z., Incorporation of magnesium in synthetic and biological apatites (1994) Tooth Enamel IV., pp. 32-36. , Fearnead RW, editor. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 
Jha, L.J., Best, S.M., Knowles, J.C., Rehman, I., Santos, J.D., Bonfield, W., Preparation and characterization of fluoride-substituted apatites (1997) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 8, pp. 185-191; 
Geesink, R.G.T., Degroot, K., Chemical implant fixation using hydroxyl-apatite coatings (1987) Clin Orthop, 2, pp. 147-170; 
Radin, S., Ducheyne, P., The effect of plasma sprayed induced changes in the characteristics on the in vitro stability of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Transactions of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials XIII, pp. 128-130; 
Cook, S.D., Thomas, K.A., Hydroxyapatite coated porous titanium for use as an orthopaedic biologic attachment (1989) Clin Orthop, 230, pp. 303-312; 
McPherson, R., Gane, N., Bastow, T.J., Structural characterization of plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 327-334; 
De Groot, K., Geesink, R., Klein, C.P.A.T., Serekian, P., Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxylapatite (1987) J Biomed Mater Res, 21, pp. 1375-1381; 
Ravagliolli, A., Krajewszki, A., Laudadio, P., Presutti, L., Cunsolo, E., Martinetti, R., About ceramics for stapedial prostheses and the ossicular chain (1992) Fifth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 5, pp. 451-458. , Yamamuro T, Kokubo T, Nakamura T, editors. Kyoto: Kobunshi Kankokai; 
Hastings, G.W., Daily, D., Hydroxyapatite coatings (1989) First International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 1, pp. 355-358. , Oonishi H, Aoki H, Sawai K, editors. Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica; 
Aoki, H., Medical applications of hydroxyapatite (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyaptite, pp. 175-192. , Aoki H, Sawai K, editors. Tokyo: Takyama Press System Centre; 
Rey, C., Calcium phosphate biomaterials and bone mineral: Differences in composition, structures and properties (1990) Biomaterials, 11, pp. 13-15; 
Evans, G., Behiri, J., Currey J, B.W., Microhardness and young{\textquoteright}s modulus in cortical bone exhibiting a wide range of mineral volume fractions, and in a bone analogue (1990) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 1, pp. 38-43; 
Rey, C., Froche, M., Heughebaert, M., Heughebaert, J.C., Lacout, J.L., Vignoles, M., Apatite chemistry in biomaterial preparation, shaping and biological behaviour (1991) Fourth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 4, pp. 57-60. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, editors. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 
Knowles, J.C., Talal, S., Santos, J.D., Sintering effects in a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 1437-1442; 
Kokubo, T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Takagi, M., Shibuya, T., Surface structure of a load bearable bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1981) High Tech Ceramics, pp. 175-184. , Vicenzini P, editor. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publisher BV; 
Hench, L., Anderson, O.H., LaTorre, G.P., The kinetics of bioactive ceramics. Part III: Surface reactions for bioactive glasses compared with inactive glass (1991) Fourth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 4, , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, editors. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 155-162; 
Daculsi, G., LeGeros, R.Z., Heughebart, M., Barbieux, I., Formation of a carbonate apatite crystals after implantation of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Calcif Tissue Int, 46, pp. 20-27; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Huang, Z.T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Ca-P rich layer formed on high strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 331-343; 
Ducheyne, P., Radin, S., Ishikawa, K., Kim, C.S., Dissolution and precipitation of calcium phosphate phases on biomaterials correlates with in vivo bioactivity (1991) Fourth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 4, pp. 135-144. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, editors. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 
Rey, C., Hina, A., Amrah-Bouali, S., Ranz, X., Surface reactions of calcium-phosphate bioceramics, comparison with bone mineral surface chemistry (1995) Fourth Euro Ceramics., 8, pp. 301-312. , Ravaglioli A, editor. Faenza: Gruppo Editoriale Faenza Editrice; 
Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Grote, J.J., Kuypers, W., Blok-Van Hoek, C.J.G., Daems, W.T., Bioreactions at the tissue/hydroxyapatite interface (1985) Biomaterials, 6, pp. 243-251; 
Ducheyne, P., Bioceramics: Material characteristics versus in vivo behavior (1987) J Biomed Mater Res, 21, pp. 219-236; 
Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Oka, M., Nakamura, T., Kitsogi, T., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Surface reactions of calcium phosphate ceramics to various solutions (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 471-488; 
Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Liquid phase sintering of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions: Structure and properties of the composites (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 348-352; 
Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Kokubo, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: Improvement in adhesion to substrate by HC1 treatment (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 319-326; 
Neo, M., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Bando, Y., A comparative study of ultrastructures of the interfaces between four kinds of surface-active ceramic and bone (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 1419-1432; 
Li, P., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Nakanishi, K., Soga, N., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Process of formation of bone-like apatite layer on silica gel (1993) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 4, pp. 127-131; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., Surface modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 521-526; 
Neo, M., Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Yamamuro, T., Bando, Y., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Differences in ceramic-bone interface between surface-active ceramics and resorbable ceramics: A study by scanning and transmission electron microscope (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 255-267; 
Li, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Kokubo, T., The effect of residual glassy phase in a bioactive glass-ceramic on the formation of its surface apatite layer in vitro (1992) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 3, pp. 452-456; 
Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Kitsugi, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Bone bonding mechanism of β-tricalcium phosphate (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 1303-1315; 
Daculsi, G., LeGeros Rz, H.M., Barbieux, I., Formation of carbonate-apatite crystals after implantation of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Calcif Tissue Int, 46, pp. 20-27; 
Silva, P.L., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Adhesion and microstructural characterisation of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite-glass ceramic coatings onto Ti-6Al-4V substrates (1998) Surf Coatings Technol, 102, pp. 191-196; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., Chemical reaction of bioactive glass and glass-ceramics with a simulated body fluid (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 3, pp. 79-83; 
Blakeslee, D.M., Dal-Favero, M.E., (1997) NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, , Gaitherburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology; 
Anderson, O.H., Kangasniemi, I., Calcium phosphate formation at the surface of bioactive glass in vitro (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 1019-1030; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., In vitro calcium phosphate formation on SiO 2-Na 2O-CaO-P 2O 5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: A study by XPS analysis (1996) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 181-185; 
