



@article {2215,
	title = {Layer-by-layer self-assembly of chitosan and poly(γ-glutamic acid) into polyelectrolyte complexes},
	journal = {BiomacromoleculesBiomacromolecules},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 3Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BOMAFdoi: 10.1021/bm2008235PubMed ID: 22032302Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Antunes, J.C.; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Porto, Portugal; email: joana.antunes@ineb.up.ptChemicals/CAS: chitosan, 9012-76-4; glutamic acid, 11070-68-1, 138-15-8, 56-86-0, 6899-05-4; Biocompatible Materials; Chitosan, 9012-76-4; Electrolytes; Polyglutamic Acid, 25513-46-6; Viscoelastic Substances; poly(gamma-glutamic acid)References: Bertrand, P., Jonas, A., Laschewsky, A., Legras, R., Ultrathin polymer coatings by complexation of polyelectrolytes at interfaces: Suitable materials, structure and properties (2000) Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, pp. 319-348;Schonhoff, M., Layered polyelectrolyte complexes: Physics of formation and molecular properties (2003) J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 15, pp. R1781-R1808; 
Von Klitzing, R., Internal structure of polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies (2006) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, pp. 5012-5033; 
Iler, R.K., Multilayers of colloidal particles (1966) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 21, pp. 569-594; 
Zhang, X., Chen, H., Zhang, H., Layer-by-layer assembly: From conventional to unconventional methods (2007) Chemical Communications, (14), pp. 1395-1405. , DOI 10.1039/b615590a; 
Decher, G., Hong, J.D., Schmitt, J., Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly process. 3. Consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on charged surfaces (1992) Thin Solid Films, 210, pp. 831-835; 
Boudou, T., Crouzier, T., Ren, K.F., Blin, G., Picart, C., Multiple functionalities of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: New biomedical applications (2010) Adv. Mater., 22, pp. 441-467; 
Schlenoff, J.B., Retrospective on the future of polyelectrolyte multilayers (2009) Langmuir, 25, pp. 14007-14010; 
Ariga, K., Hill, J.P., Ji, Q.M., Layer-by-layer assembly as a versatile bottom-up nanofabrication technique for exploratory research and realistic application (2007) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, pp. 2319-2340; 
Meng, S., Liu, Z., Shen, L., Guo, Z., Chou, L.L., Zhong, W., Du, Q., Ge, J., The effect of a layer-by-layer chitosan-heparin coating on the endothelialization and coagulation properties of a coronary stent system (2009) Biomaterials, 30, pp. 2276-2283; 
De Geest, B.G., Jonas, A.M., Demeester, J., De Smedt, S.C., Glucose-responsive polyelectrolyte capsules (2006) Langmuir, 22 (11), pp. 5070-5074. , DOI 10.1021/la053368o; 
Dimitrova, M., Affolter, C., Meyer, F., Nguyen, I., Richard, D.G., Schuster, C., Bartenschlager, R., Baumert, T.F., Sustained delivery of siRNAs targeting viral infection by celldegradable multilayered polyelectrolyte films (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105, pp. 16320-16325; 
Crouzier, T., Ren, K., Nicolas, C., Roy, C., Picart, C., Layer-bylayer films as a biomimetic reservoir for rhBMP-2 delivery: Controlled differentiation of myoblasts to osteoblasts (2009) Small, 5, pp. 598-608; 
He, L., Dexter, A.F., Middelberg, A.P.J., Biomolecular engineering at interfaces (2006) Chemical Engineering Science, 61 (3), pp. 989-1003. , DOI 10.1016/j.ces.2005.05.064, PII S000925090500518X, Biomolecular Engineering; 
Chua, P.H., Neoh, K.G., Shi, Z., Kang, E.T., Structural stability and bioapplicability assessment of hyaluronic acid-chitosan polyelectrolyte multilayers on titanium substrates (2008) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part A, 87 A, pp. 1061-1074; 
Decher, G., Fuzzy nanoassemblies: Toward layered polymeric multicomposites (1997) Science, 277 (5330), pp. 1232-1237. , DOI 10.1126/science.277.5330.1232; 
Ozin, G.A., Hou, K., Lotsch, B.V., Cademartiri, L., Puzzo, D.P., Scotognella, F., Ghadimi, A., Thomson, J., Nanofabrication by selfassembly (2009) Mater. Today, 12, pp. 12-23; 
Dubas, S.T., Schlenoff, J.B., Factors controlling the growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers (1999) Macromolecules, 32 (24), pp. 8153-8160. , DOI 10.1021/ma981927a; 
Kumar, M.N.V.R., Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Muzzarelli, C., Sashiwa, H., Domb, A.J., Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives (2004) Chemical Reviews, 104 (12), pp. 6017-6084. , DOI 10.1021/cr030441b; 
Yi, H., Wu, L.-Q., Bentley, W.E., Ghodssi, R., Rubloff, G.W., Culver, J.N., Payne, G.F., Biofabrication with chitosan (2005) Biomacromolecules, 6 (6), pp. 2881-2894. , DOI 10.1021/bm050410l; 
Berger, J., Reist, M., Mayer, J.M., Felt, O., Gurny, R., Structure and interactions in chitosan hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications (2004) European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 57 (1), pp. 35-52. , DOI 10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00160-7; 
Rinaudo, M., Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications (2006) Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford), 31 (7), pp. 603-632. , DOI 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001, PII S0079670006000530; 
Sogias, I.A., Khutoryanskiy, V.V., Williams, A.C., Exploring the factors affecting the solubility of chitosan in water (2010) Macromol. Chem. Phys., 211, pp. 426-433; 
Sorlier, P., Denuziere, A., Viton, C., Domard, A., Relation between the degree of acetylation and the electrostatic properties of chitin and chitosan (2001) Biomacromolecules, 2 (3), pp. 765-772. , DOI 10.1021/bm015531+; 
Krayukhina, M.A., Samoilova, N.A., Yamskov, I.A., Polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan: Formation, properties, and applications (2008) Usp. Khim., 77, pp. 854-869; 
Buescher, J.M., Margaritis, A., Microbial biosynthesis of polyglutamic acid biopolymer and applications in the biopharmaceutical, biomedical and food industries (2007) Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 27 (1), pp. 1-19. , DOI 10.1080/07388550601166458, PII 773236840; 
Shih, I.L., Van, Y.T., Shen, M.H., Biomedical applications of chemically and microbiologically synthesized poly(glutamic acid) and poly(lysine) (2004) Mini-Rev. Med. Chem., 4, pp. 179-188; 
Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M., Amino acids peptides and proteins (2005) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, pp. 78-79. , 4th ed.; W. H. Freeman and Company: New York; 
Edde, B., Rossier, J., Lecaer, J.P., Desbruyeres, E., Gros, F., Denoulet, P., Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin (1990) Science, 247, pp. 83-85; 
Candela, T., Fouet, A., Poly-γ-glutamate in bacteria (2006) Mol. Microbiol., 60, pp. 1091-1098; 
Rhie, G.-E., Roehrl, M.H., Mourez, M., Collier, R.J., Mekalanos, J.J., Wang, J.Y., A dually active anthrax vaccine that confers protection against both bacilli and toxins (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100 (19), pp. 10925-10930. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.1834478100; 
Schneerson, R., Kubler-Kielb, J., Liu, T.-Y., Dai, Z.-D., Leppla, S.H., Yergey, A., Backlund, P., Robbins, J.B., Poly(γ-D-glutamic acid) protein conjugates induce IgG antibodies in mice to the capsule of Bacillus anthracis: A potential addition to the anthrax vaccine (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100 (15), pp. 8945-8950. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.1633512100; 
Prescott, A.G., Stock II, L.R., (2005) Method for Producing Medical and Commercial Grade Poly-γ-glutamic Acid of High Molecular Weight, , U. S. Patent 20050095679; 
Prodhomme, E.J.F., Tutt, A.L., Glennie, M.J., Bugg, T.D.H., Multivalent Conjugates of Poly-γ-D-glutamic Acid from Bacillus licheniformis with Antibody F(abβ) and Glycopeptide Ligands (2003) Bioconjugate Chemistry, 14 (6), pp. 1148-1155. , DOI 10.1021/bc020019m; 
Sutherland, M.D., Thorkildson, P., Parks, S.D., Kozel, T.R., In vivo fate and distribution of poly-γ-D-glutamic acid, the capsular antigen from Bacillus anthracis (2008) Infection and Immunity, 76 (3), pp. 899-906. , DOI 10.1128/IAI.01176-07; 
Serizawa, T., Goto, H., Kishida, A., Endo, T., Akashi, M., Improved alternate deposition of biodegradable naturally occurring polymers onto a quartz crystal microbalance (1999) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 37, pp. 801-804; 