Verhoeven, J.A.T., Van Doveren, H., An XPS investigation of the interface of methane, ethyne, ethene and ethane with barium surface (1982) Surf Sci, 123, pp. 369-383
},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {376 - 383},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P
                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
},
	keywords = {alloy, Alloys, Apatite, article, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomic spectroscopy, Bioactivity, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Biomedical engineering, Body fluids, Calcium, Calcium Compounds, CaO SiO2 P2O5 CaF2 glass, CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass, Chemical analysis, chemical composition, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Double layer coatings, Double-layer coatings, Durapatite, film, glass, Glass plasma spraying, human, Humans, hydroxyapatite, immersion, implant, in vitro study, Ionic solution changes, Magnesium, materials testing, Molybdenum blue, Multilayers, Particle Size, phosphate, Phosphate minerals, Phosphates, Phosphorus Compounds, phosphorus pentoxide, Plasma spraying, potassium, powder, Powders, resin cement, Resin Cements, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium, solution and solubility, Solutions, structure analysis, Substrates, Surface Properties, surface property, thickness, Tissue, Titanium, titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), Titanium alloys, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033563315\&partnerID=40\&md5=8c0de1e25709302641b203efac50337b},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2572,
	title = {Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: Secondary phase proportions and densification effects on biaxial bending strength},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 28Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:5<734::AID-JBM20>3.0.CO;2-2PubMed ID: 10490690Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; INEB-Instituto Engenharia Biomedica, Laboratorio de Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: alpha-tricalcium phosphate; Biocompatible Materials; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, 7757-93-9; Hydroxyapatites; monocalcium phosphate; tetracalcium phosphateReferences: Yamamuro, Y., Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., (1990) CRC Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, , Boca Raton, FL: CRC;Rice, R.W., Microstructure dependence of mechanical behaviour (1977) Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, 11. , MacCrone RK, editor. New York: Academic; 
Rice, R.W., Grain size and porosity dependence of ceramic fracture energy and toughness at 22{\textdegree}C (1996) J Mat Sci, 31, pp. 1969-1983; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterisation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Lopes, M.A., Knowles, J.C., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 41, pp. 649-656; 
Wayne, S.F., Buljan, S.T., Microstructure and wear resistance of silicon nitride composites (1994) Friction and Wear of Ceramics, p. 261. , Jahanmir S, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker; 
Kaysser, W.A., Sprissler, M., Handwerker, C.A., Blendell, J.E., Effect of liquid phase on the morphology of grain growth of alumina (1987) J Am Ceram Soc, 70, pp. 339-343; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J Biomed Mater Res, 39, pp. 244-251; 
Soltesz, U., Ritcher, H., Kienzler, R., The concentric-ring test and its applications for determining the surface strength of ceramics (1987) High Tech Ceram, pp. 149-159. , Amsterdam: Elsevier; 
Murtage, B., (1981) Advance Linear Programming, , New York: McGraw-Hill; 
Cha{\textquoteright}tal, V., (1990) Linear Programming, , New York: Freeman; 
Davidge, R.W., (1986) Mechanical Behaviour of Ceramics, , Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press; 
German, R.M., (1985) Liquid Phase Sintering, , New York: Plenum; 
Akao, M., Aoki, H., Kato, K., Mechanical properties of sintered hydroxyapatite for prosthetic applications (1981) J Mater Sci, 16, pp. 809-812; 
Fanovich, M.A., Lopes, J.M.P., Influence of temperature and additives on the microstructure and sintering behaviour of hydroxyapatites with different Ca/P ratios (1998) J Mat Sci Mat Med, 9, pp. 53-60; 
Jarcho, M., Bolen, C.H., Bobik, J., Kay, J.F., Doremus, R.H., Hydroxyapatite synthesis and characterisation in dense polycrystalline form (1976) J Mat Sci, 11, pp. 2027-2035; 
Van Landuyt, P., Li, F., Keustermans, J.P., Streydio, J.M., Delnnay, F., Munting, E., The influence of high sintering temperatures on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (1995) J Mat Sci Mat Med, 6, pp. 8-13; 
Aoki, H., (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, , Japanese Association of Apatite Layer; 
Chawla, K.K., (1993) Ceramic Matrix Composites, , London, UK: Chapman Hall; 
Barsoum, M., Fundamentals of Ceramics, , New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997
},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {734 - 740},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {CaO-P                        2O
                        5 glasses with additions of MgO and CaF
                        2 were used as a sintering aid of hydroxyapatite, and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites obtained. Glasses promoted significant changes in the microstructure of the composites, namely with the formation of tricalcium phosphate secondary phases, β and α-TCP. Quantitative phase analysis was performed by the Rietveld method using General Structure Analysis Software. Grain size measurements were carried out on SEM photomicrographs, using a planimetric procedure according to ASTM E 112-88. Flexural bending strength was determined from concentric ring-on-ring testing. Flexural bending strength (FBS) of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites was found to be about twice or three times higher than that of unreinforced hydroxyapatite and tended to depend more on porosity and β and α-TCP secondary phases, rather than on grain size. Traces of α-tricalcium phosphate significantly enhanced the strength of the composites. Using the rule of mixtures to estimate the zero porosity bending strength, the Duckworth-Knudsen model applied to the composites gave a porosity correction factor, b, with a value of 4.02. Weibull statistics were also used to analyze biaxial strength data and the level of reinforcement obtained by comparing failure probability for the composites and for the unreinforced hydroxyapatite. Lower activation energies for grain growth were observed for the composites compared to unreinforced hydroxyapatite, which should be attributed to the presence of a liquid glassy phase that promotes atomic diffusion during the sintering process.
CaO-P
                        2O
                        5 glasses with additions of MgO and CaF
                        2 were used as a sintering aid of hydroxyapatite, and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites obtained. Glasses promoted significant changes in the microstructure of the composites, namely with the formation of tricalcium phosphate secondary phases, β and α-TCP. Quantitative phase analysis was performed by the Rietveld method using General Structure Analysis Software. Grain size measurements were carried out on SEM photomicrographs, using a planimetric procedure according to ASTM E 112-88. Flexural bending strength was determined from concentric ring-on-ring testing. Flexural bending strength (FBS) of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites was found to be about twice or three times higher than that of unreinforced hydroxyapatite and tended to depend more on porosity and β and α-TCP secondary phases, rather than on grain size. Traces of α-tricalcium phosphate significantly enhanced the strength of the composites. Using the rule of mixtures to estimate the zero porosity bending strength, the Duckworth-Knudsen model applied to the composites gave a porosity correction factor, b, with a value of 4.02. Weibull statistics were also used to analyze biaxial strength data and the level of reinforcement obtained by comparing failure probability for the composites and for the unreinforced hydroxyapatite. Lower activation energies for grain growth were observed for the composites compared to unreinforced hydroxyapatite, which should be attributed to the presence of a liquid glassy phase that promotes atomic diffusion during the sintering process.
},
	keywords = {article, atom, Bending (deformation), Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, Biomaterials, calcium fluoride, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphates, Composite materials, Densification, Dental application, dentistry, Duckworth-Knudsen model, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite-glass composites, Hydroxyapatites, Implants (surgical), Magnesium Oxide, mathematical analysis, Mechanical strength, Mechanics, Medical applications, Microstructure, orthopedics, Phase composition, physical chemistry, porosity, Scanning electron microscopy, Strength of materials, tensile strength, Tissue, Tricalcium phosphate},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032868650\&partnerID=40\&md5=e6fa831a838301db0336e9010a0800dd},
	author = {Lopes, M.A. and Monteiro, F.J. and Santos, J.D.}
}
@article {2580,
	title = {Flow cytometry for assessing biocompatibility},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 33Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980915)41:4<649::AID-JBM17>3.0.CO;2-9PubMed ID: 9697038Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Olsen, I.; Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University of London, 256 Gray{\textquoteright}s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8LD, United KingdomChemicals/CAS: Biocompatible Materials; Collagen, 9007-34-5; Dental Implants; Fibronectins; Osteocalcin, 104982-03-8References: Kirkpatrick, C.J., A critical view of current and proposed methodologies for biocompatibility testing: Cytotoxicity in vitro (1992) Regul. Affairs, 4, pp. 13-32;Pizzoferrato, A., Ciapetti, G., Stea, S., Cenni, E., Ariola, C.R., Granchi, D., Savarino, L., Cell culture methods for testing biocompatibility (1994) Clin. Mater., 15, pp. 173-190; 
Puleo, D.A., Preston, K.E., Shaffer, J.B., Bizios, R., Examination of osteoblast-orthopaedic biomaterial interactions using molecular techniques (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 111-114; 
Clifford, C.J., Downes, S., A comparative study of the use of colorimetric assays in the assessment of biocompatibility (1996) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 7, pp. 637-643; 
Macey, M.G., (1994) Flow Cytometry: Clinical Applications, , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford; 
Salzman, G.C., Singham, S.B., Johnston, R.G., Bohren, C.F., Light scattering and cytometry (1990) Flow Cytometry and Sorting, pp. 81-107. , M. R. Melamed, T. Lindmo, and M. L. Mendelsohn (eds.), Wiley-Liss, New York; 
Corver, W.E., Cornelisse, C.J., Fleuren, G.J., Simultaneous measurement of two cellular antigens and DNA using fluorescein-isothiocyanate, R-phycoerythrin and propidium iodide on a standard FACScan (1994) Cytometry, 15, pp. 117-128; 
Macon, W.R., Salhany, K.E., TI- T-cell subset analysis of paraffin-embedded peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) with correlation of CD4/CD8 results by flow cytometry (FACs) (1997) Lab. Invest., 76, p. 753; 
Kuru, L., Parkar, M.H., Griffiths, G.S., Newman, H.N., Olsen, I., Flow cytometry analysis of functionally distinct gingival and periodontal ligament cells (1998) J. Dent. Res., 77, pp. 555-564; 
Kamiya, I., Okuda, K., Hara, K., Flow cytometric identification and detection of Porphromonas gingivalis by an LPS specific monoclonal antibody (1994) J. Periodontol., 65, pp. 309-315; 
Sumner, H., Abraham, D., Bou-Gharios, G., Plater-Zyberk, C., Olsen, I., Simultaneous measurement of cell surface and intracellular antigens by multiple flow cytometry (1991) J. Immunol. Methods, 136, pp. 259-267; 
Beauchamp, J.R., Abraham, D.J., Bou-Gharios, G., Partridge, T.A., Olsen, I., Expression and function of adhesion molecules during differentiation of human skeletal muscle in culture (1992) Am. J. Pathol., 140, pp. 387-401; 
Abraham, D., Lupoli, S., McWhirter, A., Plater-Zyberk, C., Piela, T.H., Korn, J., Olsen, I., Black, C., Expression and function of surface antigens on scleroderma fibroblasts (1991) Arthritis Rheum., 34, pp. 1164-1172; 
Bou-Gharios, G., Osman, J., Black, C., Olsen, I., Excess matrix accumulation in scleroderma is caused partly by differential regulation of stromelysin and TIMP-1 synthesis (1994) Clin. Chim. Acta, 231, pp. 69-78; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., Microstructural characterisation of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 5-10; 
Best, S., Sim, B., Kayser, M., Downes, S., The dependence of osteoblastic response on variations in the chemical composition and physical properties of hydroxyapatite (1997) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 8, pp. 97-103; 
Martin, J.Y., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T.W., Schraub, D.M., Simpson, J., Lankford, J., Dean, D.D., Boyan, B.D., Effect of titanium surface roughness on proliferation, differentiation and protein synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) (1995) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 29, pp. 389-401; 
Granchi, D., Stea, S., Ciapetti, G., Savarino, L., Cavedagna, D., Pizzoferatto, A., In vitro effects of bone cements on the cell cycle of osteoblast-like cells (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 1187-1192; 
Clover, J., Gowen, M., Are MG63 and HOS TE 85 human osteosarcoma cell lines representative models of the osteoblastic phenotype? (1994) Bone, 15, pp. 585-591; 
Scharla, S.H., Strong, D.D., Rosen, C., Mohan, S., Holick, M., Baylink, D.J., Linkhart, T.A., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases secretion of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) by human osteoblast-like cells in vitro and elevates IGFBP-4 serum levels in vivo (1993) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 77, pp. 1190-1197; 
De Bart, A.C., Quax, P.H., Lowik, C.W., Verheijen, J.H., Regulation of plasminogen activation, matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase-type plasminogen activator-mediated extracellular matrix degradation in human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 by interleukin-1 alpha (1995) J. Bone Min. Res., 19, pp. 1374-1384; 
Barille, S., Collette, M., Bataille, R., Amiot, M., Myeloma cells upregulate interleukin-6 secretion in osteoblastic cells through cell-to-cell contact but downregulate osteocalcin (1995) Blood, 86, pp. 3151-3159; 
Maillard, C., Malaval, L., Delmas, P.D., Immunological screening of SPARC/osteonectin in nonmineralized tissue (1992) Bone, 13, pp. 257-264; 
Bou-Gharios, G., Osman, J., Atherton, A., Monoghan, P., Vancheeswaran, R., Black, C., Olsen, I., Expression of ectopeptidases in scleroderma (1995) Ann. Rheum. Dis., 54, pp. 111-116; 
Goseki, T., Shimizu, N., Iwasawa, T., Takiguchi, H., Abiko, Y., Effects of in vitro cellular aging on alkaline phosphatase, cathepsin activities and collagen secretion of human peridontal ligament-derived cells (1996) Mech. Age. Dev., 91, pp. 1761-11183; 
Hallab, N.J., Bundy, K.J., O{\textquoteright}Connor, K., Clark, R., Moses, R.L., Cell adhesion to biomaterials: Correlations between surface charge, surface roughness, adsorbed protein and cell morphology (1995) J. Long-Term Effects Med. Implants, 5, pp. 209-231; 
Kieswetter, K., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T.W., Cochran, D.L., Simpson, J., Sean, D.P., Boyan, B.D., Surface roughness modulates the local production of growth factors and cytokines by osteoblast-like MG-63 cells (1996) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 32, pp. 55-63; 
Altankov, G., Grinnell, F., Groth, T., Studies on the biocompatibility of materials: Fibroblast reorganization of substratumbound fibronectin on surfaces varying in wettability (1996) J, Biomed. Mater. Res., 30, pp. 385-391; 
Chesmel, K.D., Clark, C.C., Brighton, C.T., Black, J., Cellular response to chemical and morphologic aspects of biomaterial surfaces. II. The biosynthetic and migratory response of bone cell populations (1995) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 29, pp. 1101-1110; 
Nishizawa, K., Toriyama, M., Suzuki, T., Kawamoto, Y., Yokogawa, Y., Nagae, H., Effects of the surface wettability and zeta potential of bioceramics on the adhesiveness of anchorage-dependent animal cells (1993) J. Ferment. Bioeng., 75, pp. 435-437; 
Lopes, M.A., Santos, J.D., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, pp. 244-251
},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {649 - 656},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {Flow cytometry (FCM) was examined as a possible procedure for measuring in vitro the biocompatibility of implant materials for orthopedic and dental surgery. The human osteoblast-like cell line MG63 was grown on hydroxyapatite (HA) and P                        2O
                        5 glass-reinforced HA composite discs and compared with the same cells grown on polystyrene culture dishes. While morphological observation at the light and electron microscopic levels showed no major deleterious effects, FCM indicated that cell size was somewhat reduced, particularly by growth on the HA composite. Moreover, this material also appeared to delay the progression of the cells from the G0/G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle. In addition to this low level of inhibition of cell growth relative to control cultures, FCM analysis also demonstrated that the glass-reinforced HA caused some down-regulation of the expression of osteocalcin and fibronectin, two antigens which play a vital part in the integrity and function of bone and soft connective tissue, respectively. These results thus show, first, that although HA and the HA composite used in these experiments were generally biocompatible, they nevertheless had certain suboptimal effects on the cells; and second, that FCM could be a highly useful procedure for effectively screening and evaluating important biological responses to implant materials.