Tachaboonyakiat, W., Serizawa, T., Endo, T., Akashi, M., The influence of molecular weight over the ultrathin films of biodegradable polyion complexes between chitosan and poly(γ-glutamic acid) (2000) Polym. J., 32, pp. 481-485; 
Hsieh, C.Y., Tsai, S.P., Wang, D.M., Chang, Y.N., Hsieh, H.J., Preparation of γ-PGA/chitosan composite tissue engineering matrices (2005) Biomaterials, 26, pp. 5617-5623; 
Kang, H.S., Park, S.H., Lee, Y.G., Son, T.I., Polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel composed of chitosan and poly(γ-glutamic acid) for biological application: Preparation, physical properties, and cytocompatibility (2007) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 103, pp. 386-394; 
Tsao, C.T., Chang, C.H., Lin, Y.Y., Wu, M.F., Wang, J.L., Han, J.L., Hsieh, K.H., Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of a chitosan-γ- poly(glutamic acid) polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel (2010) Carbohydr. Res., 345, pp. 1774-1780; 
Hajdu, I., Bodnar, M., Filipcsei, G., Hartmann, J.F., Daroczi, L., Zrinyi, M., Borbely, J., Nanoparticles prepared by self-assembly of chitosan and poly-γ-glutamic acid (2008) Colloid Polym. Sci., 286, pp. 343-350; 
Lin, Y.H., Chung, C.K., Chen, C.T., Liang, H.F., Chen, S.C., Sung, H.W., Preparation of nanoparticles composed of chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid and evaluation of their permeability through Caco-2 cells (2005) Biomacromolecules, 6, pp. 1104-1112; 
Imoto, T., Kida, T., Matsusaki, M., Akashi, M., Preparation and unique pH-responsive properties of novel biodegradable nanocapsules composed of poly(γ-glutamic acid) and chitosan as weak polyelectrolytes (2010) Macromol. Biosci., 10, pp. 271-277; 
Crompton, K.E., Goud, J.D., Bellamkonda, R.V., Gengenbach, T.R., Finkelstein, D.I., Horne, M.K., Forsythe, J.S., Polylysine-functionalised thermoresponsive chitosan hydrogel for neural tissue engineering (2007) Biomaterials, 28 (3), pp. 441-449. , DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.044, PII S0142961206007642; 
Brugnerotto, J., Lizardi, J., Goycoolea, F.M., Arguelles-Monal, W., Desbrieres, J., Rinaudo, M., An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization (2001) Polymer, 42, pp. 3569-3580; 
Terbojevich, M., Cosani, A., Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Molecular parameters of chitosans depolymerized with the aid of papain (1996) Carbohydrate Polymers, 29 (1), pp. 63-68. , DOI 10.1016/0144-8617(95)00147-6; 
Kunioka, M., Goto, A., Biosynthesis of poly(γ-glutamic acid) from L-glutamic acid, citric acid, and ammonium sulfate in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 (1994) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 40 (6), pp. 867-872. , DOI 10.1007/s002530050082; 
Kubota, H., Matsunobu, T., Uotani, K., Takebe, H., Satoh, A., Tanaka, T., Taniguchi, M., Production of poly(γ-glutamic acid) by Bacillus subtilis F-2-01 (1993) Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 57, pp. 1212-1213; 
Ashiuchi, M., Soda, K., Misono, H., A poly-γ-glutamate synthetic system of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336: Gene cloning and biochemical analysis of poly-γ-glutamate produced by Escherichia coli clone cells (1999) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 263 (1), pp. 6-12. , DOI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1298; 
Yamaguchi, F., Ogawa, Y., Kikuchi, M., Yuasa, K., Motai, H., Detection of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) by SDS-PAGE (1996) Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 60, pp. 255-258; 
Scolnik, Y., Portnaya, I., Cogan, U., Tal, S., Haimovitz, R., Fridkin, M., Elitzur, A.C., Shinitzky, M., Subtle differences in structural transitions between poly-L-and poly-D-amino acids of equal length in water (2006) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, pp. 333-339; 
Martins, M.C.L., Ratner, B.D., Barbosa, M.A., Protein adsorption on mixtures of hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated alkanethiols self-assembled monolayers (2003) Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, 67 (1), pp. 158-171; 
Gehanno, V., Freitas, P.P., Veloso, A., Ferreira, J., Almeida, B., Sousa, J.B., Kling, A., Da Silva, M.F., Ion beam deposition of Mn-Ir spin valves (1999) IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 35 (5 PART 3), pp. 4361-4367. , DOI 10.1109/20.799086; 
Ambrosio, L., Borzacchiello, A., Netti, P.A., Nicolais, L., Properties of new materials: Rheological study on hyaluronic acid and its derivative solutions (1999) Journal of Macromolecular Science - Pure and Applied Chemistry, 36 A (7-8), pp. 991-1000; 
Horcas, I., Fernandez, R., Gomez-Rodriguez, J.M., Colchero, J., Gomez-Herrero, J., Baro, A.M., WSXM: A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology (2007) Rev. Sci. Instrum., 78, p. 1; 
Martins, M.C.L., Ochoa-Mendes, V., Ferreira, G., Barbosa, J.N., Curtin, S.A., Ratner, B.D., Barbosa, M.A., Interactions of leukocytes and platelets with poly(lysine/leucine) immobilized on tetraethylene glycol-terminated self-assembled monolayers (2011) Acta Biomater., 7, pp. 1949-1955; 
Werner, C., Konig, U., Augsburg, A., Arnhold, C., Korber, H., Zimmermann, R., Jacobasch, H.-J., Electrokinetic surface characterization of biomedical polymers - A survey (1999) Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 159 (2-3), pp. 519-529. , DOI 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00290-3, PII S0927775799002903; 
Fairbrother, F., Mastin, H., Studies in electro-endosmosis part I (1924) J. Chem. Soc., 125, pp. 2319-2330; 
Voinova, M.V., Rodahl, M., Jonson, M., Kasemo, B., Viscoelastic acoustic response of layered polymer films at fluid-solid interfaces: Continuum mechanics approach (1999) Phy. Scr., 59, pp. 391-396; 
Hook, F., Kasemo, B., Variations in coupled water, viscoelastic properties, and film thickness of a Mefp-1 protein film during adsorption and cross-linking: A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry, and surface plasmon resonance study (2001) Analytical Chemistry, 73 (24), pp. 5796-5804. , DOI 10.1021/ac0106501; 
Hook, F., Rodahl, M., Brzezinski, P., Kasemo, B., Measurements using the quartz crystal microbalance technique of ferritin monolayers on methyl-thiolated gold: Dependence of energy dissipation and saturation coverage on salt concentration (1998) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 208 (1), pp. 63-67. , DOI 10.1006/jcis.1998.5774; 
Larsson, C., Rodahl, M., Hook, F., Characterization of DNA immobilization and subsequent hybridization on a 2D arrangement of streptavidin on a biotin-modified lipid bilayer supported on SiO 2 (2003) Analytical Chemistry, 75 (19), pp. 5080-5087. , DOI 10.1021/ac034269n; 
Sauerbrey, G., Verwendung von schwingquarzen zur wagung dunner schichten und zur mikrowagung (1959) Z. Phys., 155, pp. 206-222; 
Schlenoff, J.B., Dubas, S.T., Mechanism of polyelectrolyte multilayer growth: Charge overcompensation and distribution (2001) Macromolecules, 34 (3), pp. 592-598. , DOI 10.1021/ma0003093; 
Kim, D.K., Han, S.W., Kim, C.H., Hong, J.D., Kim, K., Morphology of multilayers assembled by electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged model polyelectrolytes (1999) Thin Solid Films, 350, pp. 153-160; 
Picart, C., Lavalle, Ph., Hubert, P., Cuisinier, F.J.G., Decher, G., Schaaf, P., Voegel, J.-C., Buildup mechanism for poly(L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid films onto a solid surface (2001) Langmuir, 17 (23), pp. 7414-7424. , DOI 10.1021/la010848g; 
Richert, L., Lavalle, P., Payan, E., Shu, X.Z., Prestwich, G.D., Stoltz, J.F., Schaaf, P., Picart, C., Layer by layer buildup of polysaccharide films: Physical chemistry and cellular adhesion aspects (2004) Langmuir, 20, pp. 448-458; 
Tsao, C.T., Hang, C.H., Lin, Y.Y., Wu, M.F., Wang, J.L., Young, T.H., Han, J.L., Hsieh, K.H., Evaluation of chitosan/γ-poly(glutamic acid) polyelectrolyte complex for wound dressing materials (2011) Carbohydr. Polym., 84, pp. 812-819; 
Bonazzola, C., Calvo, E.J., A Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy study of redox polyelectrolyte films (2003) Langmuir, 19, pp. 5279-5286; 
Boulmedais, F., Ball, V., Schwinte, P., Frisch, B., Schaaf, P., Voegel, J.C., Buildup of exponentially growing multilayer polypeptide films with internal secondary structure (2003) Langmuir, 19, pp. 440-445; 
Boulmedais, F., Bozonnet, M., Schwinte, P., Voegel, J.C., Schaaf, P., Multilayered polypeptide films: Secondary structures and effect of various stresses (2003) Langmuir, 19, pp. 9873-9882; 
He, L.M., Neu, M.P., Vanderberg, L.A., Bacillus lichenformis γ-glutamyl exopolymer: Physicochemical characterization and U(VI) interaction (2000) Environmental Science and Technology, 34 (9), pp. 1694-1701. , DOI 10.1021/es991119e; 
Chan, Y.H.M., Schweiss, R., Werner, C., Grunze, M., Electrokinetic characterization of oligo-and poly(ethylene glycol)-terminated self-assembled monolayers on gold and glass surfaces (2003) Langmuir, 19, pp. 7380-7385; 
Giesbers, M., Kleijn, J.M., Cohen Stuart, M.A., The electrical double layer on gold probed by electrokinetic and surface force measurements (2002) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 248 (1), pp. 88-95. , DOI 10.1006/jcis.2001.8144; 
Schlenoff, J.B., Ly, H., Li, M., Charge and mass balance in polyelectrolyte multilayers (1998) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120 (30), pp. 7626-7634. , DOI 10.1021/ja980350+; 
Rodahl, M., Hook, F., Fredriksson, C., Keller, C.A., Krozer, A., Brzezinski, P., Voinova, M., Kasemo, B., Simultaneous frequency and dissipation factor QCM measurements of biomolecular adsorption and cell adhesion (1997) Faraday Discussions, 107, pp. 229-246; 
Guzman, E., San Miguel, V., Peinado, C., Ortega, F., Rubio, R.C., Polyelectrolyte multilayers containing triblock copolymers of different charge ratio (2010) Langmuir, 26, pp. 11494-11502; 
Salomaki, M., Laiho, T., Kankare, J., Counteranion-controlled properties of polyelectrolyte multilayers (2004) Macromolecules, 37 (25), pp. 9585-9590. , DOI 10.1021/ma048701u; 
Dutta, A.K., Nayak, A., Belfort, G., Viscoelastic properties of adsorbed and cross-linked polypeptide and protein layers at a solidliquid interface (2008) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 324, pp. 55-60
},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {4183 - 4195},
	abstract = {Chitosan (Ch) is a nontoxic and biocompatible polysaccharide extensively used in biomedical applications. Ch, as a polycation, can be combined with anionic polymers by layer-bylayer (LbL) self-assembly, giving rise to multilayered complexed architectures. These structures can be used in tissue engineering strategies, as drug delivery systems, or artificial matrices mimicking the extracellular microenvironment. In this work, Ch was combined with poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA). γ-PGA is a polyanion, which was microbially produced, and is known for its low immunogenic reaction and low cytotoxicity. Multilayered ultrathin films were assembled by LbL, with a maximum of six layers. The interaction between both polymers was analyzed by: ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and zeta potential measurements. Ch/γ-PGA polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) revealed no cytotoxicity according to ISO 10993-5. Overall, this study demonstrates that Ch can interact electrostatically with γ-PGA forming multilayered films. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive characterization of Ch/γ-PGA PEM structures, elucidating the contribution of each layer for the nanostructured films. These model surfaces can be useful substrates to study cell-biomaterial interactions in tissue regeneration. {\textcopyright} 2011 American Chemical Society.},
	keywords = {Amino acids, Anionic polymers, article, Atomic force microscopy, Atomic spectroscopy, Biocompatible Materials, Biocompatible polysaccharides, Biomaterials, Biomedical applications, Cell-biomaterial interactions, chemical interaction, chitosan, controlled study, Cytotoxicity, Drug delivery, drug delivery system, Drug Delivery Systems, Electrolytes, ellipsometry, enzyme activity, Extracellular, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Glutamic acid, immunogenicity, infrared spectroscopy, Layer by layer self assembly, Medical applications, microenvironment, Microenvironments, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Model surface, Models, Molecular, Multi-layered, Multi-layered films, Multilayers, nanofilm, Nanostructured Films, polyanion, Polyanions, Polycations, polyelectrolyte, Polyelectrolyte complexes, Polyelectrolyte multilayer, Polyelectrolytes, Polyethylenes, polyglutamic acid, Polymers, priority journal, Programmed control systems, Quartz, quartz crystal microbalance, Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, Self assembly, Tissue, Tissue engineering, Tissue regeneration, Ultrathin films, Viscoelastic Substances, Zeta potential, Zeta potential measurements},
	isbn = {15257797 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856258191\&partnerID=40\&md5=8ba447b7a45e8004e5b3aa3d5cff2404},
	author = {Antunes, J.C. and Pereira, C.L. and Molinos, M. and Ferreira-da-Silva, F. and Dessi, M. and Gloria, A. and Ambrosio, L. and Gonca̧lves, R.M. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2335,
	title = {Data classification with multilayer perceptrons using a generalized error function},
	journal = {Neural NetworksNeural Netw.},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 6Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: NNETEdoi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2008.04.004PubMed ID: 18572384Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, L.M.; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Porto, Portugal; email: lmsilva@fe.up.ptReferences: Baum, E.B., Wilczek, F., Supervised learning of probability distributions by neural networks (1987) NIPS, pp. 52-61. , Anderson D.Z. (Ed), American Institute of Physics;Bishop, C., (1995) Neural networks for pattern recognition, , Oxford University Press; 
Blake, C., \& Merz, C. (1998). UCI repository of machine learning databases. University of California, Irvine, Dept. of Information and Computer SciencesForina, M., Armanino, C., Eigenvector projection and simplified non-linear mapping of fatty acid content of italian olive oils (1981) Annali di Chimica (Rome), 50, pp. 127-155; 
Gish, H. (1990). A probabilistic approach to the understanding and training of neural network classifiers. In Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processingHampshire, J., Waibel, A., A novel objective function for improved phoneme recognition using time-delay neural networks (1990) IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1 (2), pp. 216-228; 
Hinton, G.E., Connectionist learning procedures (1989) Artificial Intelligence, 40 (1-3), pp. 185-234; 
Jacobs, R., Jordan, M., Nowlan, S., Hinton, G., Adaptive mixtures of local experts (1991) Neural Computation, 3, pp. 79-87; 
M{\o}ller, M. (1993). Efficient training of feed-forward neural networks. Ph.D. thesis. Computer Science Department - Aarhus UniversityMarques de S{\'a}, J., (2001) Pattern recognition: Concepts, methods and applications, , Springer Verlag; 
Matsuoka, K., \& Yi, J. (1991). Backpropagation based on the logarithmic error function and elimination of local minima. In Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE international joint conference on neural networksRichard, M., Lippmann, R., Neural network classifiers estimate bayesian a posteriori probabilities (1991) Neural Computation, 3, pp. 461-483; 
Santos, J., Alexandre, L., \& Marques~de S{\'a}, J. (2004). The error entropy minimization algorithm for neural network classification. In int. conf. on recent advances in soft computingSilva, L., Alexandre, L., Marques de S{\'a}, J., Neural network classification: Maximizing zero-error density (2005) LNCS, 3686, pp. 127-135. , ICAPR 2005; 
Silva, L., Alexandre, L.A., \& Marques~de S{\'a}, J. (2006). New developments of the Z-EDM algorithm. In Proceedings of the sixth international conference intelligent systems design and applications: Vol.~1 (pp. 1067-1072)Silva, L., Marques~de S{\'a}, J., \& Alexandre, L. (2005). Neural network classification using Shannon{\textquoteright}s entropy. In European symposium on artificial neural networksSilverman, B., (1986) Density estimation for statistics and data analysis, , Chapman \& Hall; 
Solla, S.A., Levin, E., Fleisher, M., Accelerated learning in layered neural networks (1988) Complex Systems, 2 (6), pp. 625-639
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {1302 - 1310},