Flow cytometry (FCM) was examined as a possible procedure for measuring in vitro the biocompatibility of implant materials for orthopedic and dental surgery. The human osteoblast-like cell line MG63 was grown on hydroxyapatite (HA) and P
                        2O
                        5 glass-reinforced HA composite discs and compared with the same cells grown on polystyrene culture dishes. While morphological observation at the light and electron microscopic levels showed no major deleterious effects, FCM indicated that cell size was somewhat reduced, particularly by growth on the HA composite. Moreover, this material also appeared to delay the progression of the cells from the G0/G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle. In addition to this low level of inhibition of cell growth relative to control cultures, FCM analysis also demonstrated that the glass-reinforced HA caused some down-regulation of the expression of osteocalcin and fibronectin, two antigens which play a vital part in the integrity and function of bone and soft connective tissue, respectively. These results thus show, first, that although HA and the HA composite used in these experiments were generally biocompatible, they nevertheless had certain suboptimal effects on the cells; and second, that FCM could be a highly useful procedure for effectively screening and evaluating important biological responses to implant materials.
},
	keywords = {antigen expression, Antigens, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Biomedical engineering, Bone and Bones, bone prosthesis, Cell culture, cell cycle, cell cycle s phase, Cell Line, Cell size, cell ultrastructure, Cells, Collagen, conference paper, Dental Implants, dentistry, extracellular matrix, Fibronectin, Fibronectins, flow cytometry, Glass fiber reinforced plastics, growth inhibition, human, human cell, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Implants, Implants (surgical), Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, mitosis inhibition, morphology, orthopedics, Osteoblasts, osteocalcin, Polystyrenes, Prostheses and Implants, prosthesis material, Tissue, tooth prosthesis},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032531299\&partnerID=40\&md5=5ea21d124ffce48018967f988cac815c},
	author = {Lopes, M.A. and Knowles, J.C. and Kuru, L. and Santos, J.D. and Monteiro, F.J. and Olsen, I.}
}
@article {2594,
	title = {In vitro biomineralization by osteoblast-like cells I. Retardation of tissue mineralization by metal salts},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 39Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00149-XPubMed ID: 9678845Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Carvalho, G.S.; IEC, Universidade do Minho, Largo do Paco, 4719 Braga Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1; Calcium, 7440-70-2; Cations; Chromium, 7440-47-3; Iron, 7439-89-6; Metals; Nickel, 7440-02-0; Phosphates; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles; thiazolyl blue, 298-93-1References: Evans, E.M., Freeman, M.A.R., Miller, A.J., Vernon-Roberts, B., Metal sensitivity as a cause of bone necrosis and loosening of the prosthesis in total joint replacement (1974) J Bone Jt Surg, 56 B, pp. 626-642;Deutman, R., Rulder, T.J., Brian, R., Nater, J.P., Metal sensitivity before and after total hip arthroplasty (1977) J Bone Jt Surg, 59 A, pp. 862-865; 
Bartolozzi, A., Black, J., Chromium concentrations in serum, blood clot and urine from patients following total hip arthroplasty (1985) Biomaterials, 6, pp. 2-8; 
Dorr, L.D., Blocbaum, R., Emmanual, J., Meldrum, R., Histologic, biochemical and ion analysis of tissue and fluids retrieved during total hip arthroplasty (1990) Clin Orthop, 261, pp. 82-95; 
Henning, F.F., Raithel, H.J., Schaller, K.H., Dohler, J.R., Nickel-, chromium- and cobalt-concentrations in human tissue and body fluids of hip prosthesis patients (1992) J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis, 6, pp. 239-243; 
Tom{\'a}s, H., Carvalho, G.S., Fernandes, M.H., Freire, A.P., Abrantes, L.M., Effects of Co-Cr corrosion products and corresponding separate metal ions on human osteoblast-like cell cultures (1996) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 291-296; 
Tom{\'a}s, H., Carvalho, G.S., Fernandes, M.H., Freire, A.P., Abrantes, L.M., The use of rat, rabbit or human bone marrow derived cells for cytocompatibility evaluation of metallic elements (1997) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 8, pp. 233-238; 
Pules, D.A., Huh, W.W., Acute toxicity of metal ions in cultures of osteogenic cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells (1995) J Appl Biomater, 6, pp. 109-116; 
Thompson, G.J., Pules, D.A., Effects of sublethal metal ion concentrations on osteogenic cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells (1995) J Appl Biomater, 6, pp. 249-258; 
McGee-Russell, S.M., Histochemical methods for calcium (1958) J Histochem Cytochem, 6, pp. 22-42; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., Physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids stimulate formation of bone nodules from isolated rat calvaria cells in vitro (1987) Endocrinology, 121, pp. 1985-1992; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., Bone formation in vitro by stromal cells obtained from bone marrow of young adult rats (1988) Cell Tissue Res, 254, pp. 317-330; 
Wong, M., Rao, L.G., Li, H., Long-term effects of physiologic concentrations of dexamethasone on human bone derived cells (1990) J Bone Miner Res, 5, pp. 803-813; 
Aronow, M.A., Gerstenfeld, L.C., Owen, T.A., Factors that promote progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype in cultured fetal rat calvaria cells (1990) J Cell Phys, 143, pp. 213-221; 
Gotoh, Y., Hiraiwa, K., Narajama, M., In vitro mineralisation of osteoblastic cells derived from human bone (1990) Bone Miner, 8, pp. 239-250; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., Initiation and progression of mineralisation of bone nodules formed in vitro: The role of alkaline phosphatase and organic phosphate (1991) Bone Miner, 14, pp. 27-40; 
Bellows, C.G., Heersche, J.N.M., Aubin, J.E., Inorganic phosphate added exogenously or released from β-glycerophosphate initiates mineralisation of osteoid nodules in vitro (1992) Bone Miner, 17, pp. 15-29; 
Chung, C.H., Golub, E.E., Forbes, E., Mechanisms of action of β-glycerophosphate on bone cell mineralisation (1992) Calcif Tissue Int, 51, pp. 305-311; 
Schimdt, R., Kulbe, K.D., Long term cultivation of human osteoblasts (1993) Bone Miner, 20, pp. 211-221; 
Cheng, S.L., Yang, J.W., Riffins, L., Differentiation of human bone marrow osteogenic stromal cells in vitro. Induction of the osteoblast phenotype by dexamethasone (1994) Endocrinology, 134, pp. 277-286; 
Gundle, R., Joyner, C.J., Triffit, J.T., Human bone tissue formation in diffusion chamber culture in vivo by bone derived cells and marrow stromal fibroblastic cells (1995) Bone, 16, pp. 597-601; 
Fernandes, M.H., Costa, M.A., Carvalho, G.S., Mineralisation in serially passaged human alveolar bone cells (1997) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 8, pp. 73-76; 
Martin, A., Clynes, M., Comparison of 5 microplate colorimetric assays for in vitro cytotoxicity testing and cell proliferation assays (1993) Cytotechnology, 11, pp. 49-58; 
Sgouras, D., Duncan, R., Methods for the evaluation of biocompatibility of soluble synthetic polymers which have potential for biomedical use. 1. Use of the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT) as a preliminary screen for evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (1990) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 1, pp. 61-68; 