	abstract = {The learning process of a multilayer perceptron requires the optimization of an error function E (y, t) comparing the predicted output, y, and the observed target, t. We review some usual error functions, analyze their mathematical properties for data classification purposes, and introduce a new one, E                        Exp, inspired by the Z-EDM algorithm that we have recently proposed. An important property of E
                        Exp is its ability to emulate the behavior of other error functions by the sole adjustment of a real-valued parameter. In other words, E
                        Exp is a sort of generalized error function embodying complementary features of other functions. The experimental results show that the flexibility of the new, generalized, error function allows one to obtain the best results achievable with the other functions with a performance improvement in some cases. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {algorithm, Algorithms, analytical error, article, calculation, Classification, Complementary features, Cybernetics, data analysis, Data classification, Data classifications, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Electric loads, entropy, Error functions, learning, Learning processes, mathematical analysis, Mathematical properties, Models, Statistical, Multilayer neural networks, Multilayer perceptron, Multilayer perceptrons, Multilayers, Neural networks, Neural Networks (Computer), Pattern recognition systems, perceptron, Performance improvements, priority journal, Probability density function},
	isbn = {08936080 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54449100428\&partnerID=40\&md5=30f8de18c0272f4a440395045bd3c164},
	author = {Silva, L.M. and Marques de S{\'a}, J. and Alexandre, L.A.}
}
@book {2331,
	title = {The influence of the risk functional in data classification with MLPs},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.},
	volume = {5163 LNCS},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Conference code: 73798Cited By (since 1996): 2Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: Scopusdoi: 10.1007/978-3-540-87536-9_20Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Silva, L. M.; INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Divis{\~a}o de Sinal e Imagem, Campus FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 - 465 Porto, Portugal; email: lmsilva@fe.up.ptReferences: Silva, L.M., Alexandre, L.A., Marques de S{\'a}, J.: Data classification with multilayer perceptrons using a generalized error function. Neural Networks (2008) doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2008.04,004Erdogmus, D., Principe, J.C., Generalized information potential criterion for adaptive system training (2002) IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 13 (5), pp. 1035-1044;Erdogmus, D., Principe, J.C., An Error-Entropy Minimization Algorithm for Supervised Training of Nonlinear Adaptive Systems (2002) IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 50 (7), pp. 1780-1786; 
Santos, J.M., Alexandre, L.A., Marques de S{\'a}, J., The Error Entropy Minimization Algorithm for Neural Network Classification (2004) Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Soft Computing, , Nottingham, United Kingdom; 
Duda, R., Hart, P., Stork, D., (2001) Pattern Classification, , Wiley-Interscience, Chichester; 
Newman, D., Hettich, S., Blake, C., Merz, C., (1998) UCI repository of machine learning databases; 
Baum, E.B., Haussler, D., What size net gives valid generalization? (1990) Neural Computation, 1 (1), pp. 151-160; 
Santos, J.M., Marques de S{\'a}, J., Alexandre, L.A., Neural Networks Trained with the EEM Algorithm: Tuning the Smoothing Parameter (2005) WSEAS Transactions on Systems, 4 (4), pp. 295-300; 
Marques de S{\'a}, J., (2007) Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R, , 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg; 
Embrechts, M.J., Szymanski, B., Sternickel, M., Introduction to Scientific Data Mining: Direct Kernel Methods and Applications (2004) Computationally Intelligent Hybrid Systems, pp. 317-363. , ch. 10, pp, Wiley Interscience, Chichester; 
Bennett, K.P., Embrechts, M.J., An Optimization Perspective on Kernel Partial Least Squares Regression (2003) Models and Applications. NATO Science Series, 3, pp. 227-249. , Advances in Learning Theory: Methods, 190, pp, IOS Press, Amsterdam; 
Suykens, J.A.K., Vandewalle, J., Least squares support vector machine classifiers (1999) Neural Processing Letters, 9 (3), pp. 293-300; 
Suykens, J.A.K., Gestel, T.V., Brabanter, J.D., Moor, B.D., Vandewalle, J., (2003) Least Squares Support Vector Machines, , World Scientific Pub. Co, Singapore; 
Keerthi, S.S., Shevade, S.K., SMO algorithm for least squares SVM formulations (2003) Neural Computation, 15, pp. 487-507; 
Cristianini, N., Shawe-Taylor, J., (2000) Support Vector Machines and Other KernelBased Learning Methods, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 
Vapnik, V., (1998) Statistical Learning Theory, , Wiley-Interscience, Chichester; 
Sch{\"o}lkopf, B., Smola, A.J., (2002) Learning with Kernels, , MIT Press, Cambridge
},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {185 - 194},
	address = {Prague},
	abstract = {We investigate the capability of multilayer perceptrons using specific risk functionals attaining the minimum probability of error (optimal performance) achievable by the class of mappings implemented by the multilayer perceptron (MLP). For that purpose we have carried out a large set of experiments using different risk functionals and datasets. The experiments were rigorously controlled so that any performance difference could only be attributed to the different risk functional being used. Statistical analysis was also conducted in a careful way. From the several conclusions that can be drawn from our experimental results it is worth to emphasize that a risk functional based on a specially tuned exponentially weighted distance attained the best performance in a large variety of datasets. As to the issue of attaining the minimum probability of error we also carried out classification experiments using non-MLP classifiers that implement complex mappings and are known to provide the best results until this date. These experiments have provided evidence that at least in many cases, by using an adequate risk functional, it will be possible to reach the optimal performance. {\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008.},
	keywords = {Backpropagation, Complex mapping, Data classification, Data sets, Electric loads, Experiments, Functionals, Minimum probability of error, MLP classifiers, Multi layer perceptron, Multi-layer perceptrons, Multilayer neural networks, Multilayers, Optimal performance, Pattern recognition systems, Probability density function, risks, Statistical analysis, Weighted distance},
	isbn = {03029743 (ISSN); 3540875352 (ISBN); 9783540875352 (ISBN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58849129862\&partnerID=40\&md5=d9d0d90a540a21b191eebbf1956ed6e9},
	author = {Silva, L.M. and Embrechts, M. and Santos, J.M. and De S{\'a}, J.M.}
}
@article {2482,
	title = {Fabrication of alternating polycation and albumin multilayer coating onto stainless steel by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption},
	journal = {Colloids and Surfaces B: BiointerfacesColloids Surf. B Biointerfaces},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 17Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: CSBBEdoi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2003.12.015PubMed ID: 15261073Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ji, J.; Department of Polymer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; email: jianji@mail.hz.zj.cnChemicals/CAS: iodine 125, 14158-31-7, 22822-81-7; polyethyleneimine, 74913-72-7; stainless steel, 12597-68-1; Albumins; Lipid Bilayers; Polyamines; polycations; Polyethyleneimine, 9002-98-6; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1References: Thomann, U.I., Uggowitzer, P.J., (2000) Wear, 239, p. 48;Cheatham, J., (2001) Prog. Pediat. Cardiol., 14, p. 95; 
Donachie, M., (1998) Adv. Mater. Process, 154, p. 63; 
Bertrand, P., (2000) Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, p. 319; 
Ulman, A., (1996) Chem. Rev., 96, p. 1533; 
Sano, M., Lvov, Y., Kunitake, T., (1996) Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 26, p. 153; 
Laschewsky, A., (1997) Eur. Chem. Chronicle (ECC), 2, p. 13; 
Decher, G., (1997) Science, 277, p. 1232; 
Yoo, D., Seimei, S., Michael, F.R., (1998) Macromolecules, 31, p. 4309; 
Picart, C., Lavalle, Ph., Hubert, P., Cuisinier, F.J.G., Decher, G., Schaaf, P., Voegel, J.-C., (2001) Langmuir, 17, p. 7414; 
Houska, M., Brynda, E., (1997) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 188, p. 243; 
Brynda, E., Houska, M., (1996) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 183, p. 18; 
Lu, C.H., Luo, C.Q., Cao, W.X., (2002) Colloids Surf. B: Biointerf., 25, p. 19; 
Keogh, R.J., Eaton, J.W., (1994) J. Lab. Clin. Med., 124, p. 537; 
Munro, M.S., (1981) Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs, 27, p. 499; 
Brynda, E., Houska, M., (2000) Protein Architecture: Interfacing Molecular Assemblies and Immobilization, pp. 251-285. , Y. Lvov, H. Moehwald (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York; 
Keogh, J.R., Velander, F.F., Eaton, W., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 441; 
Ji, J., Feng, L., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, p. 3015; 
Lopez, G.P., Ratner, B.D., Tidwell, C.D., Haycox, C.L., Rapoza, R.J., Horbett, T.A., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 415; 
Horbett, T.A., Techniques for protein adsorption studies (1986) Techniques of Biocompatibility Tests, 2, pp. 183-214. , D.F. Williams (Ed.), CRC Press, Harcover; 
Cheng, Z., Cheng, L., Dong, S., Yang, X., (2001) J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, p. 227; 
Lima, J., (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 55, p. 45; 
Iodine-125, a Guide to Radioiodination Techniques (1993) Amersham Life Sci., p. 64; 
Takahara, A., Jo, N.J., Kajiyama, T., (1989) J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 1, p. 17; 
Haynes, C.A., Norde, W., (1994) Colloids Surf. B: Biointerf., 2, p. 517; 
Ladam, G., Gergely, C., Senger, B., Decher, G., Voegel, J.C., Schaaf, P., Cuisinier, F.J.G., (2000) Biomacromolecules, 1, p. 674; 
Ladam, G., Schaaf, P., Cuisinier, F.J.G., Decher, G., Voegel, J.C., (2001) Langmuir, 17, p. 878; 
Bertrand, P., Jonas, A., Laschewsky, A., Legras, R., (2000) Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, p. 319
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {185 - 190},
	abstract = {Multilayer films consisting of polyethylenimine (PEI) and albumin were successfully prepared on biomedical 316L stainless steel surface via electrostatic self-assembly of the PEI and albumin. The process of electrostatic self-assembly of PEI/albumin was monitored by                        125I radiolabeling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The EIS data revealed that the multilayer coating was stable in Tris-HCl (pH 7.35) buffer solution for 21 days. 
                        125I radiolabeling experiments indicated that less than 10\% albumin was eluted by PBS in 45 days. Static platelet adhesion experiments indicated that the PEI/albumin deposited on stainless steel could resist platelet adhesion effectively. Such an easy processing and shape-independent method may have good potential for surface modification of cardiovascular devices. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Adsorption, Albumin, Albumins, article, Atomic force microscopy, Cardiovascular devices, Chemical modification, Coatings, Electric Impedance, Electric Potential, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, Electrons, Electrostatics, film coating, iodine 125, isotope labeling, Layer-by-layer, Lipid Bilayers, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Multilayers, Nonthrombogenic, pH effects, Platelet Adhesiveness, Polyamines, polycation, Polycations, Polyethyleneimine, priority journal, Proteins, Self assembly, Spectroscopy, Spectrum Analysis, Stainless steel, Surface modification, Surface Properties, surface property, Surface treatment, thrombocyte adhesion},
	isbn = {09277765 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642271404\&partnerID=40\&md5=29885596e6efdc7afcc5b2fdd57317be},
	author = {Ji, J. and Tan, Q. and Fan, D.-Z. and Sun, F.-Y. and Barbosa, M.A. and Shen, J.}
}
@article {2500,
	title = {Fabrication of alternating polycation and albumin multilayer coating by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption},
	journal = {Journal of Materials ScienceJ Mater Sci},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JMTSAdoi: 10.1023/B:JMSC.0000008087.71937.71Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ji, J.; Department of Polymer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; email: jianji@mail.hz.zj.cnReferences: Bertrand, P., Jonas, A., Laschewsky, A., (2000) Macr. Rap. Comm., 21, p. 319;Ulman, A., (1996) Chem. Rev., 96, p. 1533; 
Sano, M., Lvov, Y., Kunitake, T., (1996) Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 26, p. 153; 
Houska, M., Brynda, E., (1997) J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 188, p. 243; 
Brynda, E., Houska, M., (1996) J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 183, p. 18; 
Keogh, R.J., Eaton, J.W., (1994) J. Lab. Clin. Med., 124, p. 537; 
Keogh, J.R., Velander, F.F., Eaton, W., (1992) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, p. 441; 
Ji, J., Feng, L.X., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, p. 3015; 
Cheng, Z., Cheng, L., Dong, S., Yang, X., (2001) J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, pp. E227
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {349 - 351},
	abstract = {The construction of albumin multilayers via the electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) method was explored. Based on the results, it was possible to develop a fast, easy processing and shape-independent method for nonthrombogenic coating.},
	keywords = {Adhesion, Adsorption, Albumin, Biocompatibility, Biological materials, Biopolymers, Blood, Charge transfer, Chemical bonds, Covalent binding, Desorption, Electron transfer, Electron transfer resistance, Electrostatic layer by layer adsorption, Electrostatics, Multilayers, polycation, Positive ions, Spectroscopic analysis, Static platelet adhesion},
	isbn = {00222461 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0842312335\&partnerID=40\&md5=90716a579ba430045f75ca682551d418},
	author = {Ji, J. and Tan, Q. and Fan, D.-Z. and Sun, Y.-F. and Barbosa, M.A. and Shen, J.}
}
@article {2472,
	title = {Human serum albumin adsorption on TiO                    2 from single protein solutions and from plasma
},
	journal = {LangmuirLangmuir},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 58Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: LANGDdoi: 10.1021/la049158dPubMed ID: 15491210Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Sousa, S.R.; Inst. de Engenharia Biom{\'e}dica, Laborat{\'o}rio Biomateriais, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; email: ssousa@ibmc.up.ptChemicals/CAS: serum albumin, 9048-46-8; titanium dioxide, 1317-70-0, 1317-80-2, 13463-67-7, 51745-87-0; titanium, 7440-32-6; Serum Albumin; Solutions; titanium dioxide, 13463-67-7; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Nakabayashi, N., Iwasaki, Y., (2000) European White Book on Fundamental Research in Materials Science, pp. pp70-71. , R{\"u}hle, M., Dosch, H., Mittemeijer, E. J.Van de Voorde, M. H., Eds.; Max Plank Institut fur Metallforschung: Stuttgart, Germany;Windler, M., Klabunde, R., (2001) Titanium in Medicine; Material Science, Surface Science, Engineering, Biological Responses and Medical Applications, pp. 703-746. , Brunette, D. M., Tengvall, P., Textor, M., Thomsen, P., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany; 
Larsson, C., Esposito, M., Liao, H., Thomsen, P., (2001) Titanium in Medicine: Material Science, Surface Science, Engineering, Biological Responses and Medical Applications, pp. 587-648. , Brunette, D.M., Tengvall, P., Textor, M., Thomsen, P., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany; 
Tengvall, P., Lundstrom, I., (1992) Clin. Mater., 9, pp. 116-134; 
Ostumi, E., Chapman, R.G., Liang, M.N., Meluleni, G., Pier, G., Ingberg, D.E., Whitesides, G.M., (2001) Langmuir, 17, pp. 6336-6343; 
Gehanno, V., Freitas, P.P., Ferreira, J., Almeida, B., Sousa, J.B., Kling, A., Soares, J.C., Silva, M.F., (1999) IEEE Trans. Magn., 35, pp. 4361-4367; 
Owens, D.K., Wendt, E.C., (1969) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 13, pp. 1741-1747; 
Kerkeb, M.L., Gonz{\'a}lez-Caballero, F., Chibowski, E., (1993) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 159, pp. 439-443; 
(1993) A Guide to Radioiodination Techniques; Amersham Life Science: Little Chalfont, p. 64. , Iodine-125, Buckinghamshire, U.K; 