Ciapetti, G., Cenni, E., Stea, S., Pizzoferrato, A., In vitro evaluation of cell/biomatrial interaction by MTT assay (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 359-364; 
Yoshimura, T., Kurita, C., Hayata, M., Nagai, H., Diagnosis of drug allergy by the lymphocyte stimulation test with the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,2-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay (1993) Biol Pharm Bull, 16, pp. 686-689; 
Sasanaluckit, P., Albustany, K.R., Doherty, P.J., Williams, D.F., Biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements (1993) Biomaterials, 14, pp. 906-916; 
Carvalho, G.S., Castanheira, M., Diogo, I., Inhibition and stimulation of enzymatic activities of human fibroblasts by corrosion products and metal salts (1996) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 77-83; 
Vrouwenvelder, W.C.A., Groot, C.G., De Groot, K., Histological and biochemical evaluation of osteoblasts cultured on bioactive glass, hydroxylapatite, titanium alloy and stainless steel (1993) J Biomed Mater Res, 27, pp. 465-475; 
Owen, M., Marrow stromal stem cells (1988) J Cell Sci, 10, pp. 63-76; 
Beresford, J.N., Osteogenic stem cells and the stromal system of bone and marrow (1989) Clin Orthop Rel Res, 240, pp. 270-280; 
Owen, T.A., Arohow, M., Shalhonb, V., Progressive development of the rat osteoblast phenotype in vitro: Reciprocal relationships in expression of genes associated with osteoblast proliferation during formation of bone extracellular matrix (1990) J Cell Phys, 143, pp. 420-430; 
Malaval, L., Modrowski, D., Gupta, K., Aubin, J.E., Cellular expression of bone related proteins during in vitro osteogenesis in rat bone marrow stromal cell cultures (1994) J Cell Phys, 158, pp. 555-572; 
Stein, G.S., Lion, J.B., Molecular mechanisms mediated proliferation-differentiation interrelationships during progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype: Update 1995 (1995) End Rev, 4, pp. 290-297
},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {13 - 21},
	publisher = {Elsevier Sci Ltd},
	abstract = {The cytocompatibility of stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) corrosion products was investigated with particular focus on the dose- and time-effect of electrochemically dissolved SS and the corresponding separate metal ions on osteogenic bone marrow derived cells. Type AISI 316L stainless steel (Fe 63.9\%, Cr 18.0\%, Ni 12.5\%, Mo 2.8\%, Si 1.2\%, Mn 1.6\% and C 0.025\%, weight for weight) was anodically dissolved in Hank{\textquoteright}s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) and diluted to the following concentrations: 500 μgml},
	keywords = {Absorption spectroscopy, alkaline phosphatase, animal cell, Animalia, Animals, article, ascorbic acid, atomic absorption spectrometry, balanced salt solution, Bioassay, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, biomineralization, bone marrow cell, bone mineralization, Bovinae, Calcification, Physiologic, Calcium, calcium phosphate, Carbon, Cations, Cattle, Cell Division, cell proliferation, cell survival, cell viability, Cells, Cultured, Chromium, controlled study, Corrosion, dexamethasone, electrochemistry, enzyme activity, Enzyme kinetics, glycerol 2 phosphate, histochemistry, Iron, Kinetics, manganese, metal ion, Metal ions, Metals, molybdenum, Nickel, nonhuman, Oryctolagus cuniculus, osteoblast, Osteoblast cells, Osteoblast-like cells, Osteoblasts, Phosphates, priority journal, rabbit, Rabbits, serum, Silicon, Stainless steel, Steel corrosion, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, Tissue culture},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031812308\&partnerID=40\&md5=946525340a0c386c984ce614d56ae081},
	author = {Morais, S. and Sousa, J.P. and Fernandes, M.H. and Carvalho, G.S.}
}
@article {2603,
	title = {Influence of substrate material and surface finishing on the morphology of the calcium-phosphate coating},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. BIOMED. MATER. RES.},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 11Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199707)36:1<85::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-IPubMed ID: 9212392Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Leitao, E.; INEB, FEUP, Praca do Coronel Pacheco 1, 4050 Porto, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; alpha-tricalcium phosphate; Aluminum, 7429-90-5; Biocompatible Materials; calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5; Calcium Phosphates; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, 7757-93-9; Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; Iron, 7439-89-6; Isotonic Solutions; monocalcium phosphate; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1; tetracalcium phosphate; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Fujishiro, Y., Sato, T., Okuwaki, A., Coating of hydroxyapatite on metal plates using thermal dissociation of calcium-EDTA chelate in phosphate solutions under hydrothermal conditions (1995) Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 172-176;Shirkhanzadeh, M., Calcium phosphate coatings prepared by electrocrystallization from aqueous electrolytes (1995) J. Mater, Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 90-93; 
De Groot, K., Ceramics of calcium phosphates (1983) Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphates, p. 100. , K. de Groot (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 
Leit{\~a}o, E., Barbosa, M.A., De Groot, K., In vitro calcification of orthopaedic implant materials (1995) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, pp. 849-852; 
Ducheyne, P., Radin, S., Ishikawa, K., The rate of calcium phosphate precipitation on metal and ceramics, and the relationship to bioactivity (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 213-218. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Heathcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Li, P., (1993) In Vitro and in Vivo Calcium Phosphate Induction on Gel Oxides, , Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University; 
Kokubo, T., Bioactivity of glasses and glass ceramics (1992) Bone Bonding Biomaterials, pp. 31-46. , P. Ducheyne, T. Kokubo, and C. A. van Blitterswijk (eds.), Reed Healthcare Communications, The Netherlands; 
Kokubo, T., Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatitepolymer composites prepared by biomimetic process: Improvement of adhesion of apatite to polymer by glow-discharge treatment (1993) Bioceramics, 6, pp. 327-332. , P. Ducheyne and D. Christiansen (eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom; 
Hanawa, T., Titanium and its oxide film: A substrate for forming apatite (1991) Proceedings of the Bone Biomaterial Interface Workshop, pp. 49-61. , Toronto, Dec., 1990, J. E. Davies (ed.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Calcium phosphate naturally formed on titanium in electrolyte solution (1991) Biomaterials, 12, pp. 767-774; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., Characterization of surface film formed on titanium in electrolyte using XPS (1992) Appl. Surface Sci., 55, pp. 269-276; 
Radin, S.R., Ducheyne, P., The effect of calcium phosphate ceramic composition and structure on in vivo behavior. II. Precipitation (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, pp. 35-45
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {85 - 90},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti- 6A1-4V, Ti-A1-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-A1-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Al-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank{\textquoteright}s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Al-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite.