Lima, J., Sousa, S.R., Ferreira, A., Barbosa, M.A., (2001) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 55, pp. 45-53; 
Williams, D.F., Askill, I.N., Smith, R., (1985) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 19, pp. 313-320; 
Sheardown, H., Cornelius, R.M., Brash, J.L., (1997) Colloids Surf., B, 10, pp. 29-33; 
Du, Y.J., Cornelius, R.M., Brash, J.L., (2000) Colloids Surf., 17, pp. 59-67; 
Yu, X.J., Brash, J.L., (1993) Test Procedures for the Blood Compatibility of Biomaterials, pp. 287-330. , Dawids, S., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 
Smith, P.K., Krohn, R.I., Hermanson, G.T., Mallia, A.K., Gartner, F.H., Provenzano, M.D., Fujimoto, E.K., Klenk, D.C., (1985) Anal. Biochem., 150, pp. 76-85; 
Shirkhanzadeh, M., (1996) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, pp. 206-210; 
Kilpadi, D.V., Raikar, G.N., Liu, J., Lemons, J.E., Vohra, Y., Gregory, J.C., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 40, pp. 646-659; 
Lausmaa, J., Kasemo, B., Mattsson, H., (1990) Appl. Surf. Sci., 44, pp. 133-146; 
Armstrong, N.R., Quinn, R.K., (1977) Surf. Sci., 67, pp. 451-468; 
Leitao, E., Barbosa, M.A., Degroot, K., (1997) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 8, pp. 423-426; 
Ramqvist, L., Hamrin, K., Johansso, G., Fahlman, A., Nordling, C., (1969) J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 30, pp. 1835-1847; 
Hanawa, T., Ota, M., (1992) Appl. Surf. Sci., 55, pp. 269-276; 
Kuznetsov, M.V., Zhuravlev, J.F., Gubanov, V.A., (1992) J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 58, pp. 169-176; 
Ikeo, N., Iijima, Y., Niimura, N., Sigematsu, M., Tazava, T., Matsumoto, S., Kojima, K., Nagasawa, Y., (1991) Handbook of X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy JEOL, , Tokyo, Japan; 
Porte-Durrieu, M.C., Labrugere, C., Villars, F., Lefebvre, F., Dutoya, S., Guette, A., Bordenave, L., Baquey, C., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 46, pp. 368-375; 
Wagner, C.D., Riggs, W.M., Davis, L.E., Moulder, J.F., (1979) Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, , Mulenberg, G. E., Ed.; Perkin Elmer Corp: Eden Prairie, MN; 
Barr, T.L., (1991) J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A, 9, pp. 1793-1805; 
W{\"a}livaara, B., Aronsson, B.O., Rodahl, M., Lausmaa, J., Tengvall, P., (1994) Biomaterials, 15, pp. 827-834; 
Oji, M.O., Wood, J.V., Downes, S., (1999) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 10, pp. 869-872; 
Pan, J., Liao, H., Leygraf, C., Thierry, D., Li, J., (1998) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 40, pp. 244-256; 
Ratner, B.D., Horbett, T.A., Shuttleworth, D., Thomas, H.R., (1981) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 83, pp. 630-642; 
Lindberg, B., Maripuu, R., Siegbahn, K., Larsson, R., Golander, C.G., Eriksson, J.C., (1983) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 95, pp. 308-321; 
Auditore, A., Satriano, C., Coscia, U., Ambrosone, G., Parisi, V., Marietta, G., (2002) Biomol. Eng., 19, pp. 85-90; 
Miller, B., Treppo, S., Voigt, A., Zingg, W., Neumann, A.W., (1993) Colloids Surf., 69, pp. 203-208; 
Serro, A.P.V., Fernandas, A.C., Saramago, B.D.V., (1997) Colloids Surf., A, 125, pp. 209-219; 
Lopes, M., Monteiro, F., Santos, J., Serro, A., Saramago, B., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 45, pp. 370-375; 
Ferraz, M.P., Monteiro, F.J., Serro, A.P., Saramago, B., Gibson, I.R., Santos, J.D., (2001) Biomaterials, 22, pp. 3105-3112; 
Vogler, E.A., (1993) Surfactant Science Series, 49, pp. 183-250. , Wettability; Berg, J. C., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York; 
Feng, B., Weng, J., Yang, B.C., Qu, S.X., Zhang, X.D., (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 4663-4670; 
Morra, M., Cassinelli, C., Cascardo, G., Cahalan, P., Cahalan, L., Fini, M., Giardino, R., (2003) Biomaterials, 24, pp. 4639-4654; 
W{\"a}livaara, B., Lundstrom, I., Tengvall, P., (1993) Clin. Mater., 12, pp. 141-148; 
Lincks, J., Boyan, B.D., Blanchard, C.R., Lohmann, C.H., Liu, Y., Cochran, D.L., Dean, D.D., Schwartz, Z., (1998) Biomaterials, 19, pp. 2219-2232; 
Ong, J.L., Carnes, D.L., Cardenas, H.L., Cavin, R., (1997) Implant Dent., 6, pp. 19-24; 
Ricci, J.L., Spivak, J.M., Blumenthal, N.C., (1991) The Bone Biomaterial Interface, pp. 334-349. , Davis, J. E., Ed.; University of Toronto Press: Toronto; 
Busscher, H.J., Vanpelt, A.W.J., Deboer, P., Dejong, H.P., Arends, (1984) J. Colloids Surf., 9, pp. 319-331; 
Hitchcock, S.J., Carroll, N.T., Nicholas, M.G., (1981) J. Mater. Sci., 16, pp. 714-732; 
Rakhorst, G., Van Der Mei, H.C., Van Oeveren, W., Spijker, H.T., Int, B.H.J., (1999) J. Artif. Organs, 22, pp. 35-39; 
Martins, M.C., Ratner, B.D., Barbosa, M.A., (2003) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 67 A, pp. 158-171; 
Sigal, G.B., Mrksich, M., Whitesides, G.M., (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, pp. 3464-3473; 
Prime, K.L., Whitesides, G.M., (1991) Science, 252, pp. 1164-1167; 
Vandulm, P., Norde, W., (1983) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 91, pp. 248-255; 
Williams, R.L., Williams, D.F., (1988) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 126, pp. 596-603; 
Serro, A.P.V.A., Fernandes, A.C., Saramago, B.D.V., Norde, W., (1999) J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 46, pp. 376-381; 
Norde, W., Anusiem, A.C.I., (1992) Colloids Surf., 86, pp. 73-80; 
Young, B.R., Pitt, W.G., Cooper, S.L., (1988) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 125, pp. 246-260; 
Feng, L., Andrade, J.D., (1994) Biomaterials, 5, pp. 323-333; 
Norde, W., (1986) Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 25, pp. 267-340; 
Kurrat, R., Prenosil, J.E., Ramsden, J.J., (1987) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 186, pp. 1-8; 
Brash, J.L., Uniyal, S., Samak, Q., (1974) Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs, 20 A, pp. 69-76
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {9745 - 9754},
	abstract = {In the present work, the adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) on commercially pure titanium with a titanium oxide layer formed in a H                        2O
                        2 solution (TiO
                        2 cp) and on TiO
                        2 sputtered on Si (TiO
                        2 sp) was analyzed. Adsorption isotherms, kinetic studies, and work of adhesion determinations were carried out. HSA exchangeability was also evaluated. Surface characterization was performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and wettability studies. The two TiO
                        2 surfaces have very distinct roughnesses, the TiO
                        2 sp having a mean R
                        a value 14 times smaller than the one of TiO
                        2 cp. XPS analysis revealed consistent peaks representative of TiO
                        2 on sputtered samples as well as on Ti cp substrate after 48 h of H
                        2O
                        2 immersion. Nitrogen was observed as soon as protein was present, while sulfur, present in disulfide bonds in HSA, was observed for concentrations of protein higher than 0.30 mg/mL. The work of adhesion was determined from contact angle measurements. As expected from the surface free energy values, the work of adhesion of HSA solution is higher for the TiO
                        2 cp substrate, the more hydrophilic one, and lower for the TiO
                        2 sp substrate, the more hydrophobic one. The work of adhesion between plasma and the substrates assumed even higher values for the TiO
                        2 cp surface, indicating a greater interaction between the surface and the complex protein solutions. Adsorption studies by radiolabeling of albumin (
                        125I-HSA) suggest that rapid HSA adsorption takes place on both surfaces, reaching a maximum value after ~60 min of incubation. For the higher HSA concentrations in solution, a multilayer coverage was observed on both substrates. After the adsorption step from single HSA solutions, the exchangeability of adsorbed HSA molecules by HSA in solution was evaluated. The HSA molecules adsorbed on TiO
                        2 sp seem to be more easily exchanged by HSA itself than those adsorbed on TiO
                        2 cp after 24 h. In contrast, after 72 h, nearly all the adsorbed albumin molecules effectively exchange with other albumin molecules.
},
	keywords = {Adsorption, article, Atomic force microscopy, Blood, chemistry, human, Human serum albumin (HSA), Humans, hydrophobicity, Multilayers, plasma, Plasmas, Plastic surgery, Proteins, Radiolabeling, Serum Albumin, solution and solubility, Solutions, Substrates, Surface characterization, Surface Properties, surface property, Titanium, Titanium dioxide, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {07437463 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-8344221996\&partnerID=40\&md5=60496aebf9155224cadbbb1456ff8a25},
	author = {Sousa, S.R. and Moradas-Ferreira, P. and Saramago, B. and Viseu Melo, L. and Barbosa, M.A.}
}
@article {2508,
	title = {Constructing thromboresistant surface on biomedical stainless steel via layer-by-layer deposition anticoagulant},
	journal = {BiomaterialsBiomaterials},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 67Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: BIMADdoi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00363-6PubMed ID: 12951013Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Ji, J.; Department of Polymer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; email: jianji@mail.hz.zj.cnChemicals/CAS: heparin, 37187-54-5, 8057-48-5, 8065-01-8, 9005-48-5; polyethyleneimine, 74913-72-7; stainless steel, 12597-68-1; trometamol, 1185-53-1, 77-86-1; Anticoagulants; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Heparin, 9005-49-6; Polyethyleneimine, 9002-98-6; Stainless Steel, 12597-68-1Manufacturers: AldrichReferences: Bertrand, P., Jonas, A., Laschewsky, A., Legras, R., Ultrathin polymer coating by complexation of polyelectrolytes at interfaces: Suitable materials, structure and properties (2000) Macromol Rapid Commun, 21, pp. 319-348;Ulman, A., Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers (1996) Chem Rev, 96, pp. 1533-1554; 
Sano, M., Lvov, Y., Kunitake, T., (1996) Annu Rev Mater Sci, 26, pp. 153-187; 
Laschewsky, A., (1997) Eur Chem Chron ECC, 2, pp. 13-24; 
Picart, C., Lavalle, Ph., Hubert, P., Cuisnier, Fj., Decher, G., Schaaf, P., Voegel, J.C., Buildup mechanism for poly (L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid films onto a solid surface (2001) Langmuir, 17, pp. 7414-7424; 
Houska, M., Brynda, E., Interactions of proteins with polyelectrolytes at solid/liquid interfaces: Sequential adsorption of albumin and heparin (1997) J Colloid Interface Sci, 188, pp. 243-250; 
Brynda, E., Houska, M., Multiple alternating molecular layers of albumin and heparin on solid surfaces (1996) J Colloid Interface Sci, 183, pp. 18-25; 
Thomann, U.I., Uggowitzer, P.J., Wear-corrosion behavior of biocompatible austenitic stainless steels (2000) Wear, 239, pp. 48-58; 
Cheatham, J., Improved stents for pediatric applications (2001) Prog Pediatr Cardiol, 14, pp. 95-115; 
Donachie, M., Biomedical alloys (1998) Adv Mater Process, 154, pp. 63-65; 
Decher, G., Fuzzy nanoassemblies: Toward layered polymeric multicomposites (1997) Science, 277, pp. 1232-1237; 
Raposo, M., Pontes, R.S., Mattoso, L.H.C., Oliveira, O.N., Kinetics of adsorption of poly (o-methoxyaniline) self-assembled films (1997) Macromolecules, 30, pp. 6095-6101; 
Vov, Y.L., Rusling, J., Thomsen, D.L., Papadimitrakopoulos, F., Kawakami, T., Kunitake, T., High-speed multilayer film assembly by alternate adsorption of silica nanoparticles and linear polycation (1998) Chem Commun, 11, pp. 1229-1230; 
Lowack, K., Helm, C.A., Controlling the self-assembly process of polyelectrolyte multilayers (1998) Macromolecules, 31, pp. 823-833; 
Cheng, Z., Cheng, L., Dong, S., Yang, X., Formation and characterization of heteropolyacid/polycation multilayer films on gold electrode (2001) J Electrochem Soc, 148, p. 227
},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {4699 - 4705},
	abstract = {Multilayer films consisting of polyethylenimine (PEI) and heparin were successfully prepared on biomedical 316L stainless steel surface via electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) of the PEI and heparin. The process of ESA of PEI/heparin was monitored by static contact angle, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), reflection adsorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. The contact angle and EIS data revealed that the multilayer coating was stable in Tris-HCl (pH 7.35) buffer solution for 21 days. The static platelet adhesion and static clotting time experiments indicated that the PEI/heparin-deposited stainless steel could resist the platelet adhesion and prolong the static clotting time effectively. Such an easy processing and shape-independent method may have good potential for surface modification of cardiovascular devices. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {316L stainless steel, Adhesion, Adsorption, anticoagulant agent, Anticoagulants, aqueous solution, article, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, blood clotting time, Blood Platelets, Blood-compatibility, buffer, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, coating, Coatings, Contact angle, controlled study, Deposition, device, electricity, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, Electrostatics, heparin, human, human cell, Humans, implant, Layer-by-layer, material coating, materials testing, Multilayers, Organic polymers, pH, Platelet Adhesiveness, Polyethyleneimine, priority journal, reflection adsorption spectroscopy, Self assembly, Spectroscopy, Stainless steel, Surface Properties, surface property, Surfaces, thrombocyte adhesion, Thromboresistant surfaces, trometamol, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {01429612 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0041386468\&partnerID=40\&md5=a68c77a7525bca1760cc298a394c713f},
	author = {Tan, Q. and Ji, J. and Barbosa, M.A. and Fonseca, C. and Shen, J.}
}
@article {2574,
	title = {CaO-P                    2O
                    5 glass hydroxyapatite double-layer plasma-sprayed coating: In vitro bioactivity evaluation
},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchJ. Biomed. Mater. Res.},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 31Export Date: 21 November 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: JBMRBdoi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990615)45:4<376::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-SLanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Santos, J.D.; Departamento Engenharia Metalurgica, FEUP, Universidade do Porto, R. dos Bragas, 4099 Porto Codex, PortugalChemicals/CAS: Alloys; Calcium, 7440-70-2; CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Durapatite, 1306-06-5; Phosphates; Powders; Resin Cements; Solutions; titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), 12743-70-3; Titanium, 7440-32-6References: Denissen, H., Mangano, C., Venini, G., (1985) Hydroxylapatite Implants., , Padua: Piccin Nuova Libraria, S.P.A;Van Raemdonck, W., Ducheyne, P., De Meester, P., Calcium phosphate ceramics (1984) Metal and Ceramic Biomaterials, pp. 143-166. , Ducheyne P, Hastings GW, editors, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 
Legeros, R.Z., Incorporation of magnesium in synthetic and biological apatites (1994) Tooth Enamel IV., pp. 32-36. , Fearnead RW, editor. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 
Jha, L.J., Best, S.M., Knowles, J.C., Rehman, I., Santos, J.D., Bonfield, W., Preparation and characterization of fluoride-substituted apatites (1997) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 8, pp. 185-191; 
Geesink, R.G.T., Degroot, K., Chemical implant fixation using hydroxyl-apatite coatings (1987) Clin Orthop, 2, pp. 147-170; 
Radin, S., Ducheyne, P., The effect of plasma sprayed induced changes in the characteristics on the in vitro stability of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Transactions of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials XIII, pp. 128-130; 
Cook, S.D., Thomas, K.A., Hydroxyapatite coated porous titanium for use as an orthopaedic biologic attachment (1989) Clin Orthop, 230, pp. 303-312; 
McPherson, R., Gane, N., Bastow, T.J., Structural characterization of plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 327-334; 
De Groot, K., Geesink, R., Klein, C.P.A.T., Serekian, P., Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxylapatite (1987) J Biomed Mater Res, 21, pp. 1375-1381; 
Ravagliolli, A., Krajewszki, A., Laudadio, P., Presutti, L., Cunsolo, E., Martinetti, R., About ceramics for stapedial prostheses and the ossicular chain (1992) Fifth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 5, pp. 451-458. , Yamamuro T, Kokubo T, Nakamura T, editors. Kyoto: Kobunshi Kankokai; 
Hastings, G.W., Daily, D., Hydroxyapatite coatings (1989) First International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 1, pp. 355-358. , Oonishi H, Aoki H, Sawai K, editors. Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica; 
Aoki, H., Medical applications of hydroxyapatite (1991) Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyaptite, pp. 175-192. , Aoki H, Sawai K, editors. Tokyo: Takyama Press System Centre; 