},
	keywords = {Alloys, Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, article, Biocompatibility, Biocompatible Materials, biomaterial, Calcium Compounds, calcium phosphate, Calcium phosphate coatings, Calcium phosphates, Coatings, Finishing, Humans, hydroxyapatite, Implants (surgical), Iron, Isotonic Solutions, materials testing, metal implantation, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, morphology, Phosphates, Stainless steel, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface testing, Surface treatment, Time Factors, Titanium, Titanium alloys, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031195147\&partnerID=40\&md5=07a9f4ca9de83fbb3c66a25cfea71228},
	author = {Leit{\~a}o, E. and Barbosa, M.A. and De Groot, K.}
}
@article {2609,
	title = {Mineralization in serially passaged human alveolar bone cells},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 22Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1023/A:1018598430983Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Fernandes, M.H.; Faculdade de Medicina Dentaria, Rua do Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, PortugalReferences: Spector, M., Cease, C., Tong, X., (1989) Crit. Rev. Biocompat., 5, p. 269;Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Bakker, D., Hesseling, S.C., Koerten, H.K., (1991) Biomaterials, 12, p. 187; 
Galante, J.O., Lemons, J., Spector, M., Wilson Jr., P.D., Wright, T.M., (1991) J. Orthop. Res., 9, p. 760; 
Bagambisa, F.B., Kappert, H.F., Schilli, W., (1994) J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 5, p. 52; 
Bruijn, J.D., Bovell, Y.D., Blitterwijk, C.A., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 543; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., (1991) Bone and Mineral, 14, p. 27; 
Davies, J.E., Chernecky, R., Loweenberg, B., Shiga, A., (1991) Cells and Materials, 1, p. 3; 
Bruijn, J.D., Davies, J.E., Flach, J.S., De Groot, K., Blitterwijk, C.A., (1992) Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 252, p. 63; 
Puleo, D.A., Bizios, R., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 291; 
Bruijn, J.D., Klein, C.P., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 1365; 
Bruijn, J.D., Klein, C.P., De Groot, K., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., (1993) Cells and Materials, 3, p. 407; 
Shen, X., Roberts, E., Peel, S.A., Davies, J.E., (1993) Cells and Materials, 3, p. 257; 
Meyer, U., Szulczewski, D.H., Moller, K., Heide, H., Jones, D.B., (1993) Cells and Materials, 3, p. 129; 
Meyer, U., Szulczewski, D.H., Brackhaus, R.H., Atkinson, M., Jones, D.B., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 917; 
Bizios, R., (1994) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 43, p. 582; 
Gotoh, Y., Hiraiwa, K., Nagayama, M., (1990) Bone and Mineral, 8, p. 23; 
Berstein, A., Bernauer, I., Marx, R., Geurtsen, W., (1992) Biomaterials, 13, p. 98; 
Schmiddt, R., Kulbe, K.D., (1993) Bone and Mineral, 20, p. 211; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., (1988) Cell Tissue Res., 254, p. 317; 
Benayahu, D., Kletter, Y., Zipori, D., Wientroub, S., (1989) J. Cell Physiol., 140, p. 1; 
Wong, M.-M., Rao, L.G., Ly, H., Hamilton, L., Tong, J., Sturtridge, W., Mcbroom, R., Murray, T.M., (1990) J. Bone Miner. Res., 5, p. 803; 
Leboy, P.S., Beresford, J.N., Devlin, C., Owen, M.E., (1991) J. Cell Physiol., 146, p. 370; 
Shalhoub, V., Conlon, D., Tassinari, M., Quinn, C., Partridge, N., Stein, G.S., Lian, J.B., (1992) J. Cell Biochem., 50, p. 425; 
Cheng, S.-L., Yang, J.W., Rifas, L., Zhang, S.-F., Avioli, L.V., (1994) Endocrinology, 134, p. 277; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.M.N., (1991) Bone and Mineral, 14, p. 27; 
Satomura, K., Nagayama, M., (1991) Acta Anat., 142, p. 97; 
Van Straalen, J.P., Sanders, E., Prummel, M.F., Sanders, G.T.B., (1991) Clin. Chem. Acta, 201, p. 27; 
Aufmkolk, B., Hauschka, P.V., Schwartz, E.R., (1987) Calcif. Tissue Int., 37, p. 228
},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {61 - 65},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Well-characterized human bone cell cultures have been regarded as a useful tool to study bone control mechanisms and also to analyse bone/biomaterials interactions. In the present study, human alveolar bone cells were cultured in a-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) containing 10\% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium β-glycerophosphate and either in the presence or in the absence of 10 nM dexamethasone (Dexa). Cultures were characterized concerning cell viability/proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartraric acid resistant phosphatase (TRAP) activities, and formation of mineralized areas. Cell proliferation increased gradually for approximately 20 days. In the presence of Dexa, cells formed isolated or interconnected multilayered clusters that increased with culture time. Histochemical assays revealed strong positive reactions for ALP and calcium and phosphates deposits, mainly in relation to cells associated with the clusters. High levels of ALP activity (biochemical determination) were observed. Cells cultured in the absence of Dexa showed significantly lower ALP activity and no calcium and phosphates deposits were present. Serially passaged cells kept the proliferation rate constant but a decrease in ALP activity was observed either in the presence or in the absence of Dexa. The ability to form mineralized areas (cultures fed with Dexa) also decreased on serial subculture.Well-characterized human bone cell cultures have been regarded as a useful tool to study bone control mechanisms and also to analyse bone/biomaterials interactions. In the present study, human alveolar bone cells were cultured in α-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) containing 10\% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium β-glycerophosphate and either in the presence or in the absence of 10 nM dexamethasone (Dexa). Cultures were characterized concerning cell viability/proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartaric acid resistant phosphatase (TRAP) activities, and formation of mineralized areas. Cell proliferation increased gradually for approximately 20 days. In the presence of Dexa, cells formed isolated or interconnected multilayered clusters that increased with culture time. Histochemical assays revealed strong positive reactions for ALP and calcium and phosphates deposits, mainly in relation to cells associated with the clusters. High levels of ALP activity (biochemical determination) were observed. Cells cultured in the absence of Dexa showed significantly lower ALP activity and no calcium and phosphates deposits were present. Serially passaged cells kept the proliferation rate constant but a decrease in ALP activity was observed either in the presence or in the absence of Dexa. The ability to form mineralized areas (cultures fed with Dexa) also decreased on serial subculture.
},
	keywords = {Acid phosphatase, Acid resistance, alkaline phosphatase, alveolar bone, article, ascorbic acid, Bioassay, Biocompatibility, Biomaterials, Bone, bone cell, Bovinae, Cell culture, cell proliferation, Characterization, Chemical reactions, controlled study, culture medium, dexamethasone, Foetal bovine serum, glycerophosphate, Histochemical assays, histochemistry, human, Human alveolar bone cells, human cell, mineralization, Minimal essential medium, Phosphates, priority journal, Proteins, tartaric acid, Tartraric acid resistant phosphatase, Tissue culture},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031081528\&partnerID=40\&md5=2c2c8ad80457e512ebcefac13930c670},
	author = {Fernandes, M.H. and Costa, M.A. and Carvalho, G.S.}
}
@article {2622,
	title = {Effects of Co-Cr corrosion products and corresponding separate metal ions on human osteoblast-like cell cultures},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 22Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Tomas, H.; Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C1, Piso 5, 1700 Lisboa, PortugalReferences: Pohler, O.E.M., (1983) Biomaterials in Reconstructive Surgery, p. 158. , C. V. Mosby, St. Louis;Black, J., Oppenheiner, P., Morris, R.O.M., Peduto, A.M., Clark, C.C., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 21, p. 1213; 
Sunderman Jr., F.W., Hopfer, S.M., Swift, T., Rezuke, W.N., Ziebka, L., Highman, P., Edwards, B., Gossling, H.R., (1989) J. Orthop. Res., 7, p. 307; 
Traisnel, M., Maguer, D., Hildebrand, H.F., (1990) Clin. Mater., 5, p. 309; 
Moore Jr., R.M., Hamburger, S., Jeng, L.J., Hamilton, P.M., (1991) J. Appl. Biomater., 2, p. 127; 
Henning, E.F., Raithel, H.J., Schaller, K.H., D{\`o}hler, J.R., (1992) J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis., 6, p. 239; 
Brown, S.A., Zhang, K., Merritt, K., Payer, J.H., (1993) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, p. 1007; 
Albore-Saavedra, J., Vuitch, F., Delgado, R., Wiley, E., Hagler, H., (1994) Amer. Surg. Pathol., 18, p. 83; 
Buechel, F.F., Drucker, D., Jasty, M., Jiranek, W., Harris, W., (1994) Clin. Orthop. Related Res., 298, p. 202; 
De Bruijn, J.D., (1993), p. 9. , PhD thesis, LeidenNasser, S., Campbell, P.A., Kilgus, D., Kossovsky, N., Amstutz, H.C., (1990) Clin. Orthop., 261, p. 171; 
Revell, P.A., Weightman, B., Freeman, M.A.R., Roberts, B.V., (1978) Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg., 91, p. 167; 
Vilamitjana-Amedee, J., Bareille, R., Rouais, F., Caplan, A.I., Harmand, M.F., (1993) In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 29 A, p. 699; 
Bizios, R., (1994) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 43, p. 582; 
Pizzoferrato, A., Ciapetti, G., Stea, S., Cenni, E., Arciola, C.R., Granchi, D., Savarino, L., (1994) Clin. Mater., 15, p. 173; 
Tom{\'a}s, H., Freire, A.P., Abrantes, L.M., (1994) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 5, p. 446; 
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J., (1951) J. Biol. Chem., 193, p. 256; 
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J., Melcher, A.H., (1988) Cell Tissue Res., 254, p. 317; 
Berridge, M.V., Tan, A.S., (1993) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 303, p. 474; 
Ciapetti, G., Cenni, E., Pratelli, L., Pizzoferrato, A., (1993) Biomaterials, 14, p. 359; 
Martin, A., Clynes, M., (1993) Cytotechnology, 11, p. 49; 