Rey, C., Calcium phosphate biomaterials and bone mineral: Differences in composition, structures and properties (1990) Biomaterials, 11, pp. 13-15; 
Evans, G., Behiri, J., Currey J, B.W., Microhardness and young{\textquoteright}s modulus in cortical bone exhibiting a wide range of mineral volume fractions, and in a bone analogue (1990) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 1, pp. 38-43; 
Rey, C., Froche, M., Heughebaert, M., Heughebaert, J.C., Lacout, J.L., Vignoles, M., Apatite chemistry in biomaterial preparation, shaping and biological behaviour (1991) Fourth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 4, pp. 57-60. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, editors. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 
Knowles, J.C., Talal, S., Santos, J.D., Sintering effects in a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite (1996) Biomaterials, 17, pp. 1437-1442; 
Kokubo, T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Takagi, M., Shibuya, T., Surface structure of a load bearable bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1981) High Tech Ceramics, pp. 175-184. , Vicenzini P, editor. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publisher BV; 
Hench, L., Anderson, O.H., LaTorre, G.P., The kinetics of bioactive ceramics. Part III: Surface reactions for bioactive glasses compared with inactive glass (1991) Fourth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 4, , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, editors. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 155-162; 
Daculsi, G., LeGeros, R.Z., Heughebart, M., Barbieux, I., Formation of a carbonate apatite crystals after implantation of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Calcif Tissue Int, 46, pp. 20-27; 
Kokubo, T., Ito, S., Huang, Z.T., Hayashi, T., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Ca-P rich layer formed on high strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 331-343; 
Ducheyne, P., Radin, S., Ishikawa, K., Kim, C.S., Dissolution and precipitation of calcium phosphate phases on biomaterials correlates with in vivo bioactivity (1991) Fourth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine-Bioceramics 4, pp. 135-144. , Bonfield W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE, editors. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 
Rey, C., Hina, A., Amrah-Bouali, S., Ranz, X., Surface reactions of calcium-phosphate bioceramics, comparison with bone mineral surface chemistry (1995) Fourth Euro Ceramics., 8, pp. 301-312. , Ravaglioli A, editor. Faenza: Gruppo Editoriale Faenza Editrice; 
Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Grote, J.J., Kuypers, W., Blok-Van Hoek, C.J.G., Daems, W.T., Bioreactions at the tissue/hydroxyapatite interface (1985) Biomaterials, 6, pp. 243-251; 
Ducheyne, P., Bioceramics: Material characteristics versus in vivo behavior (1987) J Biomed Mater Res, 21, pp. 219-236; 
Hyakuna, K., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y., Oka, M., Nakamura, T., Kitsogi, T., Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Surface reactions of calcium phosphate ceramics to various solutions (1990) J Biomed Mater Res, 24, pp. 471-488; 
Santos, J.D., Reis, R.L., Monteiro, F.J., Knowles, J.C., Hastings, G.W., Liquid phase sintering of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions: Structure and properties of the composites (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 348-352; 
Tanahashi, M., Yao, T., Kokubo, T., Minoda, M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: Improvement in adhesion to substrate by HC1 treatment (1995) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 6, pp. 319-326; 
Neo, M., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Bando, Y., A comparative study of ultrastructures of the interfaces between four kinds of surface-active ceramic and bone (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 1419-1432; 
Li, P., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Nakanishi, K., Soga, N., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Process of formation of bone-like apatite layer on silica gel (1993) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 4, pp. 127-131; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., Surface modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites (1995) Biomaterials, 16, pp. 521-526; 
Neo, M., Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Yamamuro, T., Bando, Y., Ohtsuki, C., Kokubo, T., Differences in ceramic-bone interface between surface-active ceramics and resorbable ceramics: A study by scanning and transmission electron microscope (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 26, pp. 255-267; 
Li, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Kokubo, T., The effect of residual glassy phase in a bioactive glass-ceramic on the formation of its surface apatite layer in vitro (1992) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 3, pp. 452-456; 
Kotani, S., Fujita, Y., Kitsugi, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Bone bonding mechanism of β-tricalcium phosphate (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 1303-1315; 
Daculsi, G., LeGeros Rz, H.M., Barbieux, I., Formation of carbonate-apatite crystals after implantation of calcium phosphate ceramics (1990) Calcif Tissue Int, 46, pp. 20-27; 
Silva, P.L., Monteiro, F.J., Santos, J.D., Knowles, J.C., Adhesion and microstructural characterisation of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite-glass ceramic coatings onto Ti-6Al-4V substrates (1998) Surf Coatings Technol, 102, pp. 191-196; 
Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Ohtsuki, C., Sakka, S., Yamamuro, T., Chemical reaction of bioactive glass and glass-ceramics with a simulated body fluid (1992) J Biomed Mater Res, 3, pp. 79-83; 
Blakeslee, D.M., Dal-Favero, M.E., (1997) NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, , Gaitherburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology; 
Anderson, O.H., Kangasniemi, I., Calcium phosphate formation at the surface of bioactive glass in vitro (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 1019-1030; 
Santos, J.D., Jha, L.J., Monteiro, F.J., In vitro calcium phosphate formation on SiO 2-Na 2O-CaO-P 2O 5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: A study by XPS analysis (1996) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 7, pp. 181-185; 
Verhoeven, J.A.T., Van Doveren, H., An XPS investigation of the interface of methane, ethyne, ethene and ethane with barium surface (1982) Surf Sci, 123, pp. 369-383
},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {376 - 383},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc},
	abstract = {Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
Double-layer composite coatings composed of a P
                        2O
                        5-based glass/Ca
                        10(PO
                        4)
                        6(OH)
                        2 (HA) mixture top layer and a simple HA underlayer, on Ti-6AI-4V substrates, were prepared using a plasma-spraying technique. The in vitro bioactivity of these coatings was assessed by immersion testing in simulated body fluid. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the ionic solution changes followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the molybdenum blue method demonstrated that these composite coatings induce a faster surface Ca-P layer formation than the simple HA coatings used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ca-P layer formed was apatite. The combination of SEM and XPS analyses showed that the apatite layer was a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ranging from 1.3 to 1.4 with CO
                        3
                        2- groups contained in the structure.
},
	keywords = {alloy, Alloys, Apatite, article, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomic spectroscopy, Bioactivity, Biocompatibility, biomaterial, Biomaterials, Biomedical engineering, Body fluids, Calcium, Calcium Compounds, CaO SiO2 P2O5 CaF2 glass, CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass, Chemical analysis, chemical composition, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Double layer coatings, Double-layer coatings, Durapatite, film, glass, Glass plasma spraying, human, Humans, hydroxyapatite, immersion, implant, in vitro study, Ionic solution changes, Magnesium, materials testing, Molybdenum blue, Multilayers, Particle Size, phosphate, Phosphate minerals, Phosphates, Phosphorus Compounds, phosphorus pentoxide, Plasma spraying, potassium, powder, Powders, resin cement, Resin Cements, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium, solution and solubility, Solutions, structure analysis, Substrates, Surface Properties, surface property, thickness, Tissue, Titanium, titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), Titanium alloys, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	isbn = {00219304 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033563315\&partnerID=40\&md5=8c0de1e25709302641b203efac50337b},
	author = {Ferraz, M.P. and Monteiro, F.J. and Santos, J.D.}
}