Carvalho, G.S., Castanheira, M., Diogo, I., Abreu, A.M., Sousa, J.P., Loon, J.A., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., , in press; 
Gotoh, Y., Hiraiwa, K., Nagayama, M., (1990) Bone and Mineral, 8, p. 239; 
Bellows, C.G., Aubin, J.E., Heersche, J.N.M., (1991) Bone and Mineral, 14, p. 27
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {291 - 296},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {The cytocompatibility of the degradation products of a Co-Cr orthopaedic alloy was investigated with particular focus on the dose-effect of an electrochemically dissolved alloy extract and of the corresponding separate metal ions on human osteogenic bone marrow derived cells. The extract solution contained 15ppm of Co and 8ppm of Cr as analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Stock salt solutions of CoCl                        2{\textperiodcentered}6H
                        2O, CrCl
                        3{\textperiodcentered}6H
                        2O and Na
                        2CrO
                        4 at corresponding concentrations were also prepared. Several dilutions of the above metallic solutions were tested for a period of 21 days on cells (third subculture) cultured in α-minimal essential medium containing foetal bovine serum and supplemented with antibiotics, dexamethasone ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate. The osteoblast response to the presence of metal ions was evaluated by several biochemical parameters: cell viability (MTT reduction by intracellular enzymes), alkaline phosphatase activity (an osteoblast marker) and protein production (both intracellular and extracellular). Co-Cr corrosion products showed opposite effects to their respective metal salts only on day 1. With time the different metal solutions presented a similar pattern of inhibition. These results suggest that impaired bone formation in vitro can occur in the presence of Co-Cr corrosion products.
The cytocompatibility of the degradation products of a Co-Cr orthopaedic alloy was investigated with particular focus on the dose-effect of an electrochemically dissolved alloy extract and of the corresponding separate metal ions on human osteogenic bone marrow derived cells. The extract solution contained 15 ppm of Co and 8 ppm of Cr as analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Stock salt solutions of COCl
                        2{\textperiodcentered}6H
                        2O, CrCl
                        3{\textperiodcentered}6H
                        2O and Na
                        2CrO
                        4 at corresponding concentrations were also prepared. Several dilutions of the above metallic solutions were tested for a period of 21 days on cells (third subculture) cultured in α-minimal essential medium containing foetal bovine serum and supplemented with antibiotics, dexamethasone ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate. The osteoblast response to the presence of metal ions was evaluated by several biochemical parameters: cell viability (MTT reduction by intracellular enzymes), alkaline phosphatase activity (an osteoblast marker) and protein production (both intracellular and extracellular). Co-Cr corrosion products showed opposite effects to their respective metal salts only on day 1. With time the different metal solutions presented a similar pattern of inhibition. These results suggest that impaired bone formation in vitro can occur in the presence of Co-Cr corrosion products.
},
	keywords = {Absorption spectroscopy, article, Atomic spectroscopy, Biocompatibility, Bone, Cell culture, Chromium alloys, Cobalt alloys, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Cytocompatibility, Enzyme inhibition, human, human cell, Human osteoblasts, Implants (surgical), Orthopaedic alloys, ossification, osteoblast, priority journal, surface property},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030150670\&partnerID=40\&md5=6d706a5f65ac90b430afd6df01a10fd7},
	author = {Tom{\'a}s, H. and Carvalho, G.S. and Fernandes, M.H. and Freire, A.P. and Abrantes, L.M.}
}
@article {2623,
	title = {In vitro calcium phosphate formation on SiO                    2-Na
                    2O-CaO-P
                    2O
                    5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: A study by XPS analysis
},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 42Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; FEUP, Rua dos Bragas, 4099-Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: calcium phosphate, 10103-46-5, 13767-12-9, 14358-97-5, 7758-87-4; hydroxyapatite, 1306-06-5, 51198-94-8References: Ducheyne, P., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res.: Appl. Biomater., 21 (A2), p. 219;Hench, L.L., (1989) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, p. 685; 
Hench, L.L., (1991) J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 7, p. 1487; 
Jarcho, M., (1988) Bioceramics 1, p. 57. , edited by H. Oonishi, H. Aoki and K. Sawai Ishiyaku Euro America, Tokyo; 
De Groot, K., (1980) Biomaterials, 1, p. 47; 
Blitterswijk, C.A.V., Koerten, H.K., Grote, J.J., (1986) Biological and Biomechanical Performance of Biomaterials, p. 27. , edited by P. Cristel, A. Meunier and A. J. C. Lee Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam; 
Ono, K., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Kokubo, T., Kotoura, Y., (1988) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 22, p. 869; 
Aoki, H., (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, , Japanese Association of Apatite Science (JAAS), Takayama Press System Centre Co., Inc; 
Manabe, A., Shigematsu, M., Kobayashi, S., (1987) High Tech Ceramics, p. 63. , edited by P. Vincenzini Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam; 
Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Nakamura, T., Kokubo, T., Ono, M., (1987) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 21, p. 1109; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Shigematsu, M., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., (1985) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 20, p. 2001; 
Mestral, F., Drew, R.L.A., (1989) J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 5, p. 47; 
Burnie, J., Gilchrist, T., Kobayashi, S., (1983) Ceramics in Surgery, p. 169. , edited by P. Vincenzini Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam; 
Andersson, O.H., Liu, G., Karlsson, K.H., Niemi, L., Juhanoja, J., (1990) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1, p. 219; 
Knowles, J.C., Rehman, I., Bonfield, W., (1994) Bioceramics 7, p. 85. , edited by O. H. Andersson, R. P. Happonen and A. Yli-Urpo Butterworth Heinemann, Turku, Finland; 
Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Monteiro, F.J., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, p. 5; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1992) Bioceramics 5, p. 35. , edited by T. Yamamuro, T. Kokubo and T. Nakamura Kokunshi Kankokai, Kyoto; 
Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Hastings, G.W., (1985) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 6, p. 448; 
Wilson, J., Low, S., (1992) J. Appl. Biomater., 3, p. 123; 
Oonishi, H., Kushitani, S., Yasukawa, E., Hench, L.L., Wilson, J., Tsuji, E., Sugihara, T., (1994) Bioceramics 7, p. 139. , edited by O. H. Andersson, R.-P. Happonen and A. Yli-Urpo, Butterworth Heinemann, Turku, Finland; 
Neo, M., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Bando, Y., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 1419; 
Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, p. 471; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., (1990) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, p. 721; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., (1995) Biomaterials, 16, p. 521; 
Li, P., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Nakanishi, K., Soga, N., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., (1993) J. Appl. Biomater., 4, p. 221; 
Neo, M., Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Yamamuro, T., Bando, Y., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 255; 
Li, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Kokubo, T., (1992) J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 3, p. 452; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., (1988) Bioceramics 1, p. 157. , edited by T. Yamamuro, T. Kokubo and T. Nakamura Kokunshi Kankokai, Kyoto; 
Landis, W.J., Martin, J.R., (1984) J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A2, p. 1108; 
Andersson, O.H., Kangasniemi, I., (1991) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25, p. 1019; 
Verhoeven, J.A.T., Van Doveren, H., (1982) Surf. Sci., 123, p. 369; 
Rehman, I., Hench, L.L., Bonfield, W., (1994) Bioceramics 7, p. 123. , edited by O. H. Andersson, R. P. Happonen and A. Yli-Urpo Butterworth Heinemann, Turku, Finland; 
Turner, N.H., Murday, J.S., Ramaker, D.E., (1980) Anal. Chem., 52, p. 84
},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {181 - 185},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {In-vitro apatite layer formation on the surface of a newly developed glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). After 1 week soaking in an acellular simulated body fluid the composite surface was entirely covered by a Ca, P-layer, suggesting a bioactive behaviour. XPS binding energy results revealed that this surface layer was a carbonated and non- stoichiometric apatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.3. This apatite layer was composed of very fine needle-like crystallites. Comparative studies on a commercially available hydroxyapatite showed that a similar apatite layer was also formed on its surface.In-vitro apatite layer formation on the surface of a newly developed glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). After 1 week soaking in an acellular simulated body fluid the composite surface was entirely covered by a Ca, P-layer, suggesting a bioactive behaviour. XPS binding energy results revealed that this surface layer was a carbonated and non-stoichiometric apatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.3. This apatite layer was composed of very fine needle-like crystallites. Comparative studies on a commercially available hydroxyapatite showed that a similar apatite layer was also formed on its surface.
},
	keywords = {article, Binding energy, Biocompatibility, Biodegradation, biomaterial, Calcium, calcium phosphate, Characterization, Composite materials, Composition, Energy dispersive x ray analysis, glass, Glass reinforced hydroxyapetite composite, hydroxyapatite, implant, In vitro calcium phosphate formation, Ionic concentration, molecular interaction, Nucleation, Phosphates, phosphorus, priority journal, Scanning electron microscopy, Surfaces, X ray analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030106254\&partnerID=40\&md5=725eba3e273e23b5c6519d07483495e8},
	author = {Santos, J.D. and Jha, L.J. and Monteiro, F.J.}
}
@article {2633,
	title = {Plasma surface treatment and PACVD on Ti alloys for surgical implants},
	journal = {Surface and Coatings TechnologySurf. Coat. Technol.},
	volume = {74-75},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 49Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1016/0257-8972(95)08316-2Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Rie, K.-T.; Institut f{\"u}r Oberfl{\"a}chentechnik und plasmatechnische Werkstoffentwicklung, Technische Universit{\"a}t Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 53, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {973 - 980},
	abstract = {To improve the poor surface hardness and wear resistance of titanium alloys used for surgical implants undergoing wear TiA16V4 and TiA15Fe2.5 have been plasma nitrided. TiN and other sublayers are formed by plasma nitriding. To increase the thickness of the outermost TiN layer the samples have been coated with TiN by PACVD following plasma nitriding. The produced layers have been characterized in terms of microstructure, layer composition, hardness depth profiles. The evaluation of corrosion resistance and biocompatibility revealed that the good properties of the untreated alloys have been well preserved. {\textcopyright} 1995 Elsevier Science S.A.},
	keywords = {Biocompatibility, Biomaterials, Characterization, Chemical vapor deposition, Corrosion resistance, hardness, Implants (surgical), Microstructure, Nitriding, PACVD, Plasma applications, Plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, Plasma nitriding, Plasma surface treatment, Surface hardness, Surface treatment, Surfaces, Ti alloys, Titanium alloys, Wear resistance},
	isbn = {02578972 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029389521\&partnerID=40\&md5=289d2d683bcdc5c62d1ecdf56b33079a},
	author = {Rie, K.-T. and Stucky, T. and Silva, R.A. and Leitao, E. and Bordji, K. and Jouzeau, J.-Y. and Mainard, D.}
}
@article {2636,
	title = {Stainless steel corrosion products cause alterations on mouse spleen cellular populations},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in MedicineJ. MATER. SCI. MATER. MED.},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 19Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JSMMEdoi: 10.1007/BF00121249Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Tracana, R.B.; Natl. Inst. Biomedical Engineering, INEB, Praca Coronel Pacheco 1, 4000 Porto, Portugal},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {56 - 61},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall Ltd},
	abstract = {Stainless steel is a metallic biomaterial commonly used in orthopaedic surgery. In this study we looked at the effects of stainless steel corrosion products on spleen, in order to evaluate their potential immunotoxicological effects. For this purpose stainless steel, type AISI 316L, was electrochemically dissolved in a physiological salt solution. The final solution, containing 490 μg/ml Fe, 224 μg/ml Cr and 150 μg/ml Ni, was injected subcutaneously in mice. After several periods of time (4, 10 and 14 days) spleens were removed and analysed for: (a) their contents in Fe, Cr and Ni, (b) histological alterations, (c) enumeration of cellular populations. Results showed that stainless steel corrosion products accumulated in spleen, caused histological alterations, and induced changes in cellular populations. When compared to chromium and nickel, iron was the metal ion preferentially accumulated in spleen. The increase of the multinucleated giant cell population was accompanied by depletion of lymphocyte populations. This study indicates that stainless steel corrosion products can spread systemically and accumulate in spleen inducing histological and cellular alterations which may give rise to immunotoxicological consequences.Stainless steel is a metallic biomaterial commonly used in orthopaedic surgery. In this study we looked at the effects of stainless steel corrosion products on spleen, in order to evaluate their potential immunotoxicological effects. For this purpose stainless steel, type AISI 316L, was electrochemically dissolved in a physiological salt solution. The final solution, containing 490 μg/ml Fe, 224 μg/ml Cr and 150 μg/ml Ni, was injected subcutaneously in mice. After several periods of time (4, 10 and 14 days) spleens were removed and analysed for: (a) their contents in Fe, Cr and Ni, (b) histological alterations, (c) enumeration of cellular populations. Results showed that stainless steel corrosion products accumulated in spleen, caused histological alterations, and induced changes in cellular populations. When compared to chromium and nickel, iron was the metal ion preferentially accumulated in spleen. The increase of the multinucleated giant cell population was accompanied by depletion of lymphocyte populations. This study indicates that stainless steel corrosion products can spread systematically and accumulate in spleen inducing histological and cellular alterations which may give rise to immunotoxicological consequences.
},
	keywords = {animal cell, animal experiment, animal tissue, Animalia, article, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, cell population, Cells, Chromium, Chronoamperometry, controlled study, Corrosion, Corrosion products, Dissolution, electrochemistry, giant cell, histology, immunology, immunotoxicity, Immunotoxicological effects, Ions, Iron, Lymphocyte, lymphocyte subpopulation, male, mouse, Nickel, nonhuman, orthopedic surgery, priority journal, sodium chloride, Spleen, spleen cell, Stainless steel, Steel corrosion, subcutaneous drug administration, toxicity},
	isbn = {09574530 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028883275\&partnerID=40\&md5=0d4737517419b9f7ccafa996ef5e1bb1},
	author = {Tracana, R.B. and Pereira, M.L. and Abreu, A.M. and Sousa, J.P. and Carvalho, G.S.}
}
